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k|sf]k M kl/ro tyf Joj:yfkg÷÷÷÷÷11111


k|sf]k M kl/rotyf Joj:yfkg

k|sf]k–1fgdfn–!

/fdrGb| Gof}kfg]


k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] ;DaGwdf1fgsf] cefjdf ul/g] s'g} klg sfo{ /fd|f] / e/kbf]{ x'Fb}g . lbuf] ljsf;åf/f ;'/lIfteljio lgdf{0f ug{ ;dofg's"n 1fgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k|sf]k;DaGwL 1fg klgjt{dfg ;dodf ;a}lt/af6 cfjZos cg'ej ul/Psf] To:t} 1fg xf] . ToxL vfFrf]nfO{k"/f ug{ k|sf]k;DaGwL k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] of] klxnf] z[ª\vnf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] jf:tljs cfsng ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . tyflk xfdLn]k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug]{ k|of;nfO{ ;docg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 .o;sf nflu k|sf]k;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;dfhsf]k|sf]k ;fdgf Ifdtf clej[l4åf/f k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/LagfP/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd ug{ o; If]qdf sfo{/t JolQm / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/Ljf u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . efjL lkF9Lsf]Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfaf6 g} ;'/lIft eljiosf] cfwf/ tof/ x'g] ePsfn] k|sf]k ;fdgfIfdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd cGo JolQmsf ;fy} lzIfs–ljBfyL{dfkm{t ;dfhdf k'¥ofpg'k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd 36fpg]] pko'Qm pkfo x'g;Sg] tYonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . oxL ;f]rlnP/ k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] klxnf] efusf ¿kdf …k|sf]kM kl/ro tyf Joj:yfkgÚ k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .

k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] k|sfzg ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/ lydnL8/Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lji0f' k|;fb v/]nnfO{o;sf] ;kmntfsf] klxnf] >]o hfG5 . k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] efiff–;Dkfbg u/L ;xof]uug]{ >4]o x]d/fh kf}8]n …lxds/Ú k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . o; z[ª\vnfnfO{ pTs[i6agfpg ;Nnfx lbg'x'g] k|sfzs ;+:yfsf ;Nnfxsf/Ho"x¿sf] of]ubfgsf] hlt k|z+;fu/] klg yf]/} x'G5 . To;}u/L k|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] k|sfzgsf nflu sfo{qmds} ¿kdfcfly{s ;fem]bf/L ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfn / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnk|lt d]/f] JolQmut tyfk|sfzs ;+:yf …Osf]– g]kfnÚ sf tkm{af6 cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

k|sf]k–1fgdfnfsf] o; z[ª\vnfdf ljz]ifu/L g]kfndf x'g] k|sf]k;DaGwL ;fdfGohfgsf/L, ;fdflhs wf/0ff, k|sf]ksf k|sf/ Pj+ sf/0f / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cfwf/e"t1fg k:sg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf /x]sf] k|sf]kk|ltsf] e|dnfO{ x6fP/;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwL k"j{tof/Ldf nfUg yf]/} dfq k|]/0ff lbg ;Sof] eg] klgk|sf]k–;'/Iffsf nflu k|f/De ul/Psf] xfd|f] cleofg ;fy{s ePsf] 7fGg]5' .

– /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]


ljifo;"rLk|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] ;DaGwdf M #

k|sf]ksf] kl/ro M %–(ljifok|j]z %kl/efiff ^k|sf]k;DaGwL e|fds wf/0ff &

k|sf]ksf k|sf/ M (–!#

;':t/L pTyfg x'g] k|sf]k (

tLj| pTyfg x'g] k|sf]k !)

k|sf]ksf sf/0f M !$–!*

k|fs[lts sf/0f !%

dfgjLo sf/0f !̂

k|sf]ksf] k|efj M !(–@#

tTsfnLg k|efj !(

bL3{sfnLg k|efj @)

ul/aL / k|sf]k @@

ljsf;df k|sf]ksf] k|efj @@

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg @$–#$

kl/ro @$

hf]lvd ljZn]if0f @%

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg rqm @̂

k"j{tof/L tyf k|sf]kklxn]sf] sfo{ @&

k|sf]ksf] ;dodf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ #)

k|sf]kkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{ #@

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k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf nfe #$

k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo #%

s]xL sl7g zAb / ltgsf] cy{ #(


k|sf]ksf] kl/roljifo–k|j]zx/]s dflg;n] s'g} g s'g} ¿kaf6 k|sf]ksf] cg'ej u/]sf] x'G5 . clwsf+zdflg;nfO{ w]/} jiff{ ePdf af9L, klx/f] hfg], udL{df tftf] xfjf -n"_ / lxpFbdf zLtnx/rNg], :jR5 lkpg] kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cefj ePdf jf k|b"if0f a9]df dxfdf/L km}lng],vfBfGgsf] cefjdf ef]sd/L jf clgsfn nfu]/ s'kf]if0f x'g], ;'Vvf df};ddf cfFwLa]x/LrNg], cfunfuL x'g] / s'g} klg ;dodf e'OFrfnf] hfg ;Sg] 1fg x'G5 .

;d'b|af6 lgs} 6f9f ePsfn] g]kfndf ;d'b|L cfFwLsf] k|ToIf k|efj kb}{g . t/fO{dfrNg] tftf] xfjf kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf rNb}g . To;}n] ef}ule{s agf]6,w/ftnLo :j¿k, hnjfo'sf] ljt/0fh:tf cGtlg{lxt cj:yf g} k|sf]khGo 36gfpTkGg ug]{ sf/s x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, cfunfuL,e'OFrfnf], lxdtfn ljikmf]6, v8]/L, dxfdf/L, zLtnx/h:tf 36gfn] hgwgsf] Ifltug]{ ePsfn] o:tf 36gfnfO{ g} k|sf]khGo 36gf dflgG5 .

g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ubf{ k|sf]ksf] ;Defljthf]lvdk|lt /fd|/L Wofg lbOPsf] kfOFb}g . kxf8L If]qdf ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ klx/f]hfg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 36fpg :t/Lo tyf lbuf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gul/g'', e"sDk–k|lt/f]ws ejg gagfOg', gbLlsgf/sf] a;f]af; tyf cltqmd0fdf lgoGq0f gul/g'/ jgljgfz a9\g' k|sf]khGo cj:yf pTkGg x'g] sf/0fsf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g\ .

k|sf]ksf k|d'v tŒjsf ¿kdf /x]sf vt/f / ;ª\s6fled'vtf 36fpg ;s] k|sf]ksf]hf]lvd w]/} xb;Dd sd x'G5 . o:tf sfo{sf nflu k|fKt x'g] ;}4flGts tyf k|fljlws1fgaf6 k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 x'g] ePsfn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdGo"gLs/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] b|'tt/ ljsf; / lj:tf/eO/x]sf cj:yfdf k':tf}Fb]lv k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] df}lns 1fg, k|ljlw / ;Lk klgnf]k x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . o;n] :yfgLo txsf] 1fg, Ifdtf tyf cfTdljZjf;nfO{ lg:t]hagfO/x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] 1fgsf cfwf/df :yfgLo cj:yf;'xfpFbf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L pkof]u ug{ ;s] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd ug]{ k|of; ;fy{saGg ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu k|sf]k;DaGwL j:t'ut 1fg x'g' h¿/L 5 .


k|sf]ksf] kl/efiff;x/ xf];\ jf ufpF, ;do–;dodf ;a}lt/ ljleGg k|sf/sf ljgfzsf/L 36gfx'G5g\ . slxn] a]ujfg\ x'/Latf;;Fu} cl;gfkfgL kb{5 . slxn] nfdf] ;do;Ddv8]/L k/]/ v]tdf /f]k]sf] afnL ;'Sb5 . slxn] d';nwf/] kfgL k/]/ af9L, 8'afg/ klx/f]sf] ljgfzsf/L nLnf rNb5 . ufpF3/df dxfdf/L km}lnP/ w]/} dflg;sf]d[To' x'G5 . o:tf 36gfdf k/L vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], wgdfn, v]taf/L / afnLgfnLklg gi6 x'G5g\ . o:tf ljgfzsf/L 36gfdf k/]sf kLl8t JolQm jf ;d'bfonfO{5/l5d]s, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf cyjf ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 .k|fs[lts jf ck|fs[lts 36gfaf6 pTkGg x'g] o:t} ljgfzsf/L cj:yfnfO{ g} k|sf]kelgG5 . af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, r6Øfª, e'OFrfnf], x'/Latf;, v8]/L, zLtnx/,lxdtfn–ljikmf]6, dxfdf/L, b'3{6gf cflb k|sf]khGo 36gfsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

k|sf]knfO{ ljleGg ljåfg\ / ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] km/s–km/slsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof dflg;, 3/, sfof{no ejg, ;8s, k'ntyf v]taf/L, 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5L / hLjgofkgsf ;|f]tdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] k|fs[lts jfck|fs[lts 36gfnfO{ k|sf]k eGg] ul/G5 . 36gfsf] lsl;d, ef}uf]lns cj:yf,ljsf;sf] :t/, dflg;sf] r]tgf:t/, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfh:tf ljleGgsf/0fn] k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] kl/df0fdf leGgtf x'G5 . km/s :yfgdf x'g] Ps}k|sf/sf] 36gf st} k|nosf/L aGb5 eg] st} ;fdfGo /xG5 . To;}n] ;fdfGoefiffdf aflx/L ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kg]{ u/L hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt ug]{s'g} klg ck|Toflzt b'MvbfoL 36gfnfO{ g} k|sf]k eGg ;lsG5 .

xfn cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; dxf;ª\3df kl/0ft ePsf tTsfnLg …nLu ckm /]8qm; P08/]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6LÚ sf cg';f/– ‘cfsl:ds ¿kdf hghLjg c:tJo:t aGg] ljklQk"0f{cj:yf g} k|sf]k xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;n] w]/} b'Mv kfp“5g\ . t;y{, pgLx¿sfnflu ;'/Iff, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f], cfjf;, cf}iflwpkrf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfh:tf b}lgshLjgdf ge}gx'g] j:t' / ;]jf aflx/af6 k"lt{ ul/lbg' cfjZos x'G5’ .

