1

BM.I REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR .BFA REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUMREPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM

2

SYR

IA, I

RAQ

& A

FGH

ANIS

TAN

SOMALIASecurity, Minorities & Migration

Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger

AFGHANISTAN2014 and beyond

regiones et res publicae - Country Analysis Reports

www.bmi.gv.atwww.staatendokumentation.at

ISBN 978-3-9503643-9-2

Map

ping

mig

ratio

n, s

ocia

l med

ia a

nd to

pogr

aphy

PAKISTANChallenges & Perspectives3

THE KURDSHistory - Religion - Language - Politics4

55

5

SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography

SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography

1

BM.I REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR .BFA REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUMREPUBLIC OF AUSTRIAFEDERAL OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM

2

SYR

IA, I

RAQ

& A

FGH

ANIS

TAN

SOMALIASecurity, Minorities & Migration

Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger

AFGHANISTAN2014 and beyond

regiones et res publicae - Country Analysis Reports

www.bmi.gv.atwww.staatendokumentation.at

ISBN 978-3-9503643-9-2

Map

ping

mig

ratio

n, s

ocia

l med

ia a

nd to

pogr

aphy

PAKISTANChallenges & Perspectives3

THE KURDSHistory - Religion - Language - Politics4

55

5

SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography

SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography

Wolfgang Taucher - Mathias Vogl - Peter Webinger

SYRIA, IRAQ & AFGHANISTANMapping migration, social media and topography

Foreword | Wolfgang Taucher, Mathias Vogl, Peter Webinger .................................... 5

Destination countries Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016 ........................................... 6

Asylum applicationsSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan nationals in the EU 2016 ....................................................12

Asylum application trendsSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan nationals in the EU 2008–2016 ........................................13

Age distributionSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016 .........................................16

Gender ratioSyrian, Iraqi and Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016 .........................................20

GDP per capita in US$Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................24

Fragile States Index 2017Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................26

Social media users as % of population in 2016Syria and Iraq ...............................................................................................................28

Gender and age of Facebook users in 2017Iraq and Afghanistan ...................................................................................................30

Google TrendsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................32

Contents

TopographySyria, Iraq and Afghanistan ......................................................................................... 41

Religious GroupsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................48

Ethnic GroupsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................54

Oil and gas fieldsSyria, Iraq and Afghanistan .........................................................................................60

Sources .........................................................................................................................66

4

5

Wolfgang Taucher Mathias Vogl Peter WebingerDirector of the Federal Office Director-General for Deputy Director-Generalfor Immigration and Asylum Legal Affairs for Legal Affairs

Austrian Federal Ministry Austrian Federal Ministry Austrian Federal Ministryof the Interior of the interior of the interior

The fifth volume of our regiones et res publicae series focuses on Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, which are amongst the most important countries of origin of refugees in Austria and Europe today. The flight migration and emigration from these countries makes it ever more necessary to provide background information and monitor ongoing trends.

Within the realm of migration this volume features an overview of destination countries in Europe, the number of asylum applications, asylum trends, as well as information on age distribution and gender ratios of asylum seekers. The section on internet usage covers the available data on social media, the demographics of Facebook users and Google search trends. To conclude, the volume includes maps on topography, religious and ethnic groups and oil and gas fields.

This edition was published in collaboration with the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and the Institute for Military Geography of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports, allowing a comprehensive examination of the three countries.

Considering the current migration and asylum trends, mapping migration, social media and topography of these three countries may help to reflect on the current dynamics.

Foreword

6

Destination countries:Syrian asylum seekers in Europe in 2016

7

GERGBR

FRAAUTCH HUN

GRE

BUL

SWE

8,7754,980

2,640

4,725

26,700

2,140

1,590

5,455

BEL2,390

NED2,910

DEN1,265

268,795

ESP2,975

CYP1,215

8

Destination countries:Iraqi asylum seekers in Europe in 2016

9

GERGBR

FRAAUT

CH HUN

GRE

BUL

SWE

2,8603,450

5,350

2,575

4,810

1,310

3,695

2,760

BEL1,180

NED1,115

97,125

ITA1,530

FIN1,240

10

Destination countries:Afghan asylum seekers in Europe in 2016

11

GERGBR

FRA AUTCH HUN

GRE

BUL

SWE

11,795 11,050

8,830

6,130

4,370

3,230

3,160

2,950

BEL2,765

NED1,385

DEN1,120

127,830

ITA2,845

12

Asylum applications:Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan nationals in the EU 2016

