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1. The Characteristics of Life• 1. Cell - smallest unit capable of life functions (basic unit of
life)• 2.Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions,
metabolism refers to a living organism's ability to consume and use energy (from food or from the sun)
• 3. Reproduction - the process by which organisms make more of their own kind
• 4. Homeostasis - maintaining stable internal conditions (biological balance)
• 5. Heredity - the passing of traits from parents to offspring. The unit of heredity is the GENE - which codes for a trait. When a gene changes, it is called a MUTATION
• 6. Responsiveness: reaction to select stimuli, physiologically and/or behaviorally
• 7. Growth: conversion of materials from the environment into components of organism
# 2
• Homeostasis means “same state” and it is the process of keeping the internal body environment in a normal state.
Sweating allows the body to cool, maintaining normal body
temperaturesEX:
Insulin Injections allow diabetics to maintain normal glucose levels
#3 Scientific Method
Scientific Method is presented 20 different ways in 20 different books. Don’t get hung up on it! Remember that a Hypothesis is a Prediction!
#4#4
A useful hypothesis A useful hypothesis is a is a testabletestable statement which statement which includes a includes a prediction. prediction.
#6 Scholarly Journals: #6 Scholarly Journals: best choicebest choice
Scholarly journals are Scholarly journals are often often key resourceskey resources for for academic research. academic research.
Journal articles are Journal articles are ""peer-reviewed,peer-reviewed," " meaning their content is meaning their content is reviewed and approved reviewed and approved by by experts experts in the in the discipline. discipline.
Watch out, encyclopedias Watch out, encyclopedias may have worked in may have worked in middle school, but they middle school, but they no longer should be you no longer should be you best reference!best reference!
#7 Control Group
Control group the group that is not
changed; “normal conditions”
used for comparison
# 8 Experimental # 8 Experimental VariablesVariables
Independent variableIndependent variable experimenter experimenter
changes (“changes (“II” change)” change) Dependent VariableDependent Variable
is measured or is measured or observedobserved
changes due to the changes due to the independent variableindependent variable
The only way to eliminate experimenter bias
#9. Mr. Brodowski wanted to test how effective #9. Mr. Brodowski wanted to test how effective note cards were on helping students prepare for note cards were on helping students prepare for tests. He divided his class into two groups. He tests. He divided his class into two groups. He told told GroupGroup AA to make note cards each day for to make note cards each day for the next ten days, and the next ten days, and Group BGroup B did not make did not make note cards. He found that Group note cards. He found that Group AA scored 10 scored 10 points higher on the test than Group points higher on the test than Group BB. .
Identify:Identify: Independent Variable Dependent VariableIndependent Variable Dependent VariableControl GroupControl GroupExperimental GroupExperimental Group
#9 (cont.) Bart thinks that mice exposed to microwaves will become stronger. He decided to do this as an experiment in his mother’s microwave. He placed 10 mice in the microwave for half a minute. He then compared the “waved” mice to a group of “non-waved” mice. To test his hypothesis, the mice would have to move a heavy block of wood that covered their food. Bart found that 8 “waved” mice and 8 “non-waved” mice could move the block of wood.
