1 History of Project Management Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D. Lee Baliton Chris Smith.

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History of Project ManagementHistory of Project Management

Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D.Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D.Lee BalitonLee BalitonChris SmithChris Smith

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Course on Project Management

Ancient HistoryAncient History

Examples:Examples: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550

B.C.)B.C.) The Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 The Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206

B.C.)B.C.) Exceptional planningExceptional planning CoordinationCoordination Allocation Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workersHundreds of thousands of workers

Paid and Slave labor.Paid and Slave labor.

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Examples of ancient projects: The Examples of ancient projects: The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China (221 and the Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)B.C. - 206 B.C.)

Exceptional planningExceptional planning CoordinationCoordination Allocation Allocation Hundreds of thousands of workersHundreds of thousands of workers


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Similar basic elements of project Similar basic elements of project management: management: Managing resources Managing resources Maintaining a scheduleMaintaining a schedule Coordinating different groupsCoordinating different groups

All are used in today’s modern All are used in today’s modern project management practiceproject management practice No evidence that they used No evidence that they used

optimal schedulingoptimal scheduling

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Project Management was not really the same

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The Early Years: The Early Years: Late 19th CenturyLate 19th Century

PM emerged in the growing PM emerged in the growing complexity of commercecomplexity of commerce

Seen in transportation, to Seen in transportation, to manufacturingmanufacturing

Large scale projects caused Large scale projects caused large scale management large scale management decisions.decisions.

Example is the 1862 Example is the 1862 Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

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Large scale projects Large scale projects Example is the 1862 Example is the 1862

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

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Large scale projects Large scale projects Example is the 1862 Example is the 1862

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

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The Early Years: The Early Years: Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

First large scale project managementFirst large scale project management Officially started after President Officially started after President

Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Act

Authorized to build a railway and a Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph linetelegraph line

Granted funding and landGranted funding and land Union Pacific to build west from Union Pacific to build west from

Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east Omaha, NE; Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CAfrom Sacramento, CA

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The Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project considered first large scale project managementmanagement

President Lincoln signed the Pacific President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Railroad Act




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The Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad considered first large scale project considered first large scale project managementmanagement

President Lincoln signed the Pacific President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Railroad Act RailwayRailway Telegraph lineTelegraph line



2020


The Early Years: The Early Years: Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad

considered first large scale project considered first large scale project managementmanagement

Officially started after President Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Act




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The Early Years: The Early Years: Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad

considered first large scale project considered first large scale project managementmanagement

Officially started after President Officially started after President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act Act


Granted funding and landGranted funding and land Union PacificUnion Pacific Central PacificCentral Pacific

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Source: Wikipedia: Theodore Judah http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah

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Mid-19Mid-19thth century business century business leaders faced with task of leaders faced with task of organizing labor in organizing labor in manufacturing and assemblymanufacturing and assembly

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Mid-19Mid-19thth century business century business leaders faced with task of leaders faced with task of organizing labor in organizing labor in manufacturing and assemblymanufacturing and assembly

Coffee break before and now

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/ato/lowres/aton942l.jpg

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/ato/lowres/aton942l.jpg

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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Henry Gantt1900-1950 – Henry Gantt

Modern project management Modern project management ConstructionConstruction EngineeringEngineering DefenseDefense

Henry Gantt forefather of project Henry Gantt forefather of project management management

Known for planning and control Known for planning and control techniquestechniques

““Gantt” chart keeps track of project Gantt” chart keeps track of project schedule.schedule.

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Modern project management came Modern project management came from construction, engineering, and from construction, engineering, and defensedefense

Henry Gantt forefather of project Henry Gantt forefather of project management management Known for planning and control Known for planning and control

techniquestechniques ““Gantt” chart keeps track of project Gantt” chart keeps track of project

schedule.schedule.