EU Syria Iraq Afghanistan 100% 26.9% 10.3% 14.8%

1,260,350

186,595130,015

339,265

13

Asylum application trends:Syrian nationals in the EU 2008−2016

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

4,22

0

4,75

0

5,01

0

8,14

0

24,1

15

49,9

80

122,

065

368,

350

339,

265

14

Asylum application trends:Iraqi nationals in the EU 2008−2016

27,6

55

18,8

45

15,8

30

15,2

30

13,1

90

10,7

40 21,3

65

124,

965

130,

015

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

15

Asylum application trends:Afghan nationals in the EU 2008−2016

10,1

50

20,4

55

20,6

00

28,1

60

28,0

20

26,2

15 41,4

05

181,

415

186,

595

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

16

Age distribution:All asylum seekers in the EU 2016

23.2%

8.4%

51.1%

16.6%

0.6%

1,260,350100%

0.1%

Less than 14 years

14 to 17 years

18 to 34 years

35 to 64 years

Plus 65 years

17

Age distribution:Syrian asylum seekers in the EU 2016

Less than 14 years

14 to 17 years

18 to 34 years

35 to 64 years

Plus 65 years

31.6%

8.1%41.8%

17.7%

0.7%

339,265100%

18

Age distribution:Iraqi asylum seekers in the EU 2016

Less than 14 years

14 to 17 years

18 to 34 years

35 to 64 years

Plus 65 years

31.5%

7.5%43.9%

16.2%

0.8%

130,015100%

19

Age distribution:Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016

Less than 14 years

14 to 17 years

18 to 34 years

35 to 64 years

Plus 65 years

186,595100%

24.6%

17.9%46.3%

10.5%0.7%

20

Gender ratio:All asylum seekers in the EU 2016

1,260,350100%

32.2% 67.6%

21

Gender ratio:Syrian asylum seekers in the EU 2016

339,265100%

38.5% 61.5%

22

Gender ratio:Iraqi asylum seekers in the EU 2016

130,015100%

38.3% 61.7%

23

Gender ratio:Afghan asylum seekers in the EU 2016

186,595100%

28.2% 71.8%

24

GDP per capita in US$ (rounded)

25

35,600

570

4,4002,100

EU Syria Iraq Afghanistan

26

Fragile States Index 2017

Legend:

Sustainable

Stable

Warning

Alert

27

Syria and Iraq:

Afghanistan:

28

Social media users as % of population in 2016: Syria

Facebook 36.5% LinkedIn 0.8% Instagram 0.2%

Twitter 1.6%

29

Social media users as % of population in 2016: Iraq

Facebook 38% LinkedIn 1.3% Instagram 0.2%

Twitter 1%

30

Gender and age of Facebook users in 2017: Iraq

26% 74%

49%

31% 34%

12% 15%

41%

8.8% 9.9%

18 – 24years

25 – 34years

35 – 44years

45+years

31

Gender and age of Facebook users in 2017: Afghanistan

14% 86%

63%

27% 37%

5% 7%

51%

4.6% 4.9%

18 – 24years

25 – 34years

35 – 44years

45+years

32

Google Trends:Syria

Asylum │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Immigration│ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

33

Smuggling │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Europe │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

34

Google Trends:Iraq

Asylum │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Immigration │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

35

Smuggling │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Europe │ (Arabic)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

36

Google Trends:Afghanistan

Asylum │ (Dari)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Asylum │ (Pashto)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

37

Immigration │ (Dari)

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Immigration │ (Pashto)

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

38

Smuggling │ (Pashto)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Smuggling │ (Dari)

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

no data

39

Europe │ (Dari)

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

Europe │ (Pashto)

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

05.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

01.01.2014 – 10.07.2017

100755025

01/2014 01/2015 01/2016 02/2017

no data

40

41

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Legend

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Legend

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Legend

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Legend

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Tropic of Cancer

LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND WATERSmain railwayminor railwayrailway under constructionmotorwaymain roadminor roadtrackroad under constructionlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantssettlement under 20 000 inhabitantslandscape/mountain rangemountain summit and heightislandwaters

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

LEGEND

Tindouf

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Emi Koussi3 445

S i n a i

Lake Van

Istanbul

HYPSOMETRIC LAYERabove 6 000 m5 000 to 6 000 m4 000 to 5 000 m3 000 to 4 000 m2 000 to 3 000 m1 000 to 2 000 m500 to 1 000 m200 to 500 m0 to 200 mland below sea level-200 to 0 m-500 to -200 m-1 000 to -500 mless than -1 000 m

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

Legend

42

Topography: Syria

43

Yeghegnadzor

Az Zahran

Tskhinvali

Salum

Qabala

El Daba

Sitia

El Alamein

Tovuz

Al Jaghbub

Gadabay

Mandali

El Tur

Ar-Rutba

Ijevan

Bur Safaga

Celeken

Gyzlarbat

Sparti

Qasr-e Shirin

El Qasr

Qasr Farafra

Al-Qunaitra

Zhangaozen

Fort Shevchenko

Polygyros

An Nabk

Kos

Ermoupoli

Al Mish'ab

Skyros

RutulKurakh

Lavar

Ierapetra

Marsá al `Alam

Teberda

Palaiochora

Çagyl

Hulayfah

LevashiInebolu

Parsian

Robat-ePosht-e Badam

Tangeli

Ekerem

Turayf

At Tanf

Fetisovo

Mo`alleman

KochubeyDzhubga

Kuryk

Finike

Naxos

Duba

Garabogaz

Qiba'