• • Identify:
– Control Group ______________– Independent Variable ___________– Dependent Variable ______________
Lipids 1.Fats2. Oils 3. Waxes4.Cholesterals5. Steroids
Proteins Proteins 1. Pigments – Provide 1. Pigments – Provide skin color and skin color and protectionprotection2. Structure – Cell 2. Structure – Cell structure structure 3. Keratin – Nail and Hair3. Keratin – Nail and Hair4. Carriers – Hemoglobin4. Carriers – Hemoglobin5. Enzymes5. Enzymes
Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsDNA – Deoxyribonucleic acidsDNA – Deoxyribonucleic acids
- DNA is our genetic code - DNA is our genetic code - It contains the - It contains the
information for our cellsinformation for our cellsRNA – Ribonucleic acids RNA – Ribonucleic acids
- RNA reads the DNA and - RNA reads the DNA and provides instructionprovides instruction
CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many Polysaccharide: many sugar unitssugar units 1. starch = plant storage 1. starch = plant storage (bread, potatoes) (bread, potatoes) 2. glycogen = animal 2. glycogen = animal storage (beef muscle) storage (beef muscle) 3. cellulose = Plant 3. cellulose = Plant structure (lettuce, corn)structure (lettuce, corn)
#12
#13• The monomer or building block of
carbohydrates is monosaccharides
• Protein’s building blocks (monomers) of amino acids
• The Building Blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids are nucleutides
• Lipids: Triglycerides:composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
#14• Protein/Amino acids are composed of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)
• Carbohydrates/monosaccharides Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (CHO) 1:2:1 C6H12O6
• Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphate (CHONP)
BTW
• KNOW DIS PICTURE
A lipid by any other name is a glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids
# 15 Hydrolysis• Separates monomers by
“adding water”• Used to separate
macromolecules
HO HO HH
HO H
H2O
#16 Dehydration Synthesis•Also called “condensation
reaction”•Forms polymers by combining
monomers by “removing water”.
•Used to form macromolecules.
HO H
HO HO HH
H2O
#17
• Ice is less dense as a solid, so ice floats
• Cohesion: attraction between particles of the same substance
Ex. Surface Tension
• Adhesion : attraction between two different substances.– Ex. Capillary action
#17 cont. • Polar water
molecules act like magnets and attract each other
• Water is often said to be the universal solvent, because it can dissolve many substances (think Kool-Aid)
Salt in water will dissolve because it is polar, thus the universal solvent name
#18 How do enzymes Work?
Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy
#19 Enzymes•Most enzymes
are Proteins•Are Reusable•End in –ase-Sucrase-Lactase-Maltase
# 20 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (denature= Stopping its
function)
•Temperature•pH•Cofactors & Coenzymes
•Inhibitors
Denatured by pH or temp change: substrate no longer fits
#21 Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• Enzymes are substances present in the cell in small amounts which speed up or catalyze chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions because they lower the energy of activation, the energy that must be supplied in order for molecules to react with one another. Enzymes lower the energy of activation by forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
BTW, Change the pH or temperature and this enzyme might not work (denatured)
#21 Enzymes (another view in case the flash didn’t work for the last one)
#22 CELL SHAPE• 1. Cells come in a variety of
Shapes. • 2. Notice the neurons on the
wall, the basic cell of our Nervous System. This diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.
• 3. Most Cells have a Specific Shape.
• 4. THE SHAPE OF A CELL DEPENDS ON IT'S FUNCTION.
• 5. Cells of the Nervous System that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike.
• 6. Blood Cells are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels.
#23 The Cell Theory consist of THREE Principles:
A. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism.
C. Cells come only from reproduction of existing cells. (remember the Redi experiment)
#24 • It is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the
membrane, and to move materials through the cell
• Bottom Line: You want a large surface area to volume ratio,
which mean a small cell! Look how long it would take for stuff to get to the nucleus. NOT GOOD!!
The Good
The Bad The UGLY
#25 What are the Simplest Levels?
•Atom•Molecule•Organelle•Cell•Tissue•Organ•System
#26 Cell Membrane
• The Cell Membrane Functions like a GATE, Controlling what ENTERS and LEAVES the Cell
• This "Selectively Permeable" Membrane regulates what passes into and out of the cell
FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid.
MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.
#26 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL#26 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
Maybe TMI, but discuss.
#26 cont.
• Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads of the phospholipid molecules lie on the outward-facing surfaces of the plasma membrane.
• Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar tails extend to the interior of the plasma membrane.
Yea, I know it is a cheesy picture. It is not like I get these from Sports Illustrated!
#27 Organelles (yes, there are more to know)
I know it is a little kiddy, but look at that man in the overalls, ain’t he the cutest thing you ever seen!
