1 Elena Gaia UNICEF Regional Office CEECIS Third CARRA Inter-agency Conference, Almaty, 15 April...
-
Upload
kellie-oconnor -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
2
Transcript of 1 Elena Gaia UNICEF Regional Office CEECIS Third CARRA Inter-agency Conference, Almaty, 15 April...
1
Elena GaiaUNICEF Regional Office CEECIS
Third CARRA Inter-agency Conference, Almaty, 15 April 2011
The role of Social Protection systems in Central Asia for addressing
poverty and vulnerability to risks
2
Outline
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
Social Protection – what and why? Linking SP, DRR, food security and
energy SP systems in Central Asia Priorities for coordination Conclusions
3
What is Social Protection?
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
The set of public and private policies and programmes aimed at reducing, managing and overcoming the economic and social vulnerabilities of children, women and families, in order to ensure their access to a decent standard of living and essential services and to opportunities, livelihoods and jobs
4
An integrated set of interventions
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
Social Transfers (cash and in kind, social insurance and assistance)
Economic and social access to servicesSocial care & support servicesLegislation, regulation and policies to ensure equity
and non-discrimination
To be complemented by:- Investments in supply of quality and affordable services- Labour market policies and generation of decent
employment opportunities
5
Why do we need Social Protection in Central Asia (1)
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
- Living standards have been improving over last decade, but global crisis has halted trends
- However, even before the crisis, growth patterns not equitable: large groups of population remain highly vulnerable to shocks due to low family incomes (working poor, women, families with children, with disabled members,HH in rural areas)
6
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
YEAR TOTAL URBAN RURALWith
children % total
Poor as % of families
with children
TAJIKISTAN 2009 47% 42% 49% 53% 62%
KAZAKHSTAN 2008 16% 12% 21% 7% 15%
UZBEKISTAN 2007 24% 18% 27% 30% 44%
KYRGYZSTAN 2008 32% 23% 37% 27% 62%
7
Why do we need Social Protection in Central Asia (2)
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
Structural vulnerabilities-poverty and inequities in access to services, energy and water & sanitation-malnutrition-high out-of-pocket expenditures for health
Compounded by external shocks-global economic and financial crisis-volatility of food and energy prices-proneness to natural disasters
SP can contribute to preventing and addressing compound risks
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
SP Instrument ObjectivesFood distribution in drought,
flood, etc. affected areasFood security
Geographically targeted direct subsidized provision of
services and cash to populations highly vulnerable
to climate change, or in aftermath of emergency (e.g.
Kyrg)
Income security
Access to basic services
8
9
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
SP Instrument ObjectivesPublic works schemes to build
physical infrastructure to improve climate change resilience (dykes, canals) and social infrastructure (housing, public schools, health
centers) that is earthquake proof and energy efficient
Employment and income security
Mitigation and adaptation / resilience
Improved service deliveryEnvironmental protection
Weather-indexed crop insurance; micro-insurance; benefits from
pensions or social assistance indexed to prices or season
Food & income security
Livelihoods
10
Implications for SP reform in Central Asia
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
Volatility of food and energy prices, exposure to natural disasters and volatility of coping mechanisms such as remittances call for SP programmes to become more flexible, adaptable to changing circumstances, include contingency plans and easily scalable to respond to crises – can UN and donors help?
11
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
12
Reality check: Social Protection systems in Central Asia
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
•High aspirations and self-perceptions: poverty concepts and measurements remain highly controversial•Attitudes towards causes of and solutions to poverty: the deserving the poor, avoiding dependency•Legacies and rigidities of previous systems: old privileges and benefits that do not reflect current needs assessments•Fiscal limitations are a serious constraint in Taj & Kyr, less so in the other three countries
13
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
Fiscal balance as percentage of GDP 2006-2011
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
pe
rce
nt
of
GD
P
200620072008200920102011
14
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
•Low expenditure on social assistance, worsening with crisis (Taj 0.4% GDP in 2008)
•Targeted cash benefits do not reach most needed, huge errors of exclusion In Kyrg, Monthly Benefit (MB) targeted at poor families with children, covers only 18% of poorest quintile
•Level of SA benefits is not enough to make a difference, pensions perform better Value of MB in Kyrg is 7% of total HH consumption
But more research is needed into impact and cost-effectiveness of different types of interventions as well as costing of alternative models
15
Way forward in SP reform (1)
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
• Consolidate fragmented systems, balancing cash with services and employment
• Protect spending on SP and make it a central government budget item
• Replace privileges and benefits based on merit to free up resources (including strategy to balance opposition of ‘losers’)
16
Way forward in SP reform (2)
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
• Adjust targeting to dynamic nature of poverty: in CA context difficult to perform the sophisticated PMT targeting methods in a timely and cost-effective manner; consider using specific demo or geo characteristics
• Increase outreach to marginalized HH and areas, information campaigns, reducing documentation requirements
• Include contingency plans for emergency
17
Priority areas for coordination?
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
1. Evidence-based policy and data collection: asking the right questions and disseminating the results
2. Common strategising for the right entry points in each context to advocate for reforms of social protection that include DRR
3. In the two low income countries, contribute to funding of schemes to expand coverage, increase levels of benefits (and supply of services) and support M&E
4. however, the most vulnerable and marginalized may still remain excluded, more so during emergencies – can UN and donors work together to help systems walk that extra mile?
18
Conclusions
For every childHealth, Education, Equality, ProtectionADVANCE HUMANITY
Approaches to SP may be different, but key common concerns bring us together: poverty, malnutrition, water-related diseases, vulnerability to shocks
With improved designs, better management and more funding SP systems in Central Asia can significantly contribute to addressing those concerns – role of UN and donors in capacity building, generating evidence, sharing best practices and ensuring DRR is incorporated into strategies
The integrated nature of SP interventions is a unique opportunity to bring together the spectrum of experience and resources across UN and donors