1 ( ) - Kyoto U
Transcript of 1 ( ) - Kyoto U
1 ( )
1������������� �
2 �� �
3
4 1 ����
5 /
6
7 Chomsky (1986)
8 : (1) : (2) /
9 : (3) (1)
1 0 (2)
1 1
1 2 ( )
1 3 (
1 4 ) 1
1 5
1 6 � �� �����/����
1 7
1 8 Chomsky (1986) / ��
1 9 /
2 0 “ ������ (LAD)
2 1 / ����� ”
2 2 /
2 3 /
2 4 ������
2 5 Langacker (1987)
2 6 !�"#$��� (Usage-based Model, UbM)
2 7
2 8 2
2 ( )
2 9
3 0 3 %��������&'(���
3 1 / )*:
3 2 (= ) ( )
3 3 (= ) (
3 4 )
3 5 ����+������,&'
3 6 — -. 1: ���
3 7 / -. 2: ( )
3 8 ( ) 01�23:
3 9 -. 3:
4 0 45 1:
4 1 6� 1: 1 (
4 2 ) 6� 2:
4 3
4 4
4 5 78�0':
4 6 78
4 7 / �����9:;<=>
4 8 (Arbib & Hill 1988,
4 9 Damasio & Damasio 1992, Elman, et al. 1996) ?@ABC� (PDP 1986a, b) DEF
5 0 GHIJK (Elman 1990, 1991)
5 1 ( )
5 2
5 3
5 4
5 5
5 6 4 ���� ≠ ���� ≠ ��LM
3 ( )
5 7 /
5 8 (i) ( )
5 9 (ii) ( )
6 0
6 1 ����
6 2 ��LM ���� (≠ )
6 3
6 4 78N
6 5
6 6 K. Lorenz OL (releasing)
6 7
6 8 Chomsky (i)
6 9 ( ) (ii)
7 0
7 1
7 2
7 3 ��;P
7 4
7 5 (
7 6 ) QRST (Universal
7 7 Grammar)
7 8 ( )
7 9
8 0 (
8 1 ) 3
8 2
8 3
8 4 Chomsky
8 5
8 6
8 7 — acquisition (= / )
4 ( )
8 8 U�VW (mental organ)
8 9 ( ) VW
9 0 ( )
9 1 X;
9 2
9 3
9 4 ( )
9 5 Darwin
9 6
9 7
9 8
9 9 YZ�[\] ^_����
100 VW[\] ( )
101 X;`�ab
102
103 ( ) ��cde���
104 VW[\]
105 X;�f!
106 “ + ”
107 ( )
108 f!�
109 ��;P�g
110
111
112 (Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1987; 1995)
113 4
114
115 5 ����9:;N�hi\
116 (b) he
117 John ( ) j�k�clm
5 ( )
118 no�gpq��e>��9:;,�r<=>: (a) John danced while he ate pizza, (b) He danced
119 while John ate pizza, (c) While he danced, John ate pizza
120 s���tme>
121 uvwcxy�z{\
122 ( ) |}��x~��\
123 ��
124
125 PDP
126
127 P �
128 �����<��� 2
129 3
130
131 P ��Y�>�L
132 Kugler, et al. (1982) ����w��� (first order isomophism
133 fallacy)
134
135 ( ) ��\]�>
136 2 ���������
137
138
139 s��,�p<��\]>�<�,�
140
141 (Elman, et al. 1996)
142 ��,��c��>p
143 |��=>p��p
144
145 7
146
6 ( )
147 (Lakoff 1987; Langacker 1987, 1991, 1995)
148
149
150
151 ( )
152 � w
153 8
154
155 ¡ �����:;<=>j[c¢e£¤�/3¤�no
156 3 1
157
158
159
160
161
162 Chomsky
163 ( )
164
165 Chomsky
166
167
168
169 Gold (1967)
170 “Chomsky ” /
171 (3 = ; 2 = ; 1 = ; 0 = )
172 /
173 9 ( )
174 Gold
175 (1996)
176 Kanazawa (1994) k-
177
7 ( )
178 Gold
179
180
181 2
182
183 : !
