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Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyIntroduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives Define the terms Define the terms anatomyanatomy and and physiology.physiology. Differentiate between microscopic and Differentiate between microscopic and

macroscopic anatomy.macroscopic anatomy. Differentiate between the study of regional Differentiate between the study of regional

anatomy and the study of systemic anatomy.anatomy and the study of systemic anatomy. Describe the four anatomical planes of reference.Describe the four anatomical planes of reference. List and describe the anatomical terms of List and describe the anatomical terms of

direction.direction. List the components of the dorsal body cavity.List the components of the dorsal body cavity. List the components of the ventral body cavities.List the components of the ventral body cavities. List the four basic types of body tissues.List the four basic types of body tissues. Define Define homeostasis.homeostasis.

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Anatomy: the form and structure of the Anatomy: the form and structure of the body and its partsbody and its parts

Physiology: the functions of the body and Physiology: the functions of the body and its partsits parts

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Approaches to the Study of Approaches to the Study of Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Microscopic vs. macroscopic anatomyMicroscopic vs. macroscopic anatomy Macroscopic = gross anatomyMacroscopic = gross anatomy

Regional vs. systematicRegional vs. systematic Regional = study of individual Regional = study of individual regionsregions of the of the

body (e.g., neck, abdomen)body (e.g., neck, abdomen) Systematic = study of Systematic = study of systemssystems of the body of the body

(e.g., nervous system , skeletal system)(e.g., nervous system , skeletal system)

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Anatomic Planes of ReferenceAnatomic Planes of Reference

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Directional TermsDirectional TermsDirectionDirection

Individual’s leftIndividual’s left

Individual’s rightIndividual’s right

Toward the head end of the bodyToward the head end of the body

Toward the tip of the nose (head only)Toward the tip of the nose (head only)

Toward the tail end of the bodyToward the tail end of the body

Toward the backToward the back

Toward the bellyToward the belly

Toward the median planeToward the median plane

Away from the median planeAway from the median plane

Toward the center (whole body or part)Toward the center (whole body or part)

Toward the surface (whole body or part)Toward the surface (whole body or part)

Toward the body (extremity)Toward the body (extremity)

Away from the body (extremity)Away from the body (extremity)

““Back” of forelimb distal to carpusBack” of forelimb distal to carpus

““Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsusBack” of hindlimb distal to tarsus

““Front” of forelimb & hindlimbFront” of forelimb & hindlimb

distal to carpus & tarsusldistal to carpus & tarsusl

Domestic AnimalDomestic Animal

LeftLeft

RightRight

CranialCranial

RostralRostral

CaudalCaudal

DorsalDorsal

VentralVentral

MedialMedial

LateralLateral

Deep (internal)Deep (internal)

Superficial (external)Superficial (external)

ProximalProximal

DistalDistal

PalmarPalmar

PlantarPlantar

DorsalDorsal

HumanHuman

LeftLeft

RightRight

SuperiorSuperior

NasalNasal

InferiorInferior

PosteriorPosterior

AnteriorAnterior

MedialMedial

LateralLateral

Deep (internal)Deep (internal)

Superficial (external)Superficial (external)

ProximalProximal

DistalDistal

PalmarPalmar

PlantarPlantar

AnteriorAnterior

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General Plan of the Animal BodyGeneral Plan of the Animal Body

Bilateral symmetry: The left and right Bilateral symmetry: The left and right halves of an animal's body are essentially halves of an animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other.mirror images of each other.

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General Plan of the Animal BodyGeneral Plan of the Animal Body

Body cavitiesBody cavities Dorsal body cavity contains the central nervous Dorsal body cavity contains the central nervous

system system Ventral body cavity contains most of the Ventral body cavity contains most of the

viscera of the bodyviscera of the body

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Cells: basic functional units of animal lifeCells: basic functional units of animal life

Tissues: groups of specialized cells Tissues: groups of specialized cells

Organs: groups of tissues that work Organs: groups of tissues that work together for common purposestogether for common purposes

Organ Systems: groups of organs that are Organ Systems: groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activitiesinvolved in a common set of activities

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HomeostasisHomeostasis

The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the bodyin the body

All the physiological processes that All the physiological processes that actively maintain balance in the various actively maintain balance in the various structures, functions, and properties of the structures, functions, and properties of the bodybody