1 Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring 29 Aug. 2007 National Agricultural Research Center Ken...
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Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring
29 Aug. 2007 National Agricultural Research CenterKen TANIWAKI, Haoming Hu
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Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring
1. Energy resource and Biomass Energy 2. Oil crop as biomass energy
3. Oil crop production4. Field monitoring
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Chronicles around Biomass
• 1992 Rio de Janeiro “The Earth Summit” UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity are concluded• 1997 COP3 Kyoto Protocol• 2000 Clinton’s State of the Union : Increase B.M. production up to triple
• 2007 Bush’s Energy Initiative: using 35 billion gallons of alternative fuels by 2017
2001 Agro-Energy Laboratory(NARO)
2006 Biomass Research Center (NARO)
1. Energy resource and biomass energy
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Comparison of energy resources
Reserves of energy resourcesJapan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)
Renewable energy has almost same life span as sun and earth.= 5,000,000,000 yr.?
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Comparison of renewable energy
Rance tidal power plant
Tidal energywind energy output dispersion
Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)
Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)solar energy daily change
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Comparison of energy cost
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0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
solar wind hydro petro lng coal nuclear
us$/kwh
Energy cost of deferent resources in Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)
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Comparison of energy usability
Energy usability matrix
solar wind hydro petro lng coal nuclear biomassportability ○ ○ × △ × × × ○initial cost × × × ○ × △ × ○cost × △ ◎ ○ ○ ○ ◎ ○maintenance △ △ × ◎ ◎ ○ × ○
So, among renewable energy, biomass used to be our most familiar energy resources in our history
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2. Oil crop as biomass energy
Bio-ethanol and Bio-diesel
become highlighted.
Wood
Plant
Seaweed
Algae
Straw
Husk
Ethanol
Plant Oil
Animal fat
Animal waste
Waste food
Sludge
Etc.
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carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid C18H30O2 in
seed
mineral Ca,Na,K,Fe,etc.
Fatty acid1
Fatty acid2
Fatty acid3
ethanol
BDF(Biodiesel fuel)
Biomass is produced by photo synthesis
Photo&biosynthesis
water,fertilizer,mineral
Calvin-Benson cycle
C6H12O6 in Leaf
CO2
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carbohydrate
lipid
Biomass is produced by photo synthesis
C. Somerville. Et.al , Lipid,.2000
reduction
Bio-synthesis of lipid
Energy is accumulated as oil in oil body
oxygen
hydrogencarbon
fatty acid
glycerol
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Caloric value of materials
lng 12,000gasoline 10,500diesel 10,900biodiesel(from oil plant) 9,600ethanol 6,400methanol 4,800coal 4,800
Kcal/kg
Energy density of biodiesel is higher than that of ethanol
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Energy input or output of per energy in biofuel Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Jason Hill et.al. 2006 PNAS
NET ENERGY BALANCE
Comparison of ethanol and
BDF(Bio diesel fuel )
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Min-Max average oil content oil yield
t/ha t/ha % t/ha
oil palm 12.6-32.4 19.2 20 3.84
rapeseed 2.3-3.8 2.9 35 1.02
sunflower 1.7-2.4 2.1 35 0.74
peanut 2.8-3.3 3.1 35 1.09
soybean 2.3-3.6 2.8 17 0.48
jatropha 1.5-2.0 - 0.48-0.71
Major oil crop and its yield
K.Okada by FAO STAT 2005
Jatropha can grow even in not arable land
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Ex. Rapeseed production
3. Oil crop production
Photo synthesis takes place even in rape shell
flower
rapeseed
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Selection of cultivars
Ⅰ . Erucic acid free heart disease
Ⅱ . Glucocinolate free meal can be used as feed
Ⅲ . Proper cultivars for local climate cold temp response
Ⅳ . High yield enough growth period
Ⅴ . Avoid contamination of pollen every year
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precise seeding with vacuum seeder is adaptable for double cropping of rapeseed in winter and sunflower in summer.
Precision seeding works for high yield
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Combine harvester
Total working time
10-30 hours/ha
Harvesting Harvesting Total cost in fully mechanized production system
90-220us$ /ha
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Brassica napus = Rapeseed
Low chemical fertilizer sensitivity
Organic nitrogen contributes its growth
Iron may serve its growth
Boron is inevitable
Would distribute glucocinolates from its root that control neighboring plant
4. Field monitoring for energy crop
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There are several hazards against ample amount of yield birds Seeding season
Harvest season
Ripening period is quite short
Harvest season
People sometimes become robber
Budding season
Mouse under snow may eat eat leaves
Under snow
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Introducing
cultivars into
abandoned fields
Eventually contradiction between energy and food usage
of biomass crop has been emerged
e.g.. corn for food or ethanol
Optimize energy and food
cultivar selection
agriculture
Introduce oil crop
Into the field
Enrich field
By root development
Field monitoring
biomass crop would not fit for arable land