Al Wari`ah

Al Bawiti

Haditha

As Salman

Za`faranah

Razgrad

Yozgat

Rafha

Lovec

Cankiri

Dumyat

Pyatigorsk

Bitlis

Ammochostos

Mozdok

Artvin

Sinop

Yevpatoriya

Darnah

Kavala

Volos

Kastamonu

Rodos

Al Karak

Manbij

Bilecik

Vratsa

Madinat ath-Thawra

Kalamata

Zahle

Luleburgaz

Seres

Hios

Slobozia

Kars

Shahhat

Yevlax

Ramallah

Nabatiye et Tahta

Kilis

Vanadzor

Pirgos

Alexandria

As-Suwayda

Karaman

PaphosAbu Kamal

Naxcivan

Apsheronsk

Resita

Artashat

Calarasi

Al-Musayyib

Stepanakert

Bijar

Lankaran

Ali Bayramli

Mus

Beyneu

Agri

Labinsk

El KhargaUmm al Qaywayn

Zelenokumsk

Isna

Tuapse

KyustendilDerbent

Amasya

Tulcea

Khaskovo

Ma'an

Al Mafraq

Tunceli

Ash-Shatra

Montana

Matruh

Polatli

Georgievsk

Bingol

Sukhumi

Nazareth

Al Ahmadi

Tatvan

Tikrit

Alexandroupoli

Nevsehir

Al-Hasakah

Hania

Burdur

Poti

Mugla

Shumen

Al Wajh

Kirklareli

Pernik

Xanthi

Sliven

Katerini

Chalkida

Mardin

Kyrenia

Mitilini

Giurgiu

Targoviste

Komatini

Slatina

Eregli

Larnaka

Tripoli

Lamia

Palmyra/Tadmur

Gavarr

Kapan

Balkanabat

Saki

Canakkale

Goycay

Soke

Dawmat al Jandal

Gelendzhik

Dobrich

Blagodarnyy

Buynaksk

Turnovo

Siwa

Yalta Cherkessk

Rashid

Kaspiysk

Turkmenbasy

Beni Mazar

Izmayil

At Tafilah

Al-MayadinDehgolan

Az Zilfi

Çesme

Masyaf

Cälilabad

Al Bada'i`

Strumica

`Awali

Bereket

Alaverdi

IgdirGoris

Gagra

Ash-Shirqat

Qa'emiyeh

Kizilyurt

Armavir

Darab

Dukhan

Bartin

Tayma'

Silifke

Akhaltsikhe

Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman

Al Khawr

Al Faw

Tosya

Kozan

Shahr-e Babak

Keskin

Anamur

Sirnak

Aliaga

Kizlyar

Abarkuh

Sidi Barrani

NurabadHendijan

Pazarcik

Tafresh

Hakkâri

Sonqor

PatnosAyvalik

Borazjan

Dogubeyazit

Bandar-e Lengeh

SardrudBeysehir

SardashtDamghan

Art'ik

Ramhormoz

Al Kir`anah

Meybod

Dinar

Mangalia

Oltu

Mobarakeh

Fuman

Lar

Budennovsk

Takab

Tuz Khurmatu

Evaz

Piranshahr

Qus

Bor

Beypazari

Al Qusayr

Sereflikoçhisar

Bodrum

Bandar-e Kangan

Susehri

Bandar-e Ganaveh

Ercis

Badreh

Abqaiq

Susangerd

Biga

Emirdag

`Ajab Shir

Dehloran

Garmsar

Aksehir

Chalus

Mianeh

Al Khasab

Bayburt

Develi

Khvormuj

Salyan

Golpayegan

Marivan

Safashahr

Hadishahr

Asharat

Borujen

Na`in

Talesh

Tajrish

Osmancik

Firuzabad

ImisliYerköy

Sarab

Tavsanli

Erdemli

Oshnaviyeh

Takestan

Fethiye

Sharm ash Shaykh

Al-Hamza

Kalar

Al Farwaniyah

Khomeyn

Neyriz

Maku

Çumra

Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)