#28 Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
• Pro (before) Karyon (kernel)• No nuclear membrane• Lack membrane bound organelles• Simple and often small
#28 Eukaryotes (animal)
• Eu (true) Karyon (kernel)• Membrane bound
organelles• More complex and often
bigger• Membrane bound
nucleus
#31 Plant Cell
• Eukaryotes for they have membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus
• Have cell wall, central vacuum and chloroplast
• Lack flagella, cilia, lysosomes and centrioles
#30
• Glycoprotein acts as flags/ recognition sites for cells. Also called marker proteins.
#32 Endosymbiosis
• Process by which prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotic cells
• Cells are living together within cells
• Mitochondria and Chloroplast
• Lynn Margulis discovered
Isotonic Solution
NO NET MOVEMENT OF Both in and out
equally
Hypotonic Solution
IN
Hypertonic Solution
OUT
#33
# 34 Solubility# 34 Solubility Materials Materials
that are that are soluble in soluble in lipids can lipids can pass through pass through the cell the cell membrane membrane easilyeasily
Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily.e.g. O2, CO2, H2O
# 35 Semipermeable # 35 Semipermeable MembraneMembrane
Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their own.
#35 Semipermeable #35 Semipermeable MembraneMembrane
#36 Osmosis in Red Blood #36 Osmosis in Red Blood CellsCells
IsotonicIsotonic
Same Same
Hypotonic
Swells
Hypertonic
Shrinks
hypotonic hypertonic isotonic
hypertonic isotonic hypotonic
#36 cont
#37 Simple Diffusion#37 Simple Diffusion
Requires Requires NONO energyenergy
Molecules Molecules move from move from area of area of HIGH HIGH to LOWto LOW concentratioconcentrationn
#37 Osmosis
Osmosis – diffusion of water through a membrane
Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier protein but uses NO ENERGY (With C.G.)
#38
Active transport requires a carrier protein and ENERGY (Against C.G.)
#38 cont
ENERGY
BTW Endocytosis: large particle ENter the cell
More BTWExocytosis large particles EXit the cell
#39 Overview of Cellular Respiration
1. Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in presence of oxygen
Carried out by both plants and animals!
#39 cont. Photosynthesis
The process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as glucose.
This process occurs in plants and some algae.
The process of photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplast.
#40 Chloroplast
• Chloroplast is an organelle found in plants.
• Chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as glucose
• Chloroplast contains a pigment called chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in most plants.
Yea, that pretty much sums up #40.
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Look familiar?
What was the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
light
What do we make that plants need, and what do plants make that we need?
#41
Cellular Respiration
#40 cont.
OUT
INOUT
IN
telophase
metaphase
anaphase
cell
divi
sion
GG00: : nondividingnondividing
interphaseinterphase
Interphase: G1= carry out cell functions, live! S= replication of chromosomes G2= checkpoints
S: Synthesis S: Synthesis of DNAof DNA
GG11: Growth: Growth
GG22: Growth: Growth
prophase
cytokinesis
Mito
sis
#43/46
#43
• Cytokinesis: entire cell divides in two
• Process in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided after nuclear division (mitosis) is complete.
#44
• Cancer: unregulated mitosis (unresponsive to normal cues).
• Cancer cells continue to divide
#47 HumanChromosomes during Mitosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions
12
Number of daughter cells
2 4
Genetically identical?
Yes No
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent
Where Somatic cells Gamete cells
When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction
~ 47 to 52 Know this chart
Somatic cells (body cells)
Gamete (reproductive cells – Sperm/eggs)
Diploid Haploid
#55 Mutations
• Mutation – any change in the DNA
• Gene mutation
• Chromosomal mutation
• Agents causing mutations – radiation, chemicals, excess heat
• They eventually lead to evolution if the organism survives
#55 Recombination (crossing over)
• Occurs in prophase of meiosis I
• Generates diversity
Letters denote genes Case denotes alleles
•Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F.
