Revit Structure 2015 October-2014Dr. Walid Al-Awad 1 Building Information Modelling.
1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.
-
Upload
denis-wiggins -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.
![Page 1: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Introduction
Forestry 545 February 11, 2014
Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry
![Page 2: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
General manuscript format
Title Author(s) affiliations Abstract Introduction Materials & methods Results Discussion References
2
![Page 3: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
Your title, abstract, figures and tables provide an outline to draw your reader in
Now persuade your colleagues and co-workers to keep reading by crafting a well written introduction
3
![Page 4: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Introduction
Imagine your reader standing on the ground
You climb into a hot air balloon Your discoveries raise your knowledge level and you dropyour sand bags of ignorance
5
![Page 6: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction
Your balloon rises slowly
By the time you are ready to write you have risen well above the reader
6
![Page 7: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Introduction
Is your ladder long enough?
Do you have to drop it all the way to the ground?
Are any rungs missing?
7
![Page 8: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Your job as a writer is to bridge this gap
![Page 9: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Introduction
Your introduction will lead the reader from a well known landmark to the particular spot occupied by your paper
9
![Page 10: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Introduction
Recall the limited space for your title?
Now, finally you have a little leeway and can fully define your boundaries
Take advantage!
10
![Page 11: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Introduction
When you write a paper for class, your teacher is obliged to read it…However,When you address your research community, you have to convince them that your problem is their problem
11
![Page 12: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Introduction
You need to tell them “so what”
Why is it important to resolve the flawed understanding or incomplete knowledge that you have taken on as your research?
12
![Page 13: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Blackfly female
13
![Page 14: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Blackfly larvae and pupa
14
![Page 15: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Blackfly breeding grounds
15
![Page 16: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Blackfly mouthparts
Compound eye
Antenna
Maxilla
Mandible120-125 microns
Maxillary palp
Epidermis
![Page 17: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Typical bite reaction
17
![Page 18: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Introduction
Your introduction must successfully explain how your paper fills a gap
(Covering letter to journal must also do this)
18
![Page 19: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Introduction
The weakest introduction merely announces a topicYou should not just say
“this paper presents the effects of Pissodes strobi on Sitka spruce leader growth
It is well known that leader development is an important aspect of spruce form”
19
![Page 20: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Introduction
Say why the work was done Make it interesting, brief and as simple as possible
Follow the 3-step procedure
20
![Page 21: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Introduction
The purpose of a 3-step introduction is to excite and interest the reader and to answer the question
“Why was this work embarked upon?”
21
![Page 22: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Introduction – 3 steps
1. Present the general field of interest
2. Present others’ findings to be challenged or expanded
3. Specify the question being asked
This should total no more than 1 pageSome journals want a brief summary of findings and conclusions at end of introduction
22
![Page 23: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Introduction – First step
1. General field of interest Why is the subject important? State what is known, give
references Do not try to cover everything One to 3 paragraphs
23
![Page 24: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Introduction – First step
Showing the importance of your work is an essential part of your introduction
In general, the less your audience knows about your subject, the more difficult it is to write the first part of your introduction
24
![Page 25: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Introduction – First step
Consider the audience of your journal and begin with a statement that all readers will accept
You MUST know the audience to be able to do this
25
![Page 26: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Introduction – First step
After stating what is known generally, describe what is known in your specific research problem
Bring your reader to an incomplete corner or hole in the available scientific reports
26
![Page 27: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Introduction – First step
Provide sufficient references so that the reader can check the literature and see what observations currently surround the hole or gap that you intend to fillNote: Cindy suggest no more than 2 citations per fact for a journal article (no restriction in thesis)
27
![Page 28: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Introduction – First step
28
![Page 29: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Introduction – First step
Word of caution It is very easy to get “carried
away” with too much background material
Provide the broad topic but be selective, focus in quickly
29
![Page 30: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Introduction – Second step
2. Present findings to be challenged Explain how you intend to extend
what is already known in your specific research area
Provide support for your argument before stating your hypothesis
30
![Page 31: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Introduction – second step
31
![Page 32: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Introduction – third step
3. Specify the question being asked After leading your readers to the edge,
state your plan of attack to fill the gap This is usually done in the form of a
hypothesis Indicate your experimental approach
to testing this hypothesis Point out what is new about your work
32
![Page 33: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Introduction – third step
33
![Page 34: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Hypothesis
When you develop a hypothesis it usually builds on something that has gone on before You must be able to test your hypothesis
34
![Page 35: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a reasonable expectation of results (unknown) based on known information
Avoid “see what happened” “no reports in the literature” “it seemed interesting to”
35
![Page 36: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Formulating a hypothesis
Carrot exampleYou have been asked to measure the iron content of a crop of carrots showing signs of iron deficiency
Quality of carrots has been improved by applying lime (calcium) to soil
Lime raises pH and reduces iron uptake
36
![Page 37: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Formulating a hypothesis
Healthy carrot production requires plants with lime and iron
Formulate a hypothesis for this study
37
![Page 38: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Final Hypothesis
There is a level of lime that will supply sufficient calcium and at the same time will allow the iron to be absorbed in sufficient quantities to make better carrots
38
![Page 39: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Introduction - tenses
Final note:Much of the introduction should be in present tense as you are referring to the current established knowledge relating to your research
The introduction is the place to define terms and abbreviations
39
![Page 40: 1 Introduction Forestry 545 February 11, 2014Dr Sue Watts, UBC Forestry.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697bffc1a28abf838cc193a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Assignment #3
Write an introduction to your research proposal
Include a title and references, properly formatted (you will learn how to do this in week #10)
Length should be about 900-1100 words
Use standard margins and double spacing
Due date March 18 (hard copy in class)40