To;}u/L a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]ifdf ‘e"sDk, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, cf“wLa]x/L, dxfdf/Lcflbn] l;h{gf u/]sf] cfklQhgs l:ylt g} k|sf]k xf]’ elgPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] b}jL k|sf]k -p4f/_ P]g, @)#( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)$(_ df ‘b}jL k|sf]keGgfn] e"sDk, cfunfuL, cf“wLa]x/L, af9L, klx/f], cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, clgsfn,dxfdf/L tyf o:t} cGo k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{ ;Demg'kb{5 / ;f] zAbn] cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf,


lj:kmf]6s jf ljiffQm kbfy{åf/f x'g]b'3{6gf tyf o:t} s'g} klg k|sf/sf]k|sf]knfO{ ;d]t hgfpg]5’ eg]/k|sf]ksf] kl/efiff lbOPsf] 5 .

k|sf]k;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ ;+:yf…dxfdf/L tyf k|sf]ksf nflucg';Gwfg s]Gb| (Center forResearch on theEpidemiology andDisasters -CRED) n] ‘k|sf]keg]sf] To:tf] kl/l:ylt jf 36gfxf], h;sf] k|ltsf/sf nflu :yfgLo;fwg, ;|f]t / Ifdtf dfq kof{Ktx'“b}g / /fli6«o cyjf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] aflx/L ;xfotf cfjZosx'G5’ eg]sf] 5 .

pk/f]Qm kl/efiffx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsfcfwf/df ‘dflg;nufot, k|fs[ltsjftfj/0fsf cGo h}ljs jfch}ljs tŒjn] s'g} klg sf/0faf6crfgs pTkGg x'g] 36gfnfO{ ;xgug{ ;Sb}gg\ / To:tf] 36gfaf6dflg; db{5g\, 3fOt] x'G5g\,3/af/ljxLg x'G5g\ tyf cfly{sIflt x'G5 / To:tf] ljkb\sf] ;fdgfug{ c?sf] ;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfnfO{ k|sf]k elgG5 .’

k|sf]k;DaGwL e|fds wf/0ffk|sf]ksf ;DaGwdf ljZjd} km/s–km/s k|sf/sf lsDjbGtL tyf e|fds wf/0ffkfOG5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fcg'¿k k|sf]knfO{ lrGg]/ a'‰g] k|lqmof klg km/s x'G5 . ljZjsf clwsf+z ;dfhdf k|sf]knfO{ unt

k|sf]ksf ljz]iftfk|sf]k crfgs pTkGg x'g] ljkb\k"0f{36gf xf] .k |s f ] kn ] d f lg;sf ] lgo ldthLjgk4ltnfO { c;fdf Go /c:tJo:t agfpF5 .k|sf]ksf sf/0f dflg; db{5g\,3fOt] x'G5g\ / wg;DklQsf]xflggf]S;fgL x'G5 .k|sf]k pTkGg ePsf] cj:yfdfvfgf , a;f ]a f; , n 'u fk m f6 f ] ,cf}iflwpkrf/ / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]vfFrf] x'G5 .k|sf]ksf] cj:yfdf kLl8t kl/jf/tyf ;dfhsf tTsfnLg cfjZostfk"/f ug{ pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg /Ifdtf ckof{Kt x'G5 .k|sf]kaf6 aRg / To;af6 ePsf]Iflt / kL8faf6 d'lQm kfpg JolQmjf ;d'bfonfO{ tTsfnLg /fxt,p4f/ / k'gM:yfkgsf nflu5/l5d]s, ;/sf/ tyf ljb]zLsf];d]t ;xof]u cfjZos kg{ ;Sb5 .


9ª\uaf6 a'‰g] tyf a'emfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . tL wf/0ff j:t'ut / tYok/s gePs}sf/0f ljZjf; ug{ nfos 5}gg\\ . jf:tjdf k/Dk/fut wf/0ffn] k|sf]k s] xf] < lsg/ s;/L x'G5 < o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg s] ug'{kb{5 < cflb ljifodf tYok/s 1fg lbg;s]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf k|sf]k;DaGwL s]xL e|d o:tf 5g\ M

e'OFrfnf], Hjfnfd'vL, af9Lklx/f], r6Øfª, x'/Latf;sf sf/0f pTkGgk|sf]knfO{ b]jLb]jtf l/;fP/ dRrfPsf] pkb|f] dfGg] ul/Psf] 5 .

OGb| l/;fPdf v8]/L, cgfj[li6 / cltj[li6 x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff 5 .

e'OFrfnf], Hjfnfd'vL, af9L, klx/f]h:tf k|sf]khGo k|fs[lts 36gfnfO{ k[YjLn]ef/ y]Ug g;Sgfn] pTkGg ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

zq' dfg{ OGb|n] jh| k|xf/ ubf{ r6Øfª kg]{ wfld{s dfGotf 5 .

lxdfno r9\bf s}nfzklt dxfb]j l/;fP/ lxpFklx/f] u/fpg] ljZjf; 5 .

r]K6f] k[YjLnfO{ af]s]sf df5f, s5'jf jf xfQLn] sfFw km]bf{ k[YjL xlNnP/e'OFrfnf] hfg] syf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'gfpg] k|rng ufpF3/df ce}m 5 .

k|sf]kdf kg'{nfO{ efUosf] v]n eGg] ul/G5 .

;dfhdf k/Dk/fb]lv k|sf]knfO{ b}jL zlQmsf] k|efj tyf efUosf] v]n 7fg]/ k|sf]kpTkGg x'g] sf/0f hfGg] / aRg] tYok/s pkfo vf]Hg] k|of;nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ rng/lxcfPsf] 5 . To;}n]] k|sf]k lsg pTkGg x'G5 / o;sf] k|efj s;/L sd ug{;lsG5 eGg] jf:tljs 1fg k|fKt eof] eg] k|sf]kaf6 aRg / Iflt 36fpg;lsG5 . xfdL ;a}n] k|sf]k jf:tjdf s] xf]Og t eg]/ a'‰g' h¿/L 5 .

efUosf] v]n jf k"j{hGdsf] kfksf sf/0f k|sf]kdf kl/g] xf]Og / of]b]jLb]jtf l/;fP/ dlRrg] pkb|f] klg xf]Og .

kfgLsf b]jtf elgg] OGb| l/;fpFbf cltj[li6 eP/ af9Lklx/f] hfg], cgfj[li6tyf v8]/L kg]{ / OGb|n] g} jh| k|xf/ u/]/ r6\ofª kg]{ xf]Og .

k[YjL r]K6f] 5}g, o;nfO{ df5f, s5'jf jf xfQLn] af]s]sf] klg 5}g . To;}n]ltgn] sfFw km]bf{ k[YjL xlNnP/ e'OFrfnf] hfg] dfGotf unt xf] .

;dfhdf k|sf]k;DaGwL JofKt /x]sf e|fds lsDjbGtLnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ cndlng''tyf eujfgnfO{ g} bf]if lbg' unt xf] . To;}n] k|sf]k ePsf] ;dodf eujfgsf]gfd hk]/ a:g'eGbf ;'/lIft /xg] pkfo ug{;s] hLjg / wgdfnhf]ufpg ;lsG5 .


k|sf]knfO{ k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] / dfgjLo sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] u/Lb'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; juL{s/0fcg';f/ e'OFrfnf], Hjfnfd'vL, af9L,klx/f], x'/Latf;, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 tyf v8]/L, r6Øfª, lxdtfn–lj:kmf]6, lxdklx/f],e"Ifo cflbnfO{ k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]ksf] ju{df /flvG5 . To;}u/L oftfoft,cf0fljs / cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, ;fdflhs åGå jf o'4, efubf}8sf sf/0f lylrP/ dg]{jf 3fOt] x'g] 36gfnfO{ dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k elgG5 . 8'afg, cfunfuL, dxfdf/Lh:tf36gfsf nflu k|fs[lts / dfgjLo b'j} sf/0f lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ .

;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} cl3 a9]sf] k|fljlws ljsf;n] dflg;sf] hLjgz}nLdf Jofkskl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs pBf]u, ;8s tyf oftfoftsf] Jofks lj:tf/af6jftfj/0f–k|b"if0f lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . u|Lgxfp; k|efjsf Uof;sf] pT;h{g,jgljgfz, ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4 / k|b"if0fh:tf sf/0fn] k|sf]khGo 36gfdf klglg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o; kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] eGg]7flgPsf x'/Latf;, cl;gf, cgfj[li6, v8]/L, af9L, klx/f]nufotsf 36gfsf] j[l4 /lj:tf/ x'g'df dfgjLo sf/0f w]/} lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] k|sf]ksf] juL{s/0fubf{ o;sf] pTklQ x'g] sf/0f / k|j[lQnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ dflgG5 . o; cfwf/cg';f/k|sf]knfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/G5 M

;':t/L pTyfg x'g] k|sf]kl9nf] tyf ;':t ultdf ljsl;t eO{ nfdf] ;dokl5 k|efj b]vf kfg]{ k|sf]knfO{;':t/L pTyfg x'g] k|sf]k elgG5 . v8]/L, ef]sd/L, d?e"dLs/0f / jftfj/0fLok|b"if0faf6 pTkGg x'g] k|sf]kx¿ o; k|sf/sf] k|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g\ . s'g} :yfgdfnfdf] ;do;Dd jiff{ geP/ v8]/L kbf{ d?e"dLs/0fsf] vt/f a9\5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36]/ ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:of pTkGg x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L k|fs[ltssf/0faf6 v8]/L kg]{ elgP klg o;nfO{ clxn] ljZjJofkL tfkqmd–j[l4sf] kl/0ffddflgPsf] 5 .