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
b
c
d
e
f
c
d
e
f
A
B
a
b
C
D
E
F
Homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids Sister chromatidsTetrad
#56 Homologous Chromosomes#56 Homologous ChromosomesPair of chromosomeschromosomes (maternalmaternal and paternalpaternal) that are similar in shape and sizeHomologous pairs (tetrads)(tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits
Interphase : The chromosomes (blue) are uncondensed..
Metaphase: The chromosomes move along the spindle microtubules to line up at the center of the cell. Think Middle.
Prophase: Chromosomes condense and are visible for first time Think Pasta.
#57 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, and each of two full sets of chromosomes. Think Apart
Telophase: The chromosomes gather into two clusters.Think Two.
Next interphase: Chromosomes are decondensed. Spindle fibers are gone.
#57cont. Phases of Mitosis
# 58 Pedigree
Key: = Males
= Females
Shading = Recessive Trait
No Shading = Dominant Trait
(Attached Earlobes = f )
(Free Earlobes = F)
1 2
1 2 3
I
II
4 5
1 2 3
3 41 2
1 2 36
I
II
What are the Genotypes of the people shown below?
ff
ff
ff
F F F
F F
F
F
F F F
f f f
? ?
?
f f f
f
#58 cont. So you think your soo smart?
Genotype & Phenotype
• Genotype :represents the exact genetic make-up. (What are the letters)
Ex. Ss or SS
• Phenotype: represents the actual physical properties, such as height, weight, hair color, and so on. (What is on the outside or expressed)
BTW, Let’s get this out of the way before we start the heredity stuff
#59/64/65 Genotype & Phenotype Yes, I know it does not align with the review, but you know what I mean!
GenotypeGenotype PhenotypePhenotype
SS or Ss Round
ss Wrinkled
Genotype frequencyGenotype frequency
1:2:1
Phenotype frequencyPhenotype frequency
3:1
BTW Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid – 2 traits
Gametes per parent = 4
Punnett Square – 16 boxes
Genotype ratio
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
Phenotype ratio
9:3:3:1
#60 Dominant vs. Recessive
• Dominant – always expressed Capital letters – N Homozygous - NN Heterozygous - Nn
• Recessive – prevented by dominant Lower case letters – n Homozygous - nn
#61 Linkage – Sex Linkage
• Linkage – genes on the same chromosome inherited as a group
• Sex-linkage – genes on sex chromosomes (esp. X)
• Y-chromosome shorter – some genes from X missing
• X-linked traits more common in men• Men get X-chromosome from mom • Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia
#62 Hemophilia
• Hemophilia (heem-a-FILL-ee-ah) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.
• Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait in humans
• Women are most often
“carriers”, not having the symptoms but carrying the trait on their genes.
#63 Test-Cross
• The crossing of an organism, with an unknown genotype, to a homozygous recessive organism (tester).
KNOWN
Homozygous
Recessive
So, What is the unknown genotype?
UNKNOWN
#66 Incomplete Dominance
• Hybrid is a blend of two traits
• Genotype frequency
1:2:1• Phenotype frequency
1:2:1
• Examples:
Flowers, Animal fur
#66 cont. Co-dominance
• More than one dominant allele
• Blood types – A,B,O alleles
• Phenotypes GenotypesA I AI A or I Ai (AA or (AO)
B IBIB or IBi (BB or BO)
AB I AIB (AB)
O ii (oo)
#66 cont. Polygenetic Traits
• More than one gene determines the phenotype.
• 2 or more genes affect 1 phenotype usually with quantitative characters, with a continuous scale of measurement... - height, weight, skin color* (and a polygenic*model), etc...
Notice the multiple alleles
#67 Karyotype
• What species? How do you know?
• Boy or girl? How do you know?
• What are the first 22 chromosomes called?
• Anything else going on with this karyotype?
Human Genome Project • Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project
(HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
• Goal – identified all the approximately 25,000-30,000 genes
in human DNA– Basically they mapped the human genome (all of our
genes
#68
#69 M/F Karyotype
#70 Find the Gene for Whirling Disorder!