Qeydar

Abadeh

Quba

Sarikamis

Astara

Prokhladnyy

Göksun

Elat

Semirom

Lom

Zugdidi

Zajecar

Ar Rass

Niksar

Gölbasi

Salmas

Silistra

Naj` Hammadi

Telavi

Mehriz

Delijan

An Nu`maniyah

Bayji

Akhisar

Bafq

Al Bukayriyah

Malatya

Malayer

Gonbad-e Kavus

Siirt

Manisa

Rimnicu Vilcea

Ad-Diwaniyya

Nevinnomyssk

Borujerd

Karabuk

Hail

Varamin

Ismailia

Marv Dasht

Khomeini Shahr

Trablous

Dohuk

Karbala

Jahra

Simferopol

BeerSheva

Nis

Qomsheh

Iraklio

Haifa

Kutaisi

Antakya

Rize

Tal Afar

Burgas

Douma

Kirsehir

Rustavi

Al-Qamishli

Nablus

Elazig

Kutahya

Nazran

BatumiPlovdiv

Sakaka

Lemosos

Fallujah

Batman

Naltchik

Irbid

Al-Qatif

Shar e Kord

Gyumri

Targu Jiu

Al Jubayl

Zonguldak

Afyon

Baquba

Izmit

Tartus

Edirne

Al Hufuf

Maragheh

Balikesir

Constanta

Ras al Khaymah

Tel Aviv-Yafo

Asyut

Mahabad

El Faiyum

Saveh

Zagazig

Ardabil

Al-Amara

Shibin el Kom

Girga

Varna

Erzurum

Bandar-e Bushehr

As-Samawah

Novorossiysk

Sivas

El Minya

Vladikavkaz

Khorramabad

Pleven

TrabzonThessaloniki

Beni Suef

Ahar

Sari

Mallawi

Tarsus ZanjanGorgan

Damanhur

Adiyaman

Groznyy

Denizli

Az Aubayr

Nigde

Arar

Kislovodsk

MasjedSoleyman

Buraydah

Shahrud

Fasa

Tanta

Al Khalil

Samarra

Maykop

Kashan

Tokat

Kerch

Tubruq

GiresunCorum

Zakhu

Sochi

Kahramanmaras

Idlib

Piraiavs

Sakarya

Aqaba

Isparta

Latakia

Aydin

Hilla

Van

Stavropol

Deraa

Sumqayt

Ploiesti

Kirikkale

Ganca

Pitesti

Larissa

Mangyshlak

Sevastapol

Usak

Al Mubarraz

Deir ez-Zor

Yasuj

Hafar al Batin

Bolu

Ar-Raqqa

Craiova

Tekirdag

Ramadi

Khvoy

Hawalli

El ArishKafr el Sheikh

Qazvin

Al-Kut

Benha

Sohag

Armavir

Ruse

Erzincan

Hurghada

Abadan

Nasiriyya

Buzau

Qena

Bafra

Sanliurfa

Ilam

Ordu

Dezful

Stara Zagora

Iskenderun

Sanandaj

Adapazari

Semnan

Drobeta-Turnu Severin

Samandagi

Braila

Saida

Amol

Samalut

Turgutlu

As-Safira

Rafah

Raniyya

Rafsanjan

AlanyaKiziltepe

Khorram-shahr

Rawanduz

Viransehir

Marand

Ashdod

Siverek

Al-Kufa

Nazilli

Ceyhan

Bandar-e Mahshahr

Osmaniye

Behbahan

Ar Rayyan

Izeh

Soûr

Rey

Al-Kadhimiyya

Shushtar

Qarchak

Saqqez

Muqdadiyya

Qa'emshahr

Nasimshahr

Ba`albek

Bukan Babol

Andimeshk

Jahrom

Hulwan

Najafabad

Inegöl

Miandoab

Çorlu

Turhal

`Unayzah

Jamjamal

Bandar-e Anzali

Bandirma

Dorud

Aksaray

El Mansura

Antalya

Bur Said

Krasnodar

Makhachkala

Icel

Diyarbakir

Suez

Gaziantep

Urmia

Najaf

Luxor

Rasht

SulaymaniyyaKirkuk

Kermanshah

Zarqa

Arbil

Konya

Homs

Kayseri

Samsun

Hama

Eskisehir

KadiköyKartal

Gaza

Tabuk

Arak

Yazd

Hamadan

Karaj

Adana

Mosul

Qom

Alexandria

Dubai

Bursa

Aleppo

IzmirTabriz

El GizaShiraz

Isfahan

Ad Damman

Ahvaz

BasraShubra al Khaymah

Istanbul

SOFIA

KUWAIT

ANKARA

MANAMA

NICOSIA

BELGRADE

JERUSALEM

TEHRAN

DOHA

TBILISI

BEIRUT

CAIRO

BAGHDADDAMASCUS

BAKU

ATHENS

YEREVAN

AMMAN

BUCHAREST

NileTigris

Euphrates

Danube

B l a c k S e a

PersianGulf

Caspian Sea

L ibyan Sea

Levant ine Sea

Gulf of Antalya

Sea o f Cre te

Aegean Sea

Sea of MarmaraThracian Sea

MyrtoanSea

IcarianSea

Garabogazköl

Euphrates

Lake Assad

Dead Sea

Lakeath-Tharthar

Lake Milh(Razzaza)

Lake Urmia

Lake Van

Lake Tuz

Lake Sevan

Strait of Horm

uz

Gulf of Suez Gul

f of A

qaba

Qez

elO

wz

an

Byk Mendere s Atrek (Atrak)

Sakar y

a

Kelkit

Ceyh

an

Kizilirma

k

Mur

at

Kuban

Olt

Karkheh

Evros (Maritsa)Strym

nas(Tru m

a)

Ialomita

Sim

av

Crete

Cyprus

Lesbos

Chios

Naxos

Euboea

Rhodes

Lemnos

Samos

SRB

BHR

MKD

QAT

UZB

AZE

Iran

Egypt

KazakhstanRussianFederat ion

Iraq

Romania

Greece

Syr ia

Jordan

Lebanon

Israel

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Kuwait

Georgia

A zerbai jan

Gaza

WestBank

South Ossetia

Abkhazia

Nagorno-Karabakh

Golan

Northern Cyprus

Katrina

2 637

Umm Adaami1 854

Hermon2 814

Qurnat as Sawda3 088

Ararat5 137

Cheekha Dar

3 611

Damavand5 671

Elbrus5 642

Shkhara

5 193

Bazardyuzyu 4 466

Aragats4 090

Musala2 925

Olympus2 918

Olympus1 952

Meron1 208

L i b y a n D e s e r t

D a s h t - e K a v i r

Z

a g

r os

Mo

un t a i n s

A l b o r z

C a u c as

us

P o n t i c M ts .

T a ur u

sM

t s.

S y r i a n D e s e r t

A n N a f u d

a d - D h a n a

M

e s o p o t a mi a

S i n a i

Ar

ab

i an

De

se

rt

He

je

z

Qat ta

ra D

epr.