Source Gantt Charts at http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

http://www.ganttchart.com/Evolution.html

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Modern project management came Modern project management came from construction, engineering, and from construction, engineering, and defensedefense

Henry Gantt forefather of project Henry Gantt forefather of project managementmanagement Known for planning and control Known for planning and control

techniquestechniques ““Gantt” chart keeps track of project Gantt” chart keeps track of project

scheduleschedule..



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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Gantt chart1900-1950 – Gantt chart



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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor

Source: Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

Work breakdownWork breakdown Piecemeal workPiecemeal work

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor1900-1950 – Frederic Taylor

Source: Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond1950 and beyond

Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project Pre-1950’s ad-hoc project managementmanagement

Gantt charts and other informal Gantt charts and other informal techniques were used techniques were used

Early 1950’s modern project Early 1950’s modern project managementmanagement

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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT1950 and beyond - PERT

Two mathematical scheduling Two mathematical scheduling methods methods

““Program Evaluation Review Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERTTechnique” or PERT Analyzes the tasks Analyzes the tasks Identifies minimum amount of timeIdentifies minimum amount of time

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““Program Evaluation Review Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERTTechnique” or PERT

Analyzes the tasks Analyzes the tasks Identifies minimum amount of Identifies minimum amount of

timetime

Edwin Booz

Source: The Story of Consulting: 1920-1939 http://www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episode_2_en.html

http://www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episode_2_en.html

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““Program Evaluation Review Program Evaluation Review Technique” or PERTTechnique” or PERT Analyzes the tasks Analyzes the tasks Identifies minimum amount of timeIdentifies minimum amount of time

Edwin Booz

Source: The Story of Consulting: 1920-1939 http://www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episode_2_en.html

http://www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episode_2_en.html

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Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APert_chart_colored.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APert_chart_colored.gif

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Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APert_chart_colored.gif

6

cPessimistilikelyMost 4Optimistic Duration

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APert_chart_colored.gif

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Modern Project Management Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM1950 and beyond - CPM

The “Critical Path Method” The “Critical Path Method” developed for plant maintenance developed for plant maintenance projectsprojects

Algorithm for scheduling project Algorithm for scheduling project activities.activities.

A CPM diagram based on the A CPM diagram based on the following project elements:following project elements: List of all activities required for project List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activityLength of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities.Dependencies between the activities.

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A CPM diagram based on the A CPM diagram based on the following project elements:following project elements: List of all activities required for project List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activityLength of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities.Dependencies between the activities.

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CPM diagram CPM diagram List of all activities required for project List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activityLength of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities.Dependencies between the activities.

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CPM diagram CPM diagram List of all activities required for project List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activityLength of time for each activity Dependencies between the activities.Dependencies between the activities.

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CPM diagram CPM diagram List of all activities required for projectList of all activities required for project Length of time for each activityLength of time for each activity Dependencies among the activitiesDependencies among the activities

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A CPM diagram based on the A CPM diagram based on the following project elements:following project elements: List of all activities required for project List of all activities required for project Length of time for each activityLength of time for each activity Dependencies among the activitiesDependencies among the activities

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CPM diagram of a construction projectCPM diagram of a construction project

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The blue arrows a

re

The blue arrows a

re

tasks t

hat consu

me

tasks t

hat consu

me

resource

s

resource

s

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The blue arrows a

lso

have th

e time re

quired

to complete each

task

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The dash

ed arrow

indica

tes the se

quence

for each

activit

y.

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In this example, the roofline

must first be fitte

d before

the roof timbers can be fitte

d.

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Green fo

r beginning

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Yello

w for a

ctivit

ies

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Red fo

r end of th

e project

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Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a path that would minimize

the time to end of the project. This allowed project managers, for the first

time, to optimize the sequence of scheduling project tasks

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A lot of misunderstanding

http://a7.vox.com/6a00c225219edb604a00cdf7e24bd7094f-pi

http://a7.vox.com/6a00c225219edb604a00cdf7e24bd7094f-pi

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1 History of Project Management Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D. Lee Baliton Chris Smith.

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