• When individuals afflicted with Whirling Disorder hear old Rolling Stones tunes, they let loose and dance uncontrollably.
#71 Environmental influence on genes expression
• Gene function is influenced by environment as with identical twins
• Genes have blueprint for proteins or parts of proteins
• Proteins can be structural proteins (parts of body) or functional proteins (hormones/enzymes)
Evidence for DNA
GRIFFITH
Griffith studied Streptococcus pneumonia, a nasty bacteria to create a vaccine.
A vaccine is a substance made from dead or weakened bacteria. You body is given the vaccine and is ready for a live version when it comes.
X XVirulent: A substance that causes disease or death
Heat Treated Dead Virulent
Harmless non-virulent
Griffith’s Conclusion:
Transformation: Bacteria have the ability to transfer genetic information from one bacteria to another.
#72
More Evidence for DNA
Hershey Chase
Hershey and Chase studied a bacteriophage.
A Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria and causes them to burst.
Bacteriophage
Bacteria
Hershey & Chase Experiment
Bacteriophage w/ Blinking DNA
BacteriaFrozen Daiquiri Baby Viruses w/
Blinking DNA
Conclusion: DNA is the unit of genetics, because the babies blink!!!
#72 cont
Chagraff’s Puzzle Pieces
Chagraff
GC C
A
A
Simply put:
- Where you find an adenine (A) there will be a thymine (T)
-Where you find a guanine (G) there will be a cytosine (C).
**** A + T spells AT ******
The base pairs are complimentary for
A=T
G=C
Notice Purines
Are large.
#73
Rosalind Franklin
A picture is worth a thousand nucleotides
Rosiland Franklin took the first ‘picture’ of DNA using complex X-Ray Crystallography
Her X-ray was instrumental to
figuring out the structure of DNA
She did not receive the Nobel Prize because she died before the award was given. #73
Watson & Crick
Watson and Crick made the first model of the DNA molecule that showed the double helix structure.
Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Nobel prize in 1962
#73
DNA Replication (Review)
See Chromosomes, Genes and DNA
See Cell reproduction
DNA Replication
1. The DNA material is doubled
2. Occurs in the Nucleus
3. Helicase is the untwister and unzipper
4. Happens prior to mitosis/meiosis during interphase (S)
We go from dis to dat
#74
BASE-PAIRINGS#75
CG
Hydrogen Bond Holds the base
T A
#76
• Adenine must pair with Thymine
• Guanine must pair with Cytosine
• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same.
G CT A
TranscriptionDNA mRNA
1. DNA is copied to mRNA (messengerRNA)2. Occurs in the Nucleus3. mRNA carries genetic message out a nuclear pore4. Polymerase enzyme connects the new mRNA
nucleotides
#77
BTW, TranslationmRNA Protein
1. mRNA is used to make proteins (polypeptides)
2. Occurs in the cytoplasm
3. A ribosome is used as the binding site for the protein synthesis
RIBOSOME
mRNA
See BioCoach
Codon / Anti Codon
See BioCoach
CODON
Anti codon
#79
#80 Peptide Bond
• Used to hold the amino acids together to form a protein
See BioCoach
Peptide bond
Two Types of Nucleic Acids(in case you forgot)
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar
Thymine Uracil
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Made up of nucleotides (DNA molecule) in a DNA double helix.
• Nucleotide is made up of :
1. Phosphate group
2. 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose
3. Nitrogenous base
#83
#83 cont. DNA Nucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
CC
C C
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
• #84 Recombinant DNA: DNA that has genes from two different organisms
#84 cont Recombinant
DNA Process• Isolate Plasmid and Human
DNA• Apply RE to both human
and Bacteria Plasmid• Insert Human spliced DNA
into spliced Plasmid• Add ligase enzyme to bond
covalently • Put plasmid into bacteria • Clone human DNA fragment
through normal bacteria replication w/ nutrient medium.