C y r e n a i c a

A n a t o l i a

40° 50° 55°45°35°25° 30°

30°

35°

40°

45°

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Re d S

e a

Saudi ArabiaLibya

Turkey

Turkmenistan

ARM

44

Topography: Iraq

45

Yeghegnadzor

Az Zahran

Tskhinvali

Salum

Qabala

El Daba

Sitia

El Alamein

Tovuz

Al Jaghbub

Gadabay

Mandali

El Tur

Ar-Rutba

Ijevan

Bur Safaga

Celeken

Gyzlarbat

Sparti

Qasr-e Shirin

El Qasr

Qasr Farafra

Al-Qunaitra

Zhangaozen

Fort Shevchenko

Polygyros

An Nabk

Kos

Ermoupoli

Al Mish'ab

Skyros

RutulKurakh

Lavar

Ierapetra

Marsá al `Alam

Teberda

Palaiochora

Çagyl

Hulayfah

LevashiInebolu

Parsian

Robat-ePosht-e Badam

Tangeli

Ekerem

Turayf

At Tanf

Fetisovo

Mo`alleman

KochubeyDzhubga

Kuryk

Finike

Naxos

Duba

Garabogaz

Qiba'

Al Wari`ah

Al Bawiti

Haditha

As Salman

Za`faranah

Razgrad

Yozgat

Rafha

Lovec

Cankiri

Dumyat

Pyatigorsk

Bitlis

Ammochostos

Mozdok

Artvin

Sinop

Yevpatoriya

Darnah

Kavala

Volos

Kastamonu

Rodos

Al Karak

Manbij

Bilecik

Vratsa

Madinat ath-Thawra

Kalamata

Zahle

Luleburgaz

Seres

Hios

Slobozia

Kars

Shahhat

Yevlax

Ramallah

Nabatiye et Tahta

Kilis

Vanadzor

Pirgos

Alexandria

As-Suwayda

Karaman

PaphosAbu Kamal

Naxcivan

Apsheronsk

Resita

Artashat

Calarasi

Al-Musayyib

Stepanakert

Bijar

Lankaran

Ali Bayramli

Mus

Beyneu

Agri

Labinsk

El KhargaUmm al Qaywayn

Zelenokumsk

Isna

Tuapse

KyustendilDerbent

Amasya

Tulcea

Khaskovo

Ma'an

Al Mafraq

Tunceli

Ash-Shatra

Montana

Matruh

Polatli

Georgievsk

Bingol

Sukhumi

Nazareth

Al Ahmadi

Tatvan

Tikrit

Alexandroupoli

Nevsehir

Al-Hasakah

Hania

Burdur

Poti

Mugla

Shumen

Al Wajh

Kirklareli

Pernik

Xanthi

Sliven

Katerini

Chalkida

Mardin

Kyrenia

Mitilini

Giurgiu

Targoviste

Komatini

Slatina

Eregli

Larnaka

Tripoli

Lamia

Palmyra/Tadmur

Gavarr

Kapan

Balkanabat

Saki

Canakkale

Goycay

Soke

Dawmat al Jandal

Gelendzhik

Dobrich

Blagodarnyy

Buynaksk

Turnovo

Siwa

Yalta Cherkessk

Rashid

Kaspiysk

Turkmenbasy

Beni Mazar

Izmayil

At Tafilah

Al-MayadinDehgolan

Az Zilfi

Çesme

Masyaf

Cälilabad

Al Bada'i`

Strumica

`Awali

Bereket

Alaverdi

IgdirGoris

Gagra

Ash-Shirqat

Qa'emiyeh

Kizilyurt

Armavir

Darab

Dukhan

Bartin

Tayma'

Silifke

Akhaltsikhe

Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman

Al Khawr

Al Faw

Tosya

Kozan

Shahr-e Babak

Keskin

Anamur

Sirnak

Aliaga

Kizlyar

Abarkuh

Sidi Barrani

NurabadHendijan

Pazarcik

Tafresh

Hakkâri

Sonqor

PatnosAyvalik

Borazjan

Dogubeyazit

Bandar-e Lengeh

SardrudBeysehir

SardashtDamghan

Art'ik

Ramhormoz

Al Kir`anah

Meybod

Dinar

Mangalia

Oltu

Mobarakeh

Fuman

Lar

Budennovsk

Takab

Tuz Khurmatu

Evaz

Piranshahr

Qus

Bor

Beypazari

Al Qusayr

Sereflikoçhisar

Bodrum

Bandar-e Kangan

Susehri

Bandar-e Ganaveh

Ercis

Badreh

Abqaiq

Susangerd

Biga

Emirdag

`Ajab Shir

Dehloran

Garmsar

Aksehir

Chalus

Mianeh

Al Khasab

Bayburt

Develi

Khvormuj

Salyan

Golpayegan

Marivan

Safashahr

Hadishahr

Asharat

Borujen

Na`in

Talesh

Tajrish

Osmancik

Firuzabad

ImisliYerköy

Sarab

Tavsanli

Erdemli

Oshnaviyeh

Takestan

Fethiye

Sharm ash Shaykh

Al-Hamza

Kalar

Al Farwaniyah

Khomeyn

Neyriz

Maku

Çumra

Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)