184 T Langacker UbM
185
186 Arbib & Hill (1988) ¥¦§����
187 ��¨©��� (Hill 1983 )
188 UbM
189 ª«¬�® ( ¯°±)
190 ²S (constructions: Goldberg 1995; Lakoff 1987; Langacker
191 1987, 1991)
192 Elman (1990, 1991)
193 “ ” (SRN)
194
195
196 Hill (1983) �
197 Elman
198 (
199 )
200
201
202 ( The rat
203 who the cat chased ate the cheese )
204
205 Hill Elman
206 Elman
207
8 ( )
208
209
210
211 7 ³´µ¶w[s�w
212
213 ·y ¸¹���
214
215 (
216 ) ³´u¶ (domain specific)
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227 :
228
229
230
231
232
233
234 º»�¼�½¾�<,
235 �¿À½¾��º»�<Á,�
236 ÂÃÄÅ
237 / �, &
9 ( )
238 �, &[,>j[c�<�>
239
240 STÉÊË�Ì
241 Gopnik (1990) “KE ”
242 ( )
243
244 STÉÊË
245 (Vargha-Khadem, et
246 al. 1995) Gopnik /
247
248 11 Gopnik Vargha-Khagem
249
250 �ÍÎ�wc�Ï>�O
251 �>
252
253
254 �g
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266 Langacker (1987, 1991)
267 ����) (symbolic view of language)
268 ( )
10 ( )
269
270 12
271
272 8 6��Ò�]—����/���P
273 ( )
274
275
276
277
278
279 PDP ( )
280 :;,mÓÔ��Õ
281 <=>
282 Fodor & Pylyshyn (1988) �¢ÄÅÖ PDP
283
284
285 PDP
286 P �
287 (dynamical systems)
288 (Port & Van Gelder, eds. 1995) ×ØÙw
289 ÚÛ�
290 (complex systems) (Gleick 1989) 13
291
292 ÚÛw
293
294 ( / )
295 ÜÝSÞ
296 Arbib, M.A., & J.C. Hill (1988). Language acquisition: Schemas replace universal grammar. In
297 Explaining Language Universals (pp. 56–72), edited by J. Hawkins: Basil Blackwell.
298 Chomsky, Noam (1986). Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.
11 ( )
299 Damasio, Antonio R., & Hanna Damasio (1992). Brain and language. In Readings in Philosophy and
300 Cognitive Science, edited by A. I. Goldman. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
301 Elman, J.L. (1990). Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science, 14, 179–211.
302 ______ (1991). Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure.
303 Machine Learning, 7: 195–225.
304 ______ , E. Bates, M.H. Johnson, A. Karmiloff-Smith, D. Parisi, & K. Plunkett (1996). Rethinking305 Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
306 Fodor, J.A., & Z.W. Pylyshyn (1988). Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. In
307 Connections and Symbols (pp. 3–71), edited by S. Pinker & J. Mehler. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
308 Gold, E.M. (1967). Language identification in the limit. Information and Control, 16. 447–474.
309 Goldberg, A.E. (1995). Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure.
310 Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
311 Gopnik, M. (1990). Feature-blind grammar and dysphasia. Nature, 344 (6268), 715.
312 Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books.
313 Johnson, M.H. 1987. The Body in the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
314 Kanazawa, M. (1994). Learnable Classes of Categorial Grammars. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford315 University.
316 Kugler, P., M. Turvey, & R. Shaw (1982). Is the cognitive penetrability criterion invalidated by
317 contemporary physics? Behavioral Brain Science, 5: 303–306.
318 (1997). .ß��à(áâãäåæ 7). : .
319 Hill, J.C. 1983. A Computational Model of Language Acquisition in the Two-Year-Old. Cognition and
320 Brain Theory, 6 (3): 287–317.
321 Hornik, K., M. Stinchcombe, & H. White (1989). Multilayered feedforward networks are universal
322 approximators. Neural Networks, 2 (5): 359–366.
323 Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind.
324 Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
325 Langacker, R.W. (1987, 1991). Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vols. 1 and 2. Stanford, CA:
326 Stanford University Press.
327 Nolfi, S., J.L. Elman, & D. Parisi (1995). Learning and evolution in neural networks. Adaptive
328 Behavior, 3 (1), 5–28.
329 PDP (1986a, b). Parallel Distributed Processing, Vols. 1 and 2. D.E. Rumelhart, J.L. McClelland, &
330 The PDP Research Group. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
331 Port, R., & T. van Gelder, eds. (1995). Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dymanics of Cognition.
332 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
333 Rumelhart, D.E., & J.L. McClelland (1986). On learning the past tenses of English verbs. In PDP
12 ( )
334 (1986b): 216–271.
335 Vargha-Khadem, F., K. Watkins, K. Alcock, P. Fletcher, & R. Passingham (1995). Practic and336 nonverbal cognitive deficits in a large family with a genetically transmitted speech and language
337 disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 92: 930–933.
338 (1995). ST�. : .
1.
çè,é� (Lakoff 1987; Langacker 1987, 1991; 1995)
2. Langacker ST /
/
UbM UbM
(≠ )
3. Nolfi, Elman, & Parisi (1995) PDP
4.
( ) ( )
5. x2 + y2 = r2 x-y ( )
x2 + y2 = r2 ( ) x-y
( )
6.
7.
339 ê