Sticky Ends BTW
#85 Transgenic Organism
• Plant, animal, bacterium, or other living organism that has had a foreign gene added to it by means of genetic engineering.
Tobacky plant spliced with bioluminescence gene which causes it to glow
EX.
#86 Cloning
• Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something
• The terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process.
#87 Bacteria DNA
• Plasmid: small circular DNA molecule that replicates within bacteria cell, separate from the bacteria chromosome.
• Often used for genetic technology
Plasmid
Chromosome
Bacteria Cell
• Restrictive Enzymes: (1960’s) Bacteria enzymes that work by cutting up foreign DNA, like a phage
• Each R.E. cuts at a specific sequence. There are hundreds of different RE, each with its own cutting sequence
Restrictive Enzyme
DNA
#88
#89 DNA Fingerprinting
• Like the fingerprints that came into use by the police, each person has a unique DNA fingerprint.
• The fingerprints are made from the base pairs (A-T, G-C).
#90 Evolution• Evolution is the
slow , gradual change in a population of organisms over time
• Through Mutations and survival of the fittest, evolution occurs
BTW, Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
• Use & Disuse - Organisms Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them
• Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms)
• Giraffe’s Necks Longer from stretching)
• Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
#91 Survival of the FittestDarwin, Darwin, Darwin
• Fitness– Ability of an Individual To Survive &
Reproduce
• Adaptation– Inherited Characteristic That
Increases an Organisms Chance for Survival
#93 Homologous Body Structures
• Similar Bone Structure but different function
• Implies a common ancestor
• Limb Bones Develop In Similar Patterns
• Arms, Wings, Legs, Flippers
BTW, Vestigial Organs
• Not All Serve Important Functions• Appendix • Pinky Toe• Third eye lid
#94 Relative Dating
• Fossil record provides relative dating of rock layers; top layers of rock are younger than lower layers.
#94 cont. Absolute Dating
– Absolute dating method uses radioactive isotopes.
– Isotopes each have particular half-life or time it takes for half of isotope to decay and become nonradioactive.
– Carbon-14 (14C) used to date organic matter; half decays to 14N each 5,730 years; limited to about last 50,000 years.
– Half of potassium-40 (40K) decays to argon-40 (40Ar) each 1.3 million years; estimates age of younger rocks.
– Uranium-238 decays to lead-207; estimates age of older rocks.
a) Punctuated equilibrium
b) Gradualism
small changes over long time periods
Change occurs in bursts, separated by long time periods of no change
#95
Orange to Red takes forever
BAM
Four Things You Must Know About Darwin
• Wrote the “Origin of Species”
• The “Survival of the Fittest” Guy
• The “Natural Selection” Guy
• He Loved Bumper Cars
#96
•Three domains•Archaea and Eubacteria are
unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
•Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
•Broadest, most inclusive taxon
Domains #97 -98
98-99
#100 Autotrophs
• Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use
• Ex. Plants and Algae
#101 Heterotrophs
• Organisms that do not make their own food
• Another term for Heterotroph is consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live
• Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms
•King
•Phillip
•Came
•Over
•For
•Good
•Spaghetti!#104
Other factors that affect population
growth
• Carrying Capacity- the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources
• There can only be as many organisms as the environmental resources can support (limiting resources) # 105
Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity (k)
Nu
m
b
e
r
Time
J-shaped curve (exponential growth)
S-shaped curve (logistic growth)
#105 cont.
#106•Ecosystem:
Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)
BTW, •Population:
A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.REMEMBER: To be a species, you must be able to breed
and have young that can breed (viable)
Don’t over think this with Mules and Ligers!!!!
BTW,
•Community:All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.