Qeydar

Abadeh

Quba

Sarikamis

Astara

Prokhladnyy

Göksun

Elat

Semirom

Lom

Zugdidi

Zajecar

Ar Rass

Niksar

Gölbasi

Salmas

Silistra

Naj` Hammadi

Telavi

Mehriz

Delijan

An Nu`maniyah

Bayji

Akhisar

Bafq

Al Bukayriyah

Malatya

Malayer

Gonbad-e Kavus

Siirt

Manisa

Rimnicu Vilcea

Ad-Diwaniyya

Nevinnomyssk

Borujerd

Karabuk

Hail

Varamin

Ismailia

Marv Dasht

Khomeini Shahr

Trablous

Dohuk

Karbala

Jahra

Simferopol

BeerSheva

Nis

Qomsheh

Iraklio

Haifa

Kutaisi

Antakya

Rize

Tal Afar

Burgas

Douma

Kirsehir

Rustavi

Al-Qamishli

Nablus

Elazig

Kutahya

Nazran

BatumiPlovdiv

Sakaka

Lemosos

Fallujah

Batman

Naltchik

Irbid

Al-Qatif

Shar e Kord

Gyumri

Targu Jiu

Al Jubayl

Zonguldak

Afyon

Baquba

Izmit

Tartus

Edirne

Al Hufuf

Maragheh

Balikesir

Constanta

Ras al Khaymah

Tel Aviv-Yafo

Asyut

Mahabad

El Faiyum

Saveh

Zagazig

Ardabil

Al-Amara

Shibin el Kom

Girga

Varna

Erzurum

Bandar-e Bushehr

As-Samawah

Novorossiysk

Sivas

El Minya

Vladikavkaz

Khorramabad

Pleven

TrabzonThessaloniki

Beni Suef

Ahar

Sari

Mallawi

Tarsus ZanjanGorgan

Damanhur

Adiyaman

Groznyy

Denizli

Az Aubayr

Nigde

Arar

Kislovodsk

MasjedSoleyman

Buraydah

Shahrud

Fasa

Tanta

Al Khalil

Samarra

Maykop

Kashan

Tokat

Kerch

Tubruq

GiresunCorum

Zakhu

Sochi

Kahramanmaras

Idlib

Piraiavs

Sakarya

Aqaba

Isparta

Latakia

Aydin

Hilla

Van

Stavropol

Deraa

Sumqayt

Ploiesti

Kirikkale

Ganca

Pitesti

Larissa

Mangyshlak

Sevastapol

Usak

Al Mubarraz

Deir ez-Zor

Yasuj

Hafar al Batin

Bolu

Ar-Raqqa

Craiova

Tekirdag

Ramadi

Khvoy

Hawalli

El ArishKafr el Sheikh

Qazvin

Al-Kut

Benha

Sohag

Armavir

Ruse

Erzincan

Hurghada

Abadan

Nasiriyya

Buzau

Qena

Bafra

Sanliurfa

Ilam

Ordu

Dezful

Stara Zagora

Iskenderun

Sanandaj

Adapazari

Semnan

Drobeta-Turnu Severin

Samandagi

Braila

Saida

Amol

Samalut

Turgutlu

As-Safira

Rafah

Raniyya

Rafsanjan

AlanyaKiziltepe

Khorram-shahr

Rawanduz

Viransehir

Marand

Ashdod

Siverek

Al-Kufa

Nazilli

Ceyhan

Bandar-e Mahshahr

Osmaniye

Behbahan

Ar Rayyan

Izeh

Soûr

Rey

Al-Kadhimiyya

Shushtar

Qarchak

Saqqez

Muqdadiyya

Qa'emshahr

Nasimshahr

Ba`albek

Bukan Babol

Andimeshk

Jahrom

Hulwan

Najafabad

Inegöl

Miandoab

Çorlu

Turhal

`Unayzah

Jamjamal

Bandar-e Anzali

Bandirma

Dorud

Aksaray

El Mansura

Antalya

Bur Said

Krasnodar

Makhachkala

Icel

Diyarbakir

Suez

Gaziantep

Urmia

Najaf

Luxor

Rasht

SulaymaniyyaKirkuk

Kermanshah

Zarqa

Arbil

Konya

Homs

Kayseri

Samsun

Hama

Eskisehir

KadiköyKartal

Gaza

Tabuk

Arak

Yazd

Hamadan

Karaj

Adana

Mosul

Qom

Alexandria

Dubai

Bursa

Aleppo

IzmirTabriz

El GizaShiraz

Isfahan

Ad Damman

Ahvaz

BasraShubra al Khaymah

Istanbul

SOFIA

KUWAIT

ANKARA

MANAMA

NICOSIA

BELGRADE

JERUSALEM

TEHRAN

DOHA

TBILISI

BEIRUT

CAIRO

BAGHDADDAMASCUS

BAKU

ATHENS

YEREVAN

AMMAN

BUCHAREST

Nile

Tigris

Euphrates

Danube

B l a c k S e a

PersianGulf

Caspian Sea

L ibyan Sea

Levant ine Sea

Gulf of Antalya

Sea o f Cre te

Aegean Sea

Sea of MarmaraThracian Sea

MyrtoanSea

IcarianSea

Garabogazköl

Euphrates

Lake Assad

Dead Sea

Lakeath-Tharthar

Lake Milh(Razzaza)

Lake Urmia

Lake Van

Lake Tuz

Lake Sevan

Strait of Horm

uz

Gulf of Suez Gul

f of A

qaba

Qez

elO

wz

an

Byk Mendere s Atrek (Atrak)

Sakar y

a

Kelkit

Ceyh

an

Kizilirma

k

Mur

at

Kuban

Olt

Karkheh

Evros (Maritsa)Strym

nas(Tru m

a)

Ialomita

Sim

av

Crete

Cyprus

Lesbos

Chios

Naxos

Euboea

Rhodes

Lemnos

Samos

SRB

BHR

MKD

QAT

UZB

AZE

Iran

Egypt

KazakhstanRussianFederat ion

Iraq

Romania

Greece

Syr ia

Jordan

Lebanon

Israel

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Kuwait

Georgia

A zerbai jan

Gaza

WestBank

South Ossetia

Abkhazia

Nagorno-Karabakh

Golan

Northern Cyprus

Katrina

2 637

Umm Adaami1 854

Hermon2 814

Qurnat as Sawda3 088

Ararat5 137

Cheekha Dar

3 611

Damavand5 671

Elbrus5 642

Shkhara

5 193

Bazardyuzyu 4 466

Aragats4 090

Musala2 925

Olympus2 918

Olympus1 952

Meron1 208

L i b y a n D e s e r t

D a s h t - e K a v i r

Z

a g

r os

Mo

un t a i n s

A l b o r z

C a u c as

us

P o n t i c M ts .

