1 Language of Research Adapted from The Research Methods Knowledge Base, William Trochim (2006). &...

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1 Language of Research Adapted from The Research Methods Knowledge Base, William Trochim (2006). Methods for Social Researchers in Developing Counries, The Ahfad University Women & Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia Course of Study, David M. Lane, R

Transcript of 1 Language of Research Adapted from The Research Methods Knowledge Base, William Trochim (2006). &...

Page 1: 1 Language of Research Adapted from The Research Methods Knowledge Base, William Trochim (2006). & Methods for Social Researchers in Developing Counries,

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Language of Research

Adapted from The Research Methods Knowledge Base, William Trochim (2006). &Methods for Social Researchers in Developing Counries, The Ahfad University for Women &Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia Course of Study, David M. Lane, Rice University.

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Agenda

• Useful Terms• Types of Research• Time in Research• Types of Relationships• Variables• Hypotheses

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Useful Terms

• Social research is theoretical and empirical- Theoretical: concerned with testing theories or

ideas about how the world works- Empirical: based on observations and

measurements of reality

• Probabilistic– Inferences we make in social research have

probabilities associated with them

• Causal

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Types of Research

• Research studies can be – Descriptive: to describe what is going on or

exists– Relational: to look at relationships between two

or more variables– Causal: to determine whether a variable causes

or affects one or more outcomes

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Time in Research

• Cross-Sectional Study– Takes place at a single point in time. I.e. we are

taking a cross-section of whatever we’re observing or measuring

• Longitudinal Study– Repeated measures or time series. – Repeated measures: two or few waves of

measurements– Time series: many waves of measurement over

time

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Types of Relationships

• Nature of relationship– Correlational ≠ Causal– Third variable problem

• Patterns of relationship– None– Positive– Negative

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Variables

• A variable is any entity that can take on different values– Age– Gender– Agreement

• An attribute is a specific value on a variable– Age: 1,2,3– Gender: Male & Female– Agreement: 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly

agree

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Variables

• Variables can be independent or dependent– Independent variable is what you manipulate

(treatment, program, cause)– Dependent variable is what is affected by the

independent variable (effects, outcomes)

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Hypotheses

• A tentative expression of expected relationship between 2 variables

• Alternative and Null– The hypothesis that you support: A & B are

related– The hypothesis that describes the remaining

possible outcomes: A & B are not related• One-tailed and two-tailed

– Direction specified. Null: >5 Alternative: <5– No direction specified. Null :5 Alternative: ≠5

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