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Medical Terminology Essentials – Chapter 14

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ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you will be able to:

•Name the parts of the digestive system •Discuss the function of each part•Define combining forms relate to the digestive system •Define the major signs, symptoms and diseases.•Name the common diagnostic procedures, and tests.•Explain the meaning of common drug categories

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Organs of the Digestive SystemOrgans Organs of the of the Digestive Digestive SystemSystem

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Digestive System: • Also called:

– GI or gastrointestinal tract

– Alimentary canal

– Digestive Tract

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• Mouth: also called the oral cavity starts the process of digestion.

• Chewing and saliva break down the food and forms it into a soft mass called a bolus.

• The food is swallowed and a wave-like muscular contractions move the food down the esophagus

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Stomach: (gastr/o)• Muscular rings are located at the upper and lower ends of

the stomach to allow the food to stay in the stomach so that digestion can continue.

• The upper ring is called the cardiac sphincter• It also prevents food from moving back into the

esophagus.• The lower muscular ring is called the pyloric sphincter.• Food in the stomach mixes with enzymes and acids as

digestion proceeds

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Small Intestine:

• The small intestine is made up of 3 parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum

• As digested food moves through the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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The Large Intestines: The Large Intestines: 1.1.CecumCecum – first part of the large intestine2.2.AppendixAppendix – small worm-like structure hangs off the cecum3.3.Ascending colon Ascending colon - from the cecum, it goes up the right side of the abdomen 4.At the liver it become the Transverse colonTransverse colon - extends across the abdomen

HepaticHepatic flexure

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1.At the spleen it becomes the Descending Descending coloncolon - descends down the left side of the abdomenSplenic Splenic flexure

2. Sigmoid colonSigmoid colon - the last 1/3 of the descending colon

3. RectumRectum – at the end of the sigmoid colon – it stores the feces

4. Anal canal Anal canal – large intestine from the rectum to the anus

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• Liver: (hepat/o) produces bile or gall which is the soap of the body because it breaks down fats.

• Gallbladder: (cholecyst/o) stores the bile

• Pancreas: (pancreat/o) functions as a digestive organ and an endocrine gland

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Combining Form Meaning

Abdonin(o)

celi(o)

an(o)

append(o)

Bil(i)

Cec(o)

abdomen

appendix

abdomen

anus

bile

cecum

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Combining Form Meaning

lip

Gall or bile

bile duct

gallbladder

Common bile duct

colon

Cheil(o)

Chol(e)

Cholangi(o)

Cholecyst(o)

Choledoch(o)

Col(o); colon(o)

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Combining Form Meaning

Enter(o)

Esophag(o)

Gastr(o)

Gloss(o)

lingu/(o)

Hepat(o)

intestines

esophagus

stomach

tongue

tongue

liver

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Combining Form Meaning

ile(o)

lapar(o)

lip(o)

lith(o)

mastic(o)

or(o)

ileum

fat

stone

chewing

oral

Abdominal wall

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Combining Form Meaning

stomat(o)

pancreat(o)

peps(o); pepsia

peritone(o)

phag(o)

pharyng(o)

Opening, stoma

pancreas

digestion

peritoneum

Eat or swallow

throat

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Combining Form Meaning

polyp(o)

proct(o)

pylor(o)

rect(o)

sial(o)

polyp

rectum

pylorus

rectum

saliva

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anorexia nervosa

Morbid refusal to eat

dysphagia Difficulty swallowing

appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix

bulimia Bingeing and purging of food

cholecystitis Inflammation of the gall bladder

cholelithiasis Gall stones

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cirrhosis Liver disease related to alcoholism

adenocarcinoma Malignant epithelial cell tumor

constipation Difficult or infrequent defecation

diarrhea Loose, watery stool

dysentery Parasite or protozoa caused inflammation of the colon

dyspepsia Indigestion

dysphagia Difficulty swallowing

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Enteritis Inflammation of the small intestines

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Retrograde flow of gastric acid into the esophagus

gingivitis Inflammation of the gums

hematemesis Bloody vomit

hepatitis Inflammation of the liver

hiatal hernia Protrusion of the stomach through the opening in the diaphragm

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hyperemesis Excessive vomiting

jaundice Yellowing of the skin D/T excessive bilirubin in the blood

peritonitis Inflammation of the peritoneum

polyp Small growth that projects from the mucus membranes

Steatorrhea Fat in the stool

ulcerative colitis Inflammation of the colon with ulceration

Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures

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appendectomy Removal of the appendix

cholescystectomy Removal of the gall bladder

colostomy Creating an opening into the colon

esophagoscopy Examination of the esophagus with an endoscope

Medical and Surgical Medical and Surgical ProceduresProcedures

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sigmoidoscopy Examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope

herniorrhaphy Surgical repair of a hernia

gastroplasty Repair of the stomachpolypectomy Removal of polpys

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antacid Drug that neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the stomach - Maalox

Hydrogen ion (H2) blockers

Histamine H2 receptor antagonist - Tagamet

Anti-emetic Prevents vomiting - Dramamine

laxative A drug that promote bowel evacuation - Colace

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