T a ur u

sM

t s.

S y r i a n D e s e r t

A n N a f u d

a d - D h a n a

M

e s o p o t a mi a

S i n a iA

ra

bi a

n D

es

er

t

He

je

z

Qat ta

ra D

epr.

C y r e n a i c a

A n a t o l i a

40° 50° 55°45°35°25° 30°

30°

35°

40°

45°

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Re d S

e a

Saudi ArabiaLibya

Turkey

Turkmenistan

ARM

46

Topography: Afghanistan

47

Yeghegnadzor

Az Zahran

Karokh

Tskhinvali

Qalat

Qabala

Alayat Samail

Leninobod

Al Quwayiyah

Tash Komur

Tovuz

KhorughKaka

Gadabay

Mandali

At Bashy

Ijevan

Celeken

Yazdan

Gyzlarbat

Mehtar Lam

Mahmud-E Eraqi

Qasr-e Shirin

Zareh Sharan

Kuybyshevskiy

Tarin Kowt

Chaghcharan

Qal eh-ye Now

Shah Isma`il

Ra's al Hadd

Al Mish'ab

Virawah

Rutul

Qalaikhumb

Dariga

Kurakh

Lavar

Karaqi

Shêja` ul Mulk Kêlay

Bela

Çemenebit

Qarah Bagh

Sary-Tash

Sar-e Pul

Vakhan

Ranasar

Ulugqat

Çagyl

Awkal

Al HuwatsahAl Haddar

Bilad Bani Bu `Ali

Parsian

Mazar

Robat-ePosht-e Badam

Tangeli

Balan

Ekerem

Tagtabazar

Zaybak

Haradah

Murghob

Bandar-e Jask

Lakhpat

Sam

Khavda

Ramgarh

Içoguz

Mo`alleman

Mand

Al `Idd

As Sila`

`Alaqahdari Gulistan

Kök-Art

Keti Bandar

Garabogaz

Qiba'

Al Wari`ah

Al Hamar

Ruweis

As Salman

Qila Ladgasht

Panjgur

Misgar

Karodi

Skardu

Ormara

Taxkorgan

Dilaram

Ayní

Hafit

Rafha

Dera Ismail Khan

Aybak

Naryn

Jalal Abad

Taloqan

Zaranj

Pol-e Khomri

Kulob

Yevlax

Charikar

Parachinar

Shahrisabz

Vanadzor

Farah

Zhob

Chabahar

Naxcivan

Andkhvoy

Torbat-e Jam

Artashat

KhiwaIskandar

Konibodom

Al-Musayyib

Turbat

Stepanakert

Bijar

Denow

Lankaran

Sur

Urgut

Ali Bayramli

Bamian

Tejen

Umm al Qaywayn

Derbent

Ash-Shatra

Jabal Ali

Al Ahmadi

TikritMayda Shahr

Baraki Barak

Toktogul

Asadabad

Gardiz

Uroteppa

Sheberghan

Kundian

Gilgit

Atamyrat

Feyzabad

Gwadar

Sopore

Zarafshon

Gavarr

Kogon

Guliston

Kapan

Balkanabat

Qurghonteppa

Chaman

Saki

Al Fujayrah

Kattaqorgon

Goycay

Nizwa

Buzmeyin

Turkmenbasy

Lodhran

Kashmore

Dehgolan

Az Zilfi

Nushki

Vahdat

Zarand

Abu Road

Kharan

Cälilabad

Dargaz

Dir

Umarkot

Jacobabad

`Awali

Bereket

Alaverdi

Sanghar

Muzaffargarh Tohana

Igdir

Nasirabad

Goris

Khost

Chishtian

Ibra'

Qa'emiyeh

Bagrami

Taranagar

Ratangarh

Fariman

Phalodi

Armavir

Darab

Kotli

Dukhan

KuchamanMinab

Khash

Ramsar

Kapadvanj

Bardsir

Bandar-e Torkaman

Al Khawr

Al Faw

Dabhoi

Barmer

Kalat

Shahr-e Babak

Balotra

Mandi Dabwali

Chittaurgarh

Esfarayen

Mansa

Abarkuh

Bhinmal

Rajanpur

Nurabad

Ad Dawadimi

Iranshahr

Umm Sa`id

Chakwal

Anupgarh

Hendijan

Tafresh

Kukshi

Nohar

Hakkâri

Didwana

Sonqor

Baft

Anantnag

Tank

Taybad

Borazjan

Dogubeyazit

Bandar-e Lengeh

Sardrud

Sardasht

Gojra

Pitnak

Dadu

Damghan

Art'ik

Bo`ka

Xovos

Khanewal

Ramhormoz

Al Kir`anah

Chagai

MeybodMobarakeh

SujangarhRudbar

Fuman

Lar

Disa

Takab

Tuz Khurmatu

Evaz

Piranshahr

Ferdows

Khuzdar

Sibi

Tharad

Bandar-e Kangan

Bandar-e Ganaveh

Ercis

Badreh

Abqaiq

Susangerd

Mandalgarh

Tursunzoda

Lakki Marwat

Lunkaransar

`Ajab Shir

Jalore

Shorkot

Nimbahera

Dehloran

Garmsar

Qeshm

Badin

Chenaran

Bilara

Shikarpur

Chalus

Mianeh

Al Khasab

Pishin

Bavla

Khvormuj

Salyan

Golpayegan

Marivan

Mastung

Safashahr

Dakor

Thatta

Matiari

Jiroft

Hadishahr

Sanchor

Asharat

Borujen

Nagaur

Na`in

Gurdaspur

Pipar

Talesh

Tajrish

Musakhel

Karashina

Firuzabad

Chitral

Gonabad

Tando Adam

Imisli

Sarab

Layyah

Sirohi

Burewala

`Afif

Bahawalnagar

Pop

Oshnaviyeh

Zomin

Takestan

Ringas

Al-HamzaHafizabad

Saravan

Kalar

Al Farwaniyah

Khomeyn

Banswara

Neyriz

Qa'en

Himatnagar

Tabas

Dwarka

Maku

Ahmadpur East

Nokha

Sagwara

Qeydar

Khandela

Abadeh

Merta

Quba

Phagwara

Rawatsar

Astara

Ravar

Rajsamand

Dungarpur

Tando Muhammad Khan

Loralai

Semirom

Sumerpur

Jaisalmer

KonarakAr Rass

Salmas

Sarakhs

Dhandhuka

Telavi

Mehriz

Delijan

An Nu`maniyah

Bayji

Bafq

Al Bukayriyah

Gandhinagar

Udaipur

Malayer

Gonbad-e Kavus

Bhuj

Bam

Ad-Diwaniyya

Borujerd

Mirput Khas

Varamin

Marv Dasht

Fargona

Khomeini Shahr

Dohuk

Karbala

Ratlam

Jahra

Qomsheh

Osh

Rustavi

Olmaliq

Rahim Yar KhanSadiqabad

Jizzax

Sahiwal

Fallujah

Sikar

Sheikhu Pura

Okara

Qoqon

Pali

Kasur

Pathankot

Kondoz

Al-Qatif

Shar e Kord

Navoi

Gyumri

Ghazni

Al Jubayl

Hisar

Balkh

Baquba

Shache

Al Ayn

Al Hufuf

Maragheh

Sabzewar

Mazar-e Sharif

Ras al Khaymah

Mahabad

As Sib

Urgentch

Saveh

Ardabil

Al-Amara

Andijon

Hoshiarpur

Bandar-e Bushehr

As-Samawah

Turkmenabat

Bojnurd

Khorramabad

Bukhara

Ibri

Ahar

SariZanjanGorgan

Bhavnagar

Kashgar

Kashmar

Az Aubayr

Sukkur

MasjedSoleyman

Khujand

Buraydah

Shahrud

Namangan

Fasa

Samarra

Termiz

Kashan

Ujjain

Mardan

Kohat

Nawabshah

Angren

Chiniot

Dera Ghazi Khan

Hilla

Lashkar Gah

Van

Gujrat

Jhang

Sumqayt

Tonk

Sialkote

Larkana

Sirsa

Qarshi

Ganca

Jalalabad

Bhilwara

Abohar

Al Mubarraz

Yasuj

Quchan

Hafar al Batin Bhiwani

Chirchiq

Meymaneh

Al Kharj

Ramadi

Zabol

Khvoy

Hawalli

Birjand

Herat

Baghlan

Suhar

Dasoguz

Qazvin

Al-Kut

Abadan

Nasiriyya

Mary

Sirjan

Ilam

Neyshabur

Dezful

SanandajSemnan

Bandar-e-Abbas

Amol

Jamnagar

Bathinda

Mahesana

Wah

As Suwayq

Raniyya

Rafsanjan

Patan

Khorram-shahr

Mandsaur

Rawanduz

Artux

Marand

Palanpur

Marg`ilon

Maler Kotla

Haradh

Al-Kufa

Bandar-e Mahshahr

Neemuch

MogaBehbahan

Botad

Torbat-e Heydariyeh

Khanna

Ar Rayyan

Izeh

Mohali

Anand

Rey

Nadiad

Al-Kadhimiyya

Shushtar

Qarchak

Surendranagar

Saqqez

Muqdadiyya

Qa'emshahr

Nasimshahr

Godhra

Bukan

Gandhidham

Babol

Kalol

Andimeshk

Jahrom

Najafabad

Kishangarh

Miandoab

Hanumangarh

Jhelum

Ganganagar

`Unayzah

Jamjamal

Bandar-e Anzali

Beawar

Dorud

Jhunjhunun

Sharjah

Jullundur

Urmia

Kota

Najaf

Rasht

Sulaymaniyya

Kerman

Kirkuk

KermanshahAbbottabad

Zahedan

Quetta

Arbil

Sargodha

Bahawalpur

Bannu

Al Hillah

Samarqand

Kandahar

Ajmer

Arak

Yazd

Hamadan

Jammu

Bikaner

Karaj

Jaipur

Rawalpindi

Mosul Mashhad

Faisalabad

Rajkot

Jodhpur

Qom

Vadodara

Dubai

Srinagar

Ludhiana

Amritsar

Tabriz

Peshawar

Gujranwala

Shiraz

Hyderabad

Saidu

Isfahan

Multan

Ad Damman

Ahvaz

Basra

Ahmedabad

Karachi

Lahore

KUWAIT

ISLAMABAD

MANAMA

KABUL

TEHRAN

DOHA

TBILISI

MUSCAT

BAGHDAD

TASHKENT

BAKU

ASHGABAