Livestock & Wildlife Interaction. Interactions NegativePositive It Depends on….?
1 Livestock-Environment Interactions Why a concern ?
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Transcript of 1 Livestock-Environment Interactions Why a concern ?
2
Causes:
• Increased industrial animal production
• More intensive use of local resources
Underlying causes:
• Increase demand for animal products
• Increase in animals • Decrease of local
resources
Impact of Production on Environment
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Nutrient Flows, Risks & Benefits
• Feed
• Converted by Animals into
• Products for Consumption and
• Manure for Crop and Feed Production
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Nutrient Flows and Risks
FEED
FARM
ANIMALS PRODUCTS
MANURE
CROPS
DEGRADATION POLLUTIONLOSSES
CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN ISOLATION
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Nutrient Flows and Benefits
FEED
FARM
ANIMALS PRODUCTS
MANURE
CROPS
NutrientsUsed
NutrientsSaved
NutrientsSaved
CROP - LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
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Environmental impacts
• Land• Water• Air• Vegetation• Bio-diversity • Genetic-
diversity
– degradation, erosion– pollution N,
additives– N and C emissions– change in
compostion– loss of habitat– loss of breeds
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Technologies:• Feed Availability • Feed Quality • Animal Health • Human Health Risk • Animal Bio-diversity • Plant Bio-diversity • Farm Productivity
Policies:• Knowledge• Financial• Property-rights• Regulations• Institutional
reform• Organisational
OptionsOPTIONS
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Principal Livestock Systems
GRAZING - nomadic- trans humance- sedentary
MIXED- grazing- crop residues- cut and carry- feed from farm- external feed
INDUSTRIAL- feed processing- farm production- product processing
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Nomadic Systems
PRODUCTION - static / decreasing
OPTIONS - integration of mobile livestock systems in natural resource management of remote and dry/ winter grazing areas
CONCERNS - degradation of vegetation- loss of bio-diversity- grazing conflicts in dry/ winter season
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Transhumance
PRODUCTION - stagnant / decreasing
CONCERNS - degradation of vegetation- loss of bio-diversity
OPTIONS - integration of trans humance in natural resources management- crop residues as feed source- cultivation of feed
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Sedentary
PRODUCTION - stagnant / decreasing
CONCERNS - expansion through deforestation - loss of bio-diversity - excessive burning
OPTIONS - crop livestock integration - livestock - wild life integration - mixed crop livestock farming
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Mixed Systems
• Mixed Communal Grazing• Mixed Crop Residues• Mixed Cut & Carry• Mixed Feed from Farm• Mixed External Feed
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Mixed Communal Grazing
CONCERNS - land degradation through crop cultivation- pasture degradation through grazing
PRODUCTION - static / decreasing
OPTIONS - community management of communal pastures - feed production on farm- improved manure management
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Mixed Crop Residues
PRODUCTION - static
CONCERNS - land degradation through crop cultivation
OPTIONS - land for feed production- more livestock- improved manure management- fertilisers for crop cultivation
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PRODUCTION - static
CONCERNS - competition for communal feed- declining soil fertility in areas of
feed origin
OPTIONS - land for feed production- improved manure management- external feed for livestock
Mixed Cut & Carry
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Mixed Feed from Farm
PRODUCTION - static
CONCERNS - declining soil fertility
OPTIONS - external feed for livestock- fertilisers
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Mixed External Feed
PRODUCTION - increasing
CONCERNS - manure surplus and nutrient loss
OPTIONS - improved manure management- integration with crop cultivation- mixed system as an alternative to industrial production
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Industrial Systems
• Industrial Feed Processing• Industrial Livestock Production• Livestock Product Processing
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Industrial Feed Processing
PRODUCTION - increasing
CONCERNS - food for feed- nutrient import from areas of origin- fossil fuel requirements
OPTIONS - move food and feed processing to areas of crop production- increase crop production- import components to improve quality
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Industrial Livestock Production
PRODUCTION - increasing- feed from feed processing industry
CONCERNS - pollution: poor manure management- feed additives and agro-chemicals
- fossil fuel requirements production
OPTIONS - improve & control manure management- move from (peri-) urban to rural areas - associate industrial livestock production with crop cultivation
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Livestock Product Processing
PRODUCTION - increasing
CONCERNS - pollution: poor waste management - fossil fuel requirements- use of agro-chemicals
OPTIONS - improve & control waste management- move to producing areas - fair competition through import tax on livestock products
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TRAINING
• TRAINERS and TRAINING CENTRE• ISSUES AND OPTIONS• TRAINEES:
– livestock specialists– environmentalists– forest / pasture specialists (grazing
systems)– crop specialists (mixed systems)– builders (industrial system)
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EXTENSION
• PUBLIC• PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS• NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
– stakeholder participation– stakeholder organisation– communication– technologies– policies