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hnjfo'hGo k|sf]kjfo'd08ndf ljleGg k|sf/sflqmof–k|ltlqmof rln/xFbf To;sf];f]emf] k|efj k[YjLdf kl//x]sf]x'G5 . ;"o{af6 k[YjLtkm{ cfpg]pmhf{, ljls/0f / k[YjLaf6 pT;h{gx'g] tfk tyf u'?Tjfsif{0f zlQm,u|xx¿sf] ultzLntf, hnjfik tyfhnLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf aLr x'g] cGtlqm{ofsf sf/0f ljleGg k|sf/sfhnjfo'hGo 36gf eO/xG5g\ . x'/Latf;, ;d'b|L cfFwL, r6Øfª, zLtnx/, tftf]xfjf -n"_ cflb hnjfo'hGo k|sf]k x'g\ .

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dfgjs[t k|sf]kdflg;s} k|ToIf sf/0faf6 pTkGgx'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ dfgjs[tk|sf]ksf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .;fdflhs åGå, o'4, x'nbª\uf tyfefubf}8 cflb dfgjs[t k|sf]ksfpbfx/0f x'g\ .


h}ljs k|sf]khg;ª\Vofsf] cTolws j[l4sf sf/0fjgdfly dflg;sf] rfk tyf cltqmd0fa9]sf] x'Fbf jGohGt'sf] af;:yfg lbgx'F;ª\s6fkGg aGb} uPsf] 5 .kl/0ffd:j¿k af3, efn', lrt'jfh:tfjGohGt' ufpFdf k;]/ dflg; /3/kfn'jf hgfj/dfly cfqmd0f ug]{qmd a9]sf] 5 . To:t} /f]usf sL6f0f', hLjf0f' / sL/f a9]/ dflg;sf] :jf:Yo /vfBfGgafnL klg gi6 ub{5g\ . ;nx, 9';L, lrKn]sL/f cflbn] v]tLkftL gi6 ug]{ /s'g} df+;fxf/L hgfj/n] dflg; jf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/dfly cfqmd0f u/]/ hgwgsf]Iflt ug]{ ePdf To:tf] cj:yfnfO{ h}ljs k|sf]k elgG5 .

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k|fs[lts sf/0fg]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] emG8} *# k|ltzt efunfO{ kxf8 / lxdfnn] 9fs]sf] 5 .of] lxdfno–z[ª\vnf nueu % s/f]8 jif{klxn] dfq pTkGg ePsf] x'Fbf ;+;f/s}sfG5f] kj{t z[ª\vnf dflgG5 . To;}n] oxfFsf] e";tx Hofb} sdnf] / cl:y/ 5 .g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k / w/ftnLo cj:yf ljifd Pj+ sdhf]/ ePsfn] oxfFsf]9'ª\ufdf6f]sf] ;+of]hgdf ;fdfGo lqmofsnfkn] klg ljrng k}bf ub{5 . To;}n]g]kfndf af9L tyf klx/f]h:tf k|sf]kx¿ k|z:t x'G5g\ . g]kfndf x'g] k|sf]ksfk|fs[lts sf/0fnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

ef}uf]lns sf/0fg]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q ljZjs} ;a}eGbf sfG5f] kj{tz[ª\vnf ePsfn] oxfFsf] w/ftnk"0f{ ¿kdf l:y/ eO;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] g]kfndf ;fdfGo jiff{åf/f klg e";txvl:sg] x'Fbf e"Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lsf] cTolws hf]lvd /x]sf] 5 .

ef}ule{s sf/0fg]kfn lxGb's'z lxdfnosf] sl/a @,$)) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] rGb|fsf/ kj{tLo If]qsf]s]Gb|df /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] e"ue{df pQ/L If]qdf /x]sf] lta]ltog Kn]6 / blIf0fLIf]qdf /x]sf ef/tLo 6]]S6f]lgs Kn]6 cfk;df 3':b} hfg] e"ue{ljb\x¿sf] egfO 5 .oxL sf/0f e"sDkLo b[li6n] o; If]qsf] ef}ule{s cj:yf ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] dflgG5 .e'OFrfnf]sf] P]ltxfl;s cWoogaf6 g]kfndf &) b]lv !)) jif{sf] cGt/fndfljgfzsf/L e'OFrfnf] hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

dg;'gL sf/0fblIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 p7\g] dg;'gL jfo'af6 l;lh{t jiff{sf] k|efjklg o; If]qdf a9L kb{5 . ToxfFaf6 p7]/ axg] dg;'gL jfo' pRr lxdz[ª\vnfdf7f]lSsFbf To;eGbf tNnf] If]qdf cTolws jiff{ x'Fbf e";tx IfoLs[t eP/ klx/f] tyfaf9Lsf] ;Defjgf k|an /xG5 .


jfo'd08nLo sf/0fjfo'd08ndf x'g] ljleGg k|ltlqmofsf sf/0f cl;gf, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;, cfFwLa]x/L,lxdkft, zLtnx/, cltj[li6, v08j[li6, v8]/Lh:tf k|sf]khGo 36gf pTkGg x'G5g\ .

dfgjLo sf/0fs'g} klg k|fs[lts 36gf cfkm}Fdf k|sf]k x'Fb}g . To:tf 36gfåf/f dflg;dfly k|ToIfjf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|lts"n k|efj k/] jf Iflt ePdf dfq To:tf] 36gfnfO{ k|sf]kelgG5 . o; tYocg';f/ dfgjLo lqmofsnfk g} k|sf]ksf] d'Vo sf/s b]lvG5 .k|fs[lts 36gfnfO{ k|sf]kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ dflg;sf ljsf;] sfo{ g} a9L lhDd]jf//x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

clzIffk|sf]ksf] k|efjsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ hNbf]aNbf] sf/0fsf] ¿kdf clzIff tyf k|sf]kk|ltsf]e|fds wf/0ff tyf cGwljZjf;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lzlIft JolQmdf ;d]t k|sf]k;DaGwLr]tgfsf] cefj /x]sf] tyf o;nfO{ O{Zj/ jf efUosf] v]n dfGg] e|daf6 ;dfhaflxl/g g;s]sfn] k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n]clzIff jf r]tgfsf] sdL /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|sf]ksf] sf/s dfGg ;lsG5 .

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clgof]lht lgdf{0fljsf;lgdf{0f dfgjLo cfjZostf xf] . t/ k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgftkm{{ Wofg} glbO{lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;8s, k'n, ljB't\–cfof]hgf, l;FrfO gx/, ejg cflbn] k|sf]ksf]hf]lvd lgs} a9fPsf 5g\ . k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{] Ifdtfo'Qm ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gx'Fbf;fdfGo 36gfaf6 klg w]/} Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

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dfgjLo Ifltk|sf]kdf k/]/ dflg; db{5g\, 3fOt] x'G5g\ / x/fpF5g\ . o; cj:yfdf d[tssf]bfx;+:sf/, 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ / j]kQf ePsfsf] vf]hL ug'{ k|d'v st{Jo x'G5 .k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg eofjx l:yltdf afFr]sfdWo]s} klg sltko dflg;n] kL8f ;xgug{ g;s]/ k|f0f Tofu ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

cfly{s Ifltk|sf]kaf6 3/af/, wgdfn, v]tLkftL, kz'wg cflb gi6 x'G5g\ . pBf]u, snsf/vfgf,hUufhldg, vfBj:t', ;8s, k'n, ljB't\ pTkfbgs]Gb| tyf ljt/0fk|0ffnL, vfg]kfgLsf;+/rgf, ;fj{hlgs ejg, ljBfno, c:ktfn cflb gi6 eP/ cfly{s Iflt x'G5 .k|sf]ksf] ;dodf cf>o:yn, cf}iflw, vfBfGgh:tf cfjZos j:t'sf] cefj x'g] x'FbfTo;af6 czQm, la/fdL, s]6fs]6L, a"9fa"9L, ue{jtL / ;'Ts]/L dlxnf a9L k|efljtx'G5g\ . k|sf]kaf6 x'g] cfly{s IfltnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

;l~rt wgsf] Iflt M vfBfGg, n'ufkmf6f], u/uxgf cflb .

ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] Iflt M 3/, uf]7, vfg]kfgL / pmhf{;+oGq cflb .

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e"ldsf] Iflt M v]t, af/L,df5fkf]v/L cflb .

afnL–gfnLsf]] Iflt M cGgafnL,t/sf/L, afuau}Frf cflb .

kz'wgsf] Iflt M ufO{, e}F;L, uf]?,afv|f, s'v'/f cflb .

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@)$$ ;fnd } k f ls :t fgPo/nfOG; / yfO Po/nfOG;sfljdfg b'3{6gf, ;of}F ofq'sf] lgwg,

@))@, @)@%, @)@&, @)@*,@)#!, @)#@, @)#%, @)#*,@)$), @)%), @)^! / @)^#;fndf af9Lklx/f]sf sf/0f d'nssfljleGg efudf 7"nf] Iflt .


e'OFrfnf]sf sf/0f pTkGg ;'gfdLn] ljZjcy{tGqnfO{ lgs} k5fl8 ws]n]sf] ljZn]if0fcy{zf:qLx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . k|sf]kaf6 ljleGg If]qdf kg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efjnfO{lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

dfgl;s k|efjk|sf]kdf k/]/ cfkmGt, 3/af/ / wg;DklQ u'dfPsf JolQmdf bL3{sfn;Dddgf]j}1flgs c;/ kb{5 . s'g} JolQm zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kdf czQm eP/hLjg g} lgliqmo x'Fbf p;df xLgtfaf]wk}bf x'g ;S5 .

cfly{s k|efjk|sf]ksf sf/0f wg;DklQ cflb gi6 x'Fbf;d'bfo cfly{s kL8fdf kb{5 . k|sf]kaf6kg]{ bL3{sfnLg cfly{s k|efjnfO{ tLgk|sf/n] x]g{ ;lsG5 M

JolQmut k|efjwg;DklQ gi6 eP/ jf cfocfh{gsf]cGo ljsNk gx'Fbf dflg; ul/aLsf] rk]6fdfkb{5 . p;sf] JolQmut ljsf;sf clwsf+zk"jf{wf/ ;dfKt x'G5g\ . dfgl;s ¿kdfsdhf]/ JolQm cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf;fdflhs ljsf;af6 ljd'v aGb5g\ .

;fdflhs k|efjk|sf]ksf] k|efj JolQm;lxt ;dfhdflyklg kb{5 . k|sf]kk|efljt ;d'bfodf g}/fZo/ hLjgk|lt ljt[i0ff a9\g] jf ;fdflhs;b\efjdf cf3ft kg]{ x'g ;S5 .k|sf]kk|efljt If]qdf cfly{s ;d:of a9]/hghLjg si6s/ x'G5 . vfBfGgsf] cefjdfs'kf]if0f / :jR5 kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf]cefj x'Fbf dxfdf/L km}lnG5 .

k|sf]kaf6 a9L k|efljtx'g] ;d'bfo

3/v]t gePsf / ul/aLsfsf/0 f gb L lsgf/ ,eL/kfvfh:tf vt/fo'Qm:yfgdf a;f]af; ug{ afWokl/jf/ jf ;d'bfo .

cfocfh{gsf j}slNks pkfogePsf ul/a ;d'bfo .

ljsf;sf ] d "nk | j f xd fg;d]l6Psf clwsf/af6jl~rt pTkLl8t, blnt,hghflt .

lzIffsf] kx'“r gePsf jflzIff cfh{g ug{ c;dy{;d'bfo .

afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm,ue{jtL jf ;'Ts]/L dlxnf .

c f ly {s , ; fd f lhs /;f+:s[lts sf/0fn] c;'/lIft:yfgdf a;f]af; ug{ afWo jf;'/lIft 3/ agfpg c;dy{;d'bfo .


/fli6«o k|efjk|sf]kn] dfgjLo pkof]usf ef}lts ;+/rgf gi6 ubf{ ;/sf/dfly k'glg{df{0f /Ifltk"lt{sf] ef/ ylkG5 . lj:yflkt ePsf kl/jf/sf nflu a;f]af; /cfocfh{gsf j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljsf;–lgdf{0f cj?4 x'G5 .

dfgj;+;fwgdf k|efj;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf cu|;/ /xg] :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{stf{ g} k|sf]kkLl8t ePdf;dfhdf dfgj;+;fwg kl/rfng x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g eP/ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]ult cj?4 x'G5 . To:t} k|sf]ksf sf/0f 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/h:tf k|fljlws Pj+ljlzi6 ljåfg\nfO{ u'dfpg'kbf{ ;dfhdf dfgj;+;fwgsf] cefj x'g hfG5 .

ul/aL / k|sf]kk|sf]ksf] k|efj clwsf+z ul/a ;d'bfodf k/]sf] x'G5 . wgL kl/jf/sf] jf;:yfg cGo;'/lIft :yfgdf ;d]t x'g] jf cfocfh{gsf ;|f]t pknAw x'g] ePsfn] ul/a kl/jf/dfk/]h:t} 7"nf] k|efj pgLx¿df k/]sf] x'Fb}g . ul/a ;d'bfo k|sf]ksf sf/0f lj:yflktePkl5 k'gM k|sf]k x'g;Sg] hf]lvdk"0f{ :yfgd} a:g afWo x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yflg/Gt/ bf]xf]l/O/xg] ePsfn] /fHosf] ul/aLlgjf/0f;DaGwL nIo ;ª\s6fkGg aGb5 .

ljsf;df k|sf]ksf] k|efjdflg;sf] pTklQsfnb]lv lg/Gt/ rNb} cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] .dfgj;Eotfsf ljleGg r/0fdf gjLg k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/ / ljsf; ub}{ dflg;cgj/t ¿kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . oBlk dflg;n] hlt gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ub}{cfPsf] 5, jftfj/0f cksif{0f / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf Tolt g} lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .

hg;ª\Vof–j[l4;Fu} a9]sf] jgkmF8fgL tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] bafj, clgolGqt /cJojl:yt ¿kdf eO/x]sf] e"pkof]u, ;8s, /]n;]jf, ljB't\pTkfbg kl/of]hgfh:tfef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fh:tf sfo{n] ef}uf]lns :j¿kdf ;d]t ljv08g / kl/jt{gNofpF5g\ . o;/L lgld{t ;+/rgfdf k|sf]ksf] k|lt/Iff ug{;Sg] Ifdtf gePdf Ifltklg a9\b} hfG5 . jf:tjdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] ljsf; / ljgfznfO{ Pp6fl;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/lbPsf] 5 . k|s[ltsf cfˆg} lqmofsnfk /dflg;åf/f ul/g] ljsf;lgdf{0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod gx'gfn] h'g :t/df dfgj;Eotfcufl8 a9\b} uPsf] 5, ToxL :t/df k|sf]ksf] lj:tf/ klg eO/x]sf] 5 .


k|sf]kn] ljsf;nfO{ kl5 ws]N5k|sf]khGo 36gfn] 3/, ;8s, k'n, ljB't\u[x, ljBfno ejg cflb dfgjåf/flgld{t ;+/rgfnfO{ If0fe/d} eTsfpF5 / dflg;sf] Hofg klg lnG5 . o;af6a]/f]huf/L, ef]sd/L / ;fdflhs czflGt a9\b5 . o;sf ;fy} k|sf]kaf6lj:yflkt ;d'bfonfO{ a;f]af; u/fpFbf / eTs]sf jf Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf]k'glg{df{0f ubf{ d'n'sn] ljsf;sf gofF If]qdf ug'{kg]{ nufgL cj?4 eP/ /fli6«oljsf;df afwf k'Ub5 .

g]kfndf lgoldt ¿kdf x'g] af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, cfunfuLh:tf k|sf]kaf6 ;x/LIf]qsf] t'ngfdf u|fdL0f If]qdf a9L Iflt k'u]sf] kfOG5 . clzIff, ul/aL, alnof;+/rgfsf] cefjh:tf sf/0fn] u|fdL0f If]qd} a9L Iflt ePsf] kfOG5 . /fli6«olgsfoaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf ;+/rgf;d]t k|sf]ksf] ;fdfGo ef/ jxg ug{ g;s]/Ifltu|:t x'g] ub{5g\ .

k|sf]kaf6 ljsf;lgdf{0fdf nufgL ePsf] k'FhL, >d / ;do dfq v]/ hfFb}g,k'glg{df{0f–sfo{df lgs} 7"nf] nufgLsf] cfjZostf;d]t kb{5 . o;n] cGo If]qdfkl/rfng x'g] ah]6 Go"g u/fP/ ljsf;sf] ult k5fl8 ws]lnlbG5 . vf;u/L,k|sf]kn] ljsf;nfO{ o;/L k5fl8 ws]Nb5 M

hgwgsf] Iflt u/]/,cGo ljsf; sfo{sf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] ;|f]t / ;fwg p4f/, /fxt tyfcfkt\sfnLg sfo{df nufgL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf u/]/,JolQm / ;d'bfosf] wg;DklQ gi6 u/]/,k|sf]kl;lh{t k|sf]k pTkGg u/]/,a]/f]huf/L ;d:of a9fP/,Jofj;flos nufgLstf{df lg/fzf k}bf u/]/,k|fs[lts ;|f]t, pj{/ e"ld / cfocfh{gsf cGo cj;/ gi6 u/]/ .


kl/rok|sf]khGo 36gf x'g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{,k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ oyf;Dej lgolGqt u/L hgwgsf] Iflt 36fpg, cfkTsfnLg/fxt, p4f/ / k|sf]kkl5 ul/g] k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgh:tf sfo{x¿sf] Jojl:yt:j¿knfO{ k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg elgG5 . k|sf]kaf6 ljutdf ePsf IfltnfO{ cfwf/dfg]/ ;Defljt k|sf]ksf] cj:yf cfsng ug{ ;s]df Iflt–Go"gLs/0fsf nfluk"j{tof/Lsf] pko'Qm ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 . k|sf]ksf] ;dodf ;s];Dd hgwgsf]Iflt x'g glbg jf gu0o dfq x'g] cj:yf agfpg ul/g] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{k|sf]k Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|fljlws tyfz}lIfs cj:yfcg'¿k Joj:yfkg–of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 .

k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf s]xL sfo{ lgtfGt k|fljlws x'G5g\ eg] sltko :yfgLo :t/df;lhn} a'e\mg / ug{ ;lsg] x'G5g\ . k|sf]ksf] ljutsf] cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f u/L k|sf]kk"j{, k|sf]ksf] ;do / k|sf]kkl5 ug]{ sfo{nfO{;fd"lxs Pstf / ;xeflutf k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 .

k|sf]kaf6 aRg / hgwgsf] Iflt 36fpg ;Defljt k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ k"j{tof/Lsfsfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . k|sf]khGo36gf ePsf cj:yfdf kLl8tsf] p4f/tyf /fxtsf of]hgf klg k"j{tof/Lleq}kb{5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm cNksfnLgtyf bL3{sfnLg k'gM:yfkg, k'glg{df{0fcfly{s, ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkg klg k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgleq g} kb{5g\ . k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgcGtu{t ul/g] o:tf sfo{n]hgwgsf] Iflt 36fpg / k|sf]ksf] :t/;d]t lgolGqt ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .To;}n] k|sf]knfO{ b}jsf] nLnf eg]/

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nIo

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd tyf ;DefljtIflt Go"gLs/0f ug'{,kLl8tsf nflu tTsfnLg p4f/,/fxt, tyf ;xof]u ;'lglZrtug{',k'gM:yfkg / k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{nfO{tLj|, k|efjsf/L / lbuf] agfpg' .


O{Zj/nfO{ bf]if lbg'eGbf ;dod} Go"gLs/0f jf ;Defljt Iflt 36fpg] k|of; ug'{ g}k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] d"n s8L x'g cfpF5 .

hf]lvd ljZn]if0fvt/f / ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] ;+o'Qm cj:yf g} k|sf]khGo hf]lvd xf] . hf]lvd a9fpg]vt/f tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtfdWo] s'g} PsnfO{ x6fpg ;s] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd 36\b5/ k|sf]ksf] c;/ klg sd x'G5 . o; ljZn]if0fcg';f/ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf pTkGg x'g];dLs/0fnfO{ o;/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

vt/f / ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] ;+of]hgaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|sf]k / To;af6 aRgug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{ tnsf] lrqn] klg :ki6 kfb{5 .

lrq g+= ! lrq g+= @

vt/f X ;ª\s6fled'vtf = hf]lvd

k"j{tof/L÷Ifdtf clej[l4

hf]lvd = k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f

dfly lrq g+= ! df kxf8af6 v:t} u/]sf 9'ª\uf vt/f x'g\ . 3/, dflg;tyf afnaflnsf ;ª\s6fled'v 5g\ . ;ª\s6fled'v /x]sf 3/ /dflg;nfO{ 9'ª\ufn] lyr]df hgwgsf] Iflt x'G5, h;nfO{ k|sf]k elgG5 .Tof] cj:yf g} hf]lvd xf] . t/, 9'ª\uf -vt/f_ x6fPdf hf]lvd 36\5 /;ª\s6fled'v x'g] l:ylt ;dfKt eP/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klg sd x'G5 .lrq g+= @ df 9'ª\uf x6fP/ j[Iff/f]k0f u/L vt/f x6fpg] ;fd"lxs k|of;u/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .


vt/f / ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yfsf] klxrfg u/]/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd 36fpg cfjZosk"j{tof/L u/]df w]/} xb;Dd k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0f x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]sf b[li6n] sdhf]/ 3/vt/fo'Qm / To;df a:g] dflg; ;ª\s6fled'v x'G5g\ . sdhf]/ 3/sf] dd{t;Def/ul/P 3/ eTs]/ Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . gbLs6fgsf] lgoGq0fsf nflut6aGw lgdf{0f ubf{ jf gbLlsgf/df a:g] ;d'bfosf nflu jiff{oddf ;'/lIft:yfgdf a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpFbf af9Laf6 x'g] dfgjLo Iflt sd x'G5 .

k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ r/0fa4 of]hgfsf ¿kdf vfsf tof/ kf/]/;fd'bflos ;xeflutfdf sfof{Gjog ug'{ a9L e/kbf]{ x'G5 . k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgof]hgfdf hf]lvd ljZn]if0f, Go"gLs/0f, k"j{tof/L, k"j{;"rgf, p4f/ tyf /fxt,k'gM:yfkg, k'glg{df{0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf lqmofsnfknfO{ cfa4 ul/g'kb{5 .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg rqm;'ema'emo'Qm k"j{tof/L, e/kbf]{ ;"rgfk|0ffnL / :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 hf]lvdsd u/L ljkb\df ;'/lIft /xg] k|of; ug'{ Iflt–Go"gLs/0fsf k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g\ .


k|sf]kaf/] ;dod} ;r]t eP/ To;sf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/Pdfhgwgsf] Iflt sd x'G5 . To;}n] k|sf]ka9L x'g] If]qsf ;d'bfodf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf d"ne"t kIfsf] hfgsf/L /xg'kb{5 . To:t} ;/sf/ / k|sf]ksf If]qdfsfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;xhstf{ / ljsf;–sfo{stf{n] k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgsfkIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ef}uf]lns If]q tyf k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/dfk|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . o:tf sfo{ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

k"j{tof/L tyf k|sf]kklxn]sf] sfo{

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd 36fpg ;fd'bflos ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{,k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnL, ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/ / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfockgfpg],p4f/, /fxt tyf cGo cfjZos ;xof]usf cfwf/ / If]q ;'lglZrt ug]{,afnaflnsf, j[4, czQm / dlxnfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ .

k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf nIo

k | s f ] k h G ohf]lvd 36fP/hgwgsf] Ifltsd x'g] Joj:yfldnfpFb} k|sf]kePdf ;'/lIft/ xg /tTsfnLg p4f// /fxtsf nflucfjZos sfo{ug{ k|sf]ksf36gf x'g'klxn]ul/g] ;Dk"0f{t o f / L n f O {k|sf]k k"j{tof/LelgG5 .


hgr]tgf clej[l4 tyf tflndk|sf]k–k"j{tof/Lsf] sfo{ yfNg'klxn] ;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{k|sf]k;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg lbg'kb{5 . ljutsf cg'ejsfcfwf/df k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf, :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / ;|f]tsf]pkof]u;DaGwdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf 5nkmn u/Lk"j{tof/Lsf] cfwf/lznf tof/ ug'{kb{5 . k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{sf];"rL agfP/ ;b:oaLr sfd / ;dosf] afF8kmfF6 u/]/k"j{tof/Lsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{kb{5 .

vt/f, hf]lvd / ;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0fdfgjLo a;f]af;sf] j:t'l:ylt, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / ;Defljt k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdljZn]if0f k|sf]kklxn] ug'{kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfd x'g\ . hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ubf{ vt/f /;ª\s6fled'v cj:yfsf] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 . vt/fn] ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yf a9fpg]x'Fbf oL b'O{ tŒjsf] ld>0faf6 k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9\b5 . ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k|sf]k/ Ifltsf] ;Defjgfh:tf ljifodf cWoog u/L k[i7 g+= @% df pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 .

Go"gLs/0f tyf /f]syfdhf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 hf]lvdsf] sf/0f, :t/ jf cj:yf / To;af6x'g;Sg] Ifltsf] cg'dfg nufpg / hf]lvd 36fpg ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] klxrfg ug{;lsG5 . hf]lvd a9fpg] Ps tŒjnfO{ dfq x6fpg ;s] klg k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf]dxŒjk"0f{ p2]Zo k"/f x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . cyf{t\, vt/fnfO{ 6fg{ ;lsPdf;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] cGTo eP/ jf ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yfdf /x]sf] kIfnfO{ x6fpFbfvt/f 6/]/ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd sd x'G5 -pbfx/0f k[i7 @% df x]g]{_ .

k|b"if0f–lgoGq0f, ;/;kmfO / ;'/lIft cfjf;dxfdf/LhGo k|sf]klgoGq0fsf nflu k|b"if0flgoGq0f / ;/;kmfOsf nflu ;d'bfosf

;a} ;b:o ldn]/ sfd ug'{kb{5 . zf}rfno,kz'zfnf, 3/cfFug / ufpF3/ ;kmf/fVg'k5{ .

3/fo;L kmf]xf]/, 9n, wf/fsf] kfgL cflb;'/lIft tl/sfn] vfN8f]df xfNg] jf km}ngglbg] k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . k|sf]k eOxfn]df


;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg] aGbf]j:t u/L a;f]af;sf nflu 3/, af6f] tyf v'nf 7fpF5f]8\g] aGbf]j:t ug{;s] /fd|f] x'G5 .

vfBfGg tyf cf}iflwsf] ;~rok|sf]k cfsl:ds 36gfaf6 pTkGg x'g] ljkb\ ePsfn]To:tf] ;dosf nflu kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos ¿kdfvfBfGg tyf cf}iflwsf] ;~ro ug'{kb{5 . lrp/f, rfprfp,la:s'6h:tf xn'sf vfBfGg / k|fylds pkrf/sf nflurflxg] Aof08]h, l;6fdf]n, hLjghn, l86f]n tyf 3fpdfnufpg] dndh:tf cf}iflw ;~ro ul//fVg' kb{5 . o:tfj:t'sf] ;~ro / ;'/Iff ;fd'bflos ¿kdf ug{ ;lsPcem pko'Qm x'G5 .

p4f/ tyf /fxt;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfk|sf]ksf ;dodf kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] p4f/ ug{rflxg] ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf u/L ;'/lIft / ;lhn} e]l6g] 7fpFdf/fVg'kb{5 . ef}uf]lns If]q / ;Defljt k|sf]ksf] cj:yfcg';f/pkof]u x'g] nfOkm Hofs]6, 6r{nfO6, l;of], wfuf], a]Nrf,s'6f]–sf]bfnf], v's'/L, 8'ª\uf, 6\o'j, 6fo/, 8f]/L / cGocfjZos cf}hf/x¿ emf]nfdf xfn]/ ;lhn} e]l6g] 7fpFdf/fVg'kb{5 .

p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu cEof;k|sf]ksf] ;dodf kLl8tsf] p4f/ ug{ ;d'bfosf;b:on] ;fd"lxs cEof; ug{;s] Ifdtf clej[l4x'G5 . ;s];Dd :yfgLo ;fwgsf] k|of]uaf6 a"9fa"9L,s]6fs]6L, czQm / dlxnfnfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fP/ dgf]/~hggfTds tl/sfaf6k"j{cEof; ug'{kb{5 . o;/L cEof; ubf{ afnaflnsf, a"9fa"9L, czQm / dlxnfnfO{klxnf] k|yfldstf lbP/ p4f/ ug]{ lzIff klg :jo+;]jsnfO{ lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . o:tf]cEof; ubf{ dfgjLo dof{bf / e]befj/lxt ¿kdf p4f/ ug]{ 1fg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

cf>o:ynsf] Joj:yf / cfkTsfnLg of]hgfk|sf]ksf ;dodf cfkTsfnLg cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;d'bfos} kxndf ;'/lIft:yfgsf] klxrfg u/L cfkTsfnLg cfjf;3/ agfpg' kb{5 . k|sf]ksf] 7"nf] 36gf


ePdf k|efljt dflg;nfO{ /fVg ;fd'bflos 3/sf ;fy};fj{hlgs tyf ljBfno ejg klg k|of]u ug'{kg]{cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . To;}n] To:tf ejgsf] ;d]tdd{t ;Def/ ug'{kb{5 .

cfkTsfnLg of]hgfk|sf]ksf ;dodf ;d'bfosf s'g ;b:on] s'g sfo{ ug]{eGg] 5nkmn u/L sfdsf] ljefhg ug'{kb{5 . ;b:osf]zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s cj:yfsf] ;d]t ljZn]if0fu/]/ sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfo{ljefhg ug'{kb{5 .

k"j{;"rgf tyf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fk|sf]k x'g] ;Defjgf a9]kl5 k"j{;"rgf jf r]tfjgL lng]–lbg] / tTsfn} ;'/lIft:yfgdf ;g]{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . k|sf]khGo36gf x'g] ;Defjgf glhlsPdfk"j{tof/Lsf cfwf/df kl/jf/ /5/l5d]snfO{ 36gf x'gnfu]sf] hfgsf/Lu/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k"j{;"rgf jf r]tfjgLelgG5 . k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL cfw'lgsk|ljlwo'Qm klg x'g;Sb5 . t/, :yfgLo;fwg / k/Dk/fut tl/sfaf6 Joj:yful/g] k|0ffnL cfly{s tyf k|fljlwsb[li6sf]0fn] e/kbf]{ x'g] ePsfn] To;tkm{;r]t /xg'kb{5 . k"j{r]tfjgL k|fKt x'Fbfgx'Fb} k|sf]k x'g;Sg] ePsfn] ;a}n] l56f]eGbf l56f] cfˆgf] / 5/l5d]ssf] arfpsfnflu lgwf{l/t sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf czQm, s]6fs]6L, a"9fa"9L, la/fdL /dlxnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'¥ofpg] k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .

k|sf]ksf] ;dodf ug'{kg]{ sfo{k|sf]kklxn] k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{ ul/P klg k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf eg]/lx/x]sf] x'G5 . k|sf]k eOxfn]sf cj:yfdf cfkTsfnLg ¿kdf ljleGg sfd ug'{kg]{x'G5 . k|sf]k eO/x]sf] ;dodf / To;sf] nuQ}kl5 ug'{kg]{ sltko sfdnfO{k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] k|fyldstfdf /flvG5 .


p4f/ tyf /fxtk|sf]k eO/x]sf ;dodf kLl8tnfO{ p4f/ ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] ;d'bfosf ;b:on] g}h'6\g'kg]{ x'G5 . k|sf]k ePsf] :yfgdf ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 kl/rflntp4f/6f]nL ;dod} k'Ug] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf ;d'bfos} ;b:on] p4f// /fxtdf h'6\g ;s] hgwgsf] Iflt sd x'G5 . k|sf]kdf dfl/Psf jf x/fPsfsf]vf]hL ug]{, 3fOt] ePsfsf] p4f/ / cfkTsfnLg pkrf/ ug]{, 3/af/ u'd]sfnfO{a:g]–vfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfddf ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf k|efjsf/L / e/kbf]{ x'G5 .k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf ;d'bfosf s'g ;b:on] s'g sfd ug]{ eg]/ sfo{ljefhgklg ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . o;/L sfo{ljefhg ubf{ To:tf] sfdsf] lhDdf lng;Sg]j}slNks ;b:o;d]t tf]lsg'kb{5 . k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg of]hgfcGtu{t ;d'bfosf] k|sf]kk|ltsf/ Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu k|fKt tlnd tyf 1fgn] cfkTsfnLg sfo{dfdxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg ldNb5 .

p4f/ tyf /fxtsf sfo{cGtu{t k|sf]ksf] cj:yfcg';f/ cfkmGt, 5/l5d]s, p4f/sdL{/ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] tyf ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ sfo{klg kb{5g\ . k|sf]ksf ;dodf ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] ¿k/]vf / sfdsf] afF8fkmfF6 klxn]g} ubf{ k|sf]kdo cj:yfdf sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/L tyfu}/;/sf/L :jo+;]js tyf gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwn] Pp6f k|sf]ksf sf/0fpTkGg x'g;Sg] csf]{ k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /xg ;/;kmfO ug{ / ;fdflhs cdgr}gsfod /fVg rgfvf] /xg'kb{5 .

Iflt cfsngk|sf]kaf6 ePsf] hgwgsf Ifltsf] tTsfn} cfsng ug'{kb{5 . k|sf]kkl5sf Joj:yfkg–sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / tTsfn cfjZos kg]{ /fxtsf] yk Joj:yf ug{sfnflu slt dflg;sf] Hofg uof] < slt x/fO/x]sf 5g\ < slt 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ <sltsf] cj:yf lrGtfhgs 5 < sltsf] 3/af/ gi6 eof] < sltnfO{ c:yfoLa;f]af; / vfgkLgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 < nufotsf hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/]/;f]xLcg';f/ tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd agfpg'kb{5 .

;xof]usf] lg/Gt/tfk|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} Ifdtfn] cfh{g u/]/ hLjglgjf{xug{;Sg] cj:yf geP;Dd lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . 3/af/ / v]tLkftL gi6 eP/lj:yflkt ePsf ;d'bfonfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] j}slNks Joj:yf ldnfOlbg] / bL3{sfnLgk'gM:yfkgsf nflu ;3fpg] sfo{ klg k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] .


k|sf]kkl5 ug'{kg]{ sfo{k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgdf k|sf]kkl5 nfdf] cjlw;Dd ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ klg kb{5g\ .k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'gM:yfkg, k'glg{df{0f, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfdf;'wf/ / eljiodf pTkGg x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|sf]kkl5 ul/g] sfo{n] cf;Gg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ /;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs / ;f+:s[lts kIfdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg;xof]u ub{5 . k|sf]kkl5 ul/g] sfo{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

k"gM:yfkg tyf ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/k|sf]kkl5 ;'dbfosf] cj:yfnfO{ k"jf{j:yfdf Nofpg ul/g] sfo{nfO{ k'gM:yfkgelgG5 . o; cGtu{t ;fdfGo Iflt ePsf 3/sf] dd{t;Def/, /f]huf/L jfcfocfh{gsf ;|f]tsf] ljsf;, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] dd{t;Def/ u/]/ k|of]uof]Uo agfpg]sfo{ kb{5g\ . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo jf gful/s ;dfhn] o:tf sfo{ ubf{k|sf]kkLl8t ;d'bfon] ;'/lIft ¿kdf k'gM:yflkt x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/k|lt;+j]bgzLn x'g'kb{5 . ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g kfpg' tyf cf}iflwpkrf/ / cGo cfwf/e"tcfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu ;xof]u kfpg' k|sf]kkLl8tsf] dfgj clwsf/ g} xf] .

k'glg{df{0fk|sf]kaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf gi6 ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k'glg{df{0f


elgG5 . o:tf ;+/rgf ;fj{hlgs jf lghL b'j} k|sf/sf x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;fj{hlgs;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ;/sf/ jf u}/;sf/L ;+:yfn] nufgL ub{5g\ eg];/sf/sf] ;xof]u jf ;'ne a}ª\s–C0fsf] Joj:yfåf/f k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ lghL;+/rgf–lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ k|rng 5 .

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgk|sf]ksf sf/0f ;dfhdf ljleGGg k|sf/sf ;d:of pTkGg x'G5g\ . a;f];af;sf];d:of, cfocfh{gsf] cefj tyf cGo ljleGg sf/0fn] ;dfhdf rf]/L–8s}tL,n'6kf6h:tf c;fdflhs / cfk/flws ultljlwn] k|>o kfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgdf sfd ug]{ ;a}n] ;dfhdf b]lvg ;Sg] To:tf ultljlw lgoGq0fug{ w}o{tfk"j{s sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . ljrlnt ;fdflhs l:yltnfO{ ;fdfGo agfpg] sfo{lgs} sl7g x'g] ePsfn] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfsf cfwf/df ;fd'bflos;xeflutfk"0f{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]/ cfk;L ;xof]u / ;b\efjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]k|of; ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf sfo{qmdtof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

lbuf] ljsf;ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ul/g] lbuf] k|ljlwn] g} k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgnfO{ pTs[i6;xof]u ub{5 . k|sf]kkl5sf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{sf] d"n nIo ljsf;;Fu cfj4jf cGtM;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] hLljsf]kfh{gsf j}slNks ;|f]tsf] klxrfg,k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u, k|sf]k k|ltsf/ ug{ ;Sg]cfjf;, vfg]kfgL, ;8s, k'nk'n];fsf] lgdf{0f / ltgsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ tyf/]vb]v lbuf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df cfpg] ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g\ .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nIo–k|flKt tyf ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k ;fdgf Ifdtf clej[l4sfnflu k|sf]khGo vt/f jf ;ª\s6fled'vtfnfO{ x6fP/ hf]lvd 36fpg pkof]u ug{;lsg] :yfgLo k|ljlw, 1fg / ;Lksf] cTolws pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . j}1flgs k|ljlwsf]pkof]u :yfgLo ;dfhsf] cfly{s, k|fljlws 1fgcg'¿k lbuf] x'g;Sg] b]lvPdf dfqug'{kb{5 . ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtfdf j[l4 gu/fO{ ljsf;df pkof]uul/Psf cfw'lgs k|ljlwn] lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} cf3ft kfb{5g\ /eljiodf k|sf]khGo hf]lvd cem a9\b5 eGg] tYonfO{ lj;{g x'Fb}g . To;}n] lbuf]ljsf;nfO{ k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ s8Lsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo1fg / ;Lksf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ g} lbuf]


ljsf;sf] ;+1f lbg ;lsG5 . o:tf sfo{n] g} ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k ;fdgf Ifdtfclej[l4 ug{ tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfwf/e"t e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . :ki6a'em\\g'kg]{ s] 5 eg] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg tyf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjxLgagfpg ljsf;sf ;+/rgf dfq afws x'Fb}gg\, To;df c1fg, clzIff / ;|f]tsf]pkof]udf :yfgLo k|ljlwsf lj:yfkgsf] klg plQs} e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n]k|sf]ksf] k|ltsf/sf nflu ef}uf]lns :yfg, ;fd'bflos Ifdtf / cfjZostfsf]ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq afXo k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug'{kb{5 / :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] k|of]udfa9L hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf nfek|sf]k–Joj:yfkg eg]sf] k|sf]ksf] lj:tf/ x'g glbg / To;af6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{ckgfOg] Jojl:yt sfo{ljlw xf] . o;df k|sf]kklxn], k|sf]k ePsf] ;dodf /k|sf]kkl5 ul/g] ;a} sfo{nfO{ r/0fa4 ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lbzflgb]{z ul/Psf]x'G5 . k|sf]khGo 36gf cfsl:ds ¿kdf eO/xg] x'Fbf To:tf 36gfnfO{ lgoGq0fu/]/ lgld6ØfGg kfg{ ;lsFb}g . t/ ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fP/ Joj:yfkg–k|lqmofdf pNn]v ePsf sfo{ ug{ ;lsPdf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd / Iflt 36fpg;lsG5 . lbuf] ljsf; ;lxtsf] k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogug{ ;lsPdf o;af6 k|sf]kkLl8t tyf eljiodf x'g;Sg] k|sf]ksf] k|efjaf6;d'bfonfO{ arfpg] k|of;df w]/} xb;Dd ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] s]xL nfenfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

vt/f tyf ;ª\s6fled'v cj:yfsf] cGTo eP/ hf]lvd 36\b5 .p4f/ tyf /fxtsfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 .p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu cfjZos j:t'sf] ;~ro x'G5 .ljsf;sf] ult lbuf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9\b5 .ul/aLlgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 / cfGtl/s z/0ffyL{ ;d:of 36\b5 .lj:yflktx¿n] ;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]jf; ug]{ cj;/ kfpF5g\ .;dfhsf ;a} ju{n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]usf]cj;/ ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf k|fKt ub{5g\ .;dfhdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] cjflG5t ultljlwdf lgoGq0f x'G5 .;dfhdf Pstf, ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] efjgf a9]/ ljsf;df ;a}sf] ;xeflutfa9\b5 .


k|sf]ksf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu o;sf] Joj:yfkgcGtu{t pNn]v ul/Psf sfo{sfcltl/Qm cGo lqmofsnfk klg ug'{kb{5 . k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf qmddf ;~rfngx'g;Sg] o:tf sfo{df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf a9L /x] klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfo /gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf klg cfjZos x'G5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf;Gbe{df ug'{kg]{ ;fdfGo sfo{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

clwsf/;DkGg lgsfosf] Joj:yf;/sf/n] k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf nflu clxn];Dd klg zlQm;DkGg lgsfosf] :yfkgfug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . u[xdGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] nfu"cf}ifw tyf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgdxfzfvfnfO{ @)^) ;fnb]lv zfvfdf kl/0ft ul/g'n] klg o; ;d:ofk|lt;/sf/sf] a]jf:tfnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . k|sf]k ePsf] cj:yfdf ;~rfng ul/g] p4f// /fxtdf dfq ;/sf/L Joj:yfkg ;Lldt 5 . To;}n] /fHon] k|sf]k ;fdgfsfnflu k|efjsf/L k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ / k|sf]kkl5sf] k'gM:yfkgsfsfo{nfO{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ agfpg ;zQm lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

hf]lvd gS;fª\sgk|sf]k–Joj:yfkgsf nflu d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, k|sf]k / To;af6 x'g;Sg]Ifltsf] gS;fª\sg ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ k|fljlws / cfly{s sf/0fn] lgs} sl7g ePklg k|sf]khGo Iflt 36fpg ug}{kg]{ x'G5 .

kxf8L If]qsf s'g–s'g efudf, s:tf] klx/f] hfG5 < s'g–s'g lxdtfn lj:kmf]6x'g;S5 / To;n] s'g–s'g If]qdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 x'/Latf;n] stfa9L gf]S;fg ug{ ;Sb5 < e'OFrfnf] sxfF a9L hfG5 / s:tf ;+/rgf agfP Ifltsd x'G5 < af9Ln] w]/} Iflt k'¥ofpg] If]q s'g xf] < eGg] hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/Lk|sf]k hf]lvd gS;fª\sg ug'{k5{ .

k|sf]k k|efj d"Nofª\sghg;ª\Vof j[l4, jgljgfz, k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly a9\bf] cltqmd0f, ;8s oftfoftsf]

k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo


lj:tf/, vfg]kfgL tyf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf, vlgh j:t'sf] pTvggh:tf sfo{ ubf{ef}uf]lns tyf ef}ule{s agf]6df cfpg;Sg] kl/jt{g jf lju|xtkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .o;sf nflu jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nofª\sgsf ;fy} k|sf]k k|efj d"Nofª\sgsf]afWofTds Joj:yf ul/g' cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4g]kfndf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg tyf ;d'bfo–kl/rfngsf If]qdf w]/} /fli6«o tyfcGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . ltgn] d'n'ssf u|fdL0f If]q;Ddcfˆgf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] / ;d'bfosf]] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ .k|sf]k–Joj:yfkgdf sfo{/t To:tf ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo u/]/ u|fdL0f ;d'bfo;Ddk'Ug] ltgsf] k|of;df ;/sf/n] yk ;xof]u ub}{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu lgDgljifodf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M

bIf k|fljlws hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ .

tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0faf6 lgSof]{n lgsfNg] .

k|sf]k;DaGwL ;"rgfk|0ffnLsf nflu ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

lgoldt ¿kdf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

:yfgLo 1fg, ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] klxrfg / pkof]usf] k|j4{g ug]{ .

pknAw ;|f]tsf] plrt pkof]u u/L k|sf]k–lgoGq0fsf k|of; ug]{ .

pknAw dfgj;+zfwgsf] kl/rfng r':t ¿kdf ug]{ .

kf7\oqmd ljsf; / bIf hgzlQm pTkfbgg]kfnsf ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnox¿df s]xL jif{b]lv hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0flzIffsf] kf7\oqmd k|f/De ePsf] 5 . t/, k|sf]ksf] ljifonfO{ cflwsfl/s ¿kdf;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . o;af6 afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx¿ jftfj/0f–;+/If0fk|lt;r]t x'g] eP klg k|sf]ksf ;DaGwdf cgle1 g} /xg] cj:yf 5 . k|sf]khGohf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k ;fdgf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZosx'G5 / To;sf lgldQ bIf hgzlQm rflxG5 . ;/sf/n] ljBfno:t/b]lv g}k|sf]k;DaGwL cWoog–cWofkgsf] Joj:yf ldnfPdf d'n'sdf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg;DaGwLbIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; x'g]5 .

hgr]tgf clej[l4g]kfnsf sl/a *) k|ltzteGbf a9L dflg; cem;Dd k|sf]ksf ljifodf cgle1 g}


5g\ . k|sf]knfO{ b}jsf] s'b[li6 dfGg] k/Dk/fut e|dn]] k|sf]k–Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{cf]em]nd} k/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug{;lsg] k|ljlwsf af/]dfhfgsf/L lbP/ ;a}nfO{ ;r]t agfpg'kb{5 .

k|sf]k–lzIffnfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'¥ofpg jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf k|sf]k–Joj:yfkg,;fd'bflos jg ;+/If0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]uh:tf ljifodf cgf}krfl/slzIff sfo{qmddfkm{t u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'¥ofpg k':ts–k'l:tsf, kf]:6/ / ljleGg;~rf/dfWodsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno / ;fd'bflos ;ª\3;+:yfdfkm{tk|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ klg k|sf]k;DaGwL hgr]tgf a9fpg;lsG5 . /fHon] o; If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo, ;ª\3;+:yfaLr ;dGjo u/]/ o:tflqmofsnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]tkm{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

k"j{tof/L / cfkTsfnLg of]hgf

k|sf]k s'g} klg ;dodf s'g} klg ¿kdf cfpg ;S5 . e'OFrfnf] slxn] / s;/LcfpF5 eg]/ clxn];Dd hfgsf/L kfpg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5}g . To;}u/Lx'/Latf;, af9Lklx/f] cfpg] df};dsf] hfgsf/L eP klg ;dosf] ls6fg ug{;lsFb}g . To;sf/0f k|sf]khGo 36gf eOxfn]df To;af6 aRg / ;'/lIft /xgcfkTsfnLg of]hgf agfP/ To;cg'¿k k"j{tof/L ug'{kb{5 . k"j{tof/L tyf cfkTsfnLgof]hgf tof/ ubf{ lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M

cf}iflw, z'4 vfg]kfgL, vfBfGg cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

k|sf]kaf6 aRg ;Defljt ;'/lIft :yfgsf] klxrfg ul//fVg],

cfkTsfnLg a;f]af;sf nflu ;fd'bflos 3/sf] Joj:yf ug]{,

p4f/ tyf /fxtsf nflu ;+nUg ;/sf/L lgsfo, /]8qm; / u}/;/sf/L;+:yfsf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgfsf] ;"rL agfP/ /fVg],

cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ 6r{nfO6, ;nfO tyf cTofjZoscf}hf/ / j:t' 7Ls kf/]/ ;lhn} e]6\g] 7fpFdf /fVg] .

o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] hf]xf] jf Joj:yf ubf{ s'g 7fpFdf s:tf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5 /slt;Dd Iflt x'g ;Sb5 eGg] cg'dfgsf cwf/df k|sf]ksf ;dodf cfjZoskg{;Sg] ;fdu|Lsf] aGbf]a:t u/]/ cfkTsfnLg of]hgf tyf k"j{tof/L ug'{kb{5 .k|sf]ksf ;dodf cfjZos kg]{ j:t'sf] klxrfg u/]/ ;s];Dd :yfgLo ;fwg /;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L To:tf j:t'sf] hf]xf] ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .


;fd'bflos d]nldnfk / ;xof]u

k|sf]kaf6 aRg 5/l5d]sdf cfk;L ;b\efj / ;xof]usf] efjgf ljsl;t ug'{k5{ .To;f] ePdf l5d]sdf kg]{ s'g} klg k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ tTk/tf a9\b5 .

k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;d'bfo cfkm}F kl/rflnt ePdf ul/aLlgjf/0f, :yfgLo ;|f]tsf];+/If0f / pkof]uh:tf If]qdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 . o:tf] ;'wf/af6 ;d'bfon] lgDgfg';f/sfnfe lng ;Sb5 M

;d"xsf cfk;L ;xof]usf] efjgfdf clej[l4 x'G5 .:yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgdf ;femf :jfldTjsf] efjgf a9\b5 / lbuf] a'l4dQfk"0f{pkof]usf] k/Dk/f a:b5 .;d'bfodf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ tTk/tf a9\5 .;ª\s6fled'v If]qsf] a;f]af;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{ ;xdlt / ;xof]uldNb5 .k|sf]k ePdf s;n] s] ug]{ eg]/ cfk;df lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF6 x'G5 /5/l5d]sdf clwsf/ tyf bfloTjsf] af]w x'G5 .jgljgfz / jftfj/0f–k|b"if0fdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;d'bfo ;Ifd x'G5 .:yfgLo :t/df /fxt tyf p4f/ sf]ifsf] :yfkgf x'G5 / ufpF3/dfk/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] esf/L k4lt tyf u'7Lsf] Joj:yf k'gM k|f/De eP/;dfhdf ;xsf/Lsf] efjgf k}bf x'G5 .k|sf]k;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cfbfgk|bfg lgoldt x'G5 . o;n] ;'/Iffsf j}slNkspkfosf] vf]hL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .;d'bfodf g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

e'OFrfnf], af9Lklx/f], Hjfnfd'vL, cl;gfkfgL, cfunfuLh:tf 36gfnfO{ ;fdfGocj:yfdf k|sf]k dflgb}g . o:tf 36gfn] hgwgsf] Iflt u/]df jf ljsf;sf;+/rgfnfO{ Ifltu|:t kf/]df tyf dflg;sf cfocfh{gsf ;|f]t gi6 ePdf To:tf36gfn] pTkGg u/]sf] ljkb\k"0f{ cj:yfnfO{ k|sf]k dflgG5 . o; lsl;dsf36gfnfO{ xfd|f k|of;n] k"0f{ ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Dej 5}g . t/ ljj]sk"0f{9ª\uaf6 k|sf]k;DaGwL k"j{tof/L / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPdf To;af6 x'g] IfltnfO{w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/, u}/;sf/L tyf lghL ;ª\3;+:yf, gful/s;dfh / ;d'bfo ;a}n] ;xsfo{ ub}{ cufl8 a9]df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdfpNn]Vo ;kmntf ldNg]5 .


s]xL sl7g zAb / cy{cksif{0f M s'g} j:t' lau|g' jf v/fj eP/ ;dfKt x'g] cj:yfdf k'Ug'' .

cjnDag M s'g} j:t' :jLsf/ ug]{ jf lng] sfd .

cltj[li6 M w]/} jiff{ x''g', nfdf] ;do;Dd 7"nf] jiff{ eO/xg' .

cgfj[li6 M Hofb} sd kfgL k/]/ ;'Vvf nfUg' .

cfsng M cg'dfg tyf c8sn ug'{ .

cf0fljs M c0f'x¿af6 ag]sf] j:t', cf0fljs xltof/ jf ad .

cfwf/e"t M af“Rgsf nflu jf cGo s'/fsf nflu geOgx'g] .

cfj[lQ M bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|lqmof . k6s–k6s bf]xf]l/g] k|lqmof .

cf;Gg M Hofb} glhssf] . lgs6 lejiod} x'g;Sg] jf ;Defljt .

pkh M k|ltkmn jf kl/0ffd .

sfof{Gjog M of]hfgf jf l;4fGt nfu" ug]{ tyf Jojxf/df ptfg]{ sfd .

vt/f M ljkb\ jf hf]lvd .

vfsf M s'g} j:t' agfpg agfOPsf] gd"gf jf cfs[lt . sfd ug]{ of]hgf .

vfB;'/Iff M cGg, kmnk"mn, t/sf/Lsf] hf]xf] jf ;~ro . cGg pAhgL sd x'g]If]qdf cGgsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu ul/g] ;~ro jf art .

vf]l/of M hª\unsf ¿v jf a'6\ofg kmf“8]/ cfuf] nufP/ v]tL ul/g] hldg .

Iflt M gf]S;fg, xflg .

hnpTkGg M kfgLsf sf/0f jf kfgLsf dfWodaf6 pTkGg x'g] -w]/} kfgL kbf{ af9Lcfpg'nfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5_ .

hnjfik M kfgL tftf] x'“bf aGg] afkm . afkm rL;f] x'“bf k]ml/ kfgLdf kl/0ft x'G5 .

h}ljs M hLjaf6 k|fKt x'g] jf k|f0fLsf] cjz]ifaf6 ag]sf] .

hf]lvd M vt/fsf] cj:yf, xflg jf Iflt x'g;Sg] cj:yf .

hf]xf] M cfjZos j:t'sf] aGbf]j:t jf ;~ro .

b|'tt/ M ck]Iffs[t tLj| ultsf], l56f]–l56f] x'g] .

gS;fª\sg M /]vflrqåf/f gS;f agfpg] sfd -af9L cfPdf To;n] c;/ kfg]{;Defljt If]qsf] klxrfg u/L gS;f agfpg] sfo{_ .

lgld6ØfGg M l;Wofpg] jf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt ug]{ k|lqmof .


lgSof]{n M lgZro tyf lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ .

lg:t]h M t]h gePsf] . zlQm tyf Ifdtf sd ePsf] .

Go"g M yf]/}, 36]sf] jf sd ePsf] .

Go"gLs/0f M 36fpg] sfd .

;fdgf Ifdtf M s'g} s'/fsf] ;fdgf ug]{ zlQm .

k'g/fj[lQ M k6s–k6s bf]xf]l/g] k|lqmof .

k'glg{df{0f M elTsPsf] 3/, ;8s, k'n jf s'g} klg j:t' km]l/ agfpg] sfd

k"j{tof/L M s'g} sfd ug{sf nflu klxn] g} ul/g] tof/L . ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6aRg k|sf]k x'g'klxn] ul/g] sfo{ tyf cf}iflw, xn'sf vfg]s'/f /n'ufkmf6f]sf] hf]xf] jf ;'/lIft x'g] pkfo ug]{ sfo{ .

dxfdf/L M dflg; / hLjhGt'df PsfPs nfUg] ;?jf /f]u . x}hf, emf8fkvfnf,a8{k\mn', Kn]u, ;f;{, P8\; cflb .

/f;folgs M /;fog;DaGwL -wft'nfO{ emf]n / emf]nnfO{ wft' agfpg] tŒj–tŒjaLrk|ltlqmof u/fpg]_ .

ljrng M cl:y/tf, s'g} s'/faf6 klG5g] dfgMl:ylt .

ljkm/ M Hj/f];“u} z/L/df vl6/f cfpg] ;?jf /f]u, dxfdf/L .

z[ª\vnf M qmda4 ¿kdf ul/g] sfo{sf] ¿k/]vf .

;ª\s6fled'v M ;fx|} cK7]/f] cj:yfdf jf ljkb\df k/]sf], vt/f jf hf]lvdtkm{ pGd'vePsf] .

;dGjo M b'O{ jf To;eGbf a9L dflg; jf lgsfoaLr ;DaGw sfod u/fpg]k|lqmof, kf/:kl/s ;DaGw sfod ug]{ k|lqmof .

;r]tg M r]tgf jf 1fg ePsf], ;ts{, hfu¿s jf r]tgfo'Qm .

;dofg's"n M ;docg';f/sf], kl/jlt{t ;docg'¿k ul/g] .

;nx M afnLgfnL, kmnk"mn, af]6la?jf gi6 ug]{ 7"nf] ;d"xdf p8\g] km6\ofªu|f]h:tf]Ps k|sf/sf] p8'jf sL/f .

;xhstf{ M ;dfhdf ljeGg ljifodf ;dGjo ug]{ ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ .

;b\ut M d[tssf z/L/sf] bfx;+:sf/, ;+:sf/cg';f/ nfz hnfpg] jf uf8\g]sfo{ .

:yfgfGt/0f M Ps 7fp“sf] j:t' jf a;f]af; tyf dfgja:tL csf]{ 7fp“df ;fg]{ sfd .

1. disaster k introduction

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