#108 Food Web
• Notice that the direction the arrow points the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”
#110 Ecological Succession• A change in the community in which new
populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones– 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where
there is no existing communities and for some reason (s) a new community of organisms move into the area
• Think Glaciers and Lava Flows
– 2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged
• Think Forest Fires
– 3. Climax Community – a community that is stable and has a great diversity of organisms
#111
Water Cycle: Transpiration and evaporation causes water to go up
Precipitation causes water to go down
Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria can absorb nitrogen directly and convert to a form plants can use
Release Carbon: Burning Fossil Fuels, Volcanoes, and animal Respiration
Absorb Carbon: Photosynthetic Plants and algae, and dissolved
#112 Heterotrophs• Consumers
– 1. Scavengers/Detritivores – feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plans and animals)
• Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp
– 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants• Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes
– 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat• Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks
– 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals • Ex. – Bears and Humans
– 5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers
• Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms
#112 cont.
– Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs (producers)
– Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers
– Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary consumers
– Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment
#113 Ecological Pyramid
#113 cont. Ecological Pyramid
#113 Ecological Pyramid
• Which level has the most energy?• Which level has the most organisms?• Which level has the least organisms?• Which level has the least energy?
•Begins with the Begins with the SUNSUN
•PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
#114
BTW, Symbiosis
• A close and permanent association between organisms of different species– Commensalism – a relationship in which one
organism benefits and the other is not affected• Example: Barnacles on a whale
– Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other
• Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back
– Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed
• Example: Ticks on a dog
#115 Habitat & Niche
•Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives
•Niche is an organism’s total way of life
#116 The Nonliving Environment
• Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.
• Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil.
#117 The Living Environment
•Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment.
#117 (this is a basic, incomplete answer to this question, but it
points you in the right direction)
• Carbon dioxide and other air pollution that is collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the sun's heat and causing the planet to warm up.
• The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are likely to be the main source of ozone depletion.
#118
• Biodiversity is the variety of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth.
• The greater the Biodiversity, the healthier the environment.
#120
#122-123
#124 Cuticle
• The outer surface of the leaf has a thin waxy covering called the cuticle.
• This layer's primary function is to prevent water loss within the leaf.
#124 cont. Stoma
• The stoma is responsible for the interchange of gases for respiration and photosynthesis.
• The stomata allow for the loss of excess water in the form of water vapour, which also allows for cooling.
#125 Roots Hairs
• Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of roots
• Root hairs absorb nutrients and water.
#126
Know your male/female parts of the plant
#127
#128 Xylem
• Conducts water
and dissolved minerals
• Conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity
vessel membertracheids
#128 cont. Phloem:
• Transports sugars
• Main conducting cells are sieve-tube members
• Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars
sieve plate
sieve-tubemember
companioncell
Things to know
• Angiosperm– Have flowers – Have fruits with seeds – oak, maple, elm, apple
• Gymnosperm– Lack flowers and fruit– Often cone trees– Conifers (pine trees),Ginkos
The SOL loves these two terms, so know them!!!!
• Coniferous trees keep their leaves throughout the year – conifer family are pines,
spruces, firs, and hemlocks.
• Deciduous trees are also known as broadleaf trees– They often lose their
leaves in fall– Apple, elm, oaks, maples
• Marsupials: female marsupials have pouches for young. Some marsupials include the koala, kangaroo, and the numbat.
•
Monotremes: egg-laying mammals. Modern-day monotremes include the echidnas (spiny ant-eaters) and the duck-billed platypus.
• •
Placental mammals: Live Birth. Pretty much most mammals you know
#130
Characteristics of Mammals
• Hair• Sweat Glands• Mammary Glands
– For milk production
• Vertebrates• Endothermic (inside
heat)
#129
Characteristics of All Reptiles
1. They are ectothermic vertebrates.(outside heat)
2. Their skin has scales.
3. They have three-chambered hearts
4. They have claws on their toes
• 5. They are the first animals, in evolution, to develop the amniotic egg. This allows reptiles to lay eggs on land.
BTW
BTW Insects Characteristics
• Three-segmented body: head, abdomen, and thorax.
• Exoskeleton. (outside skeleton)
• Six legs, jointed appendages.
• Compound eyes. • Usually two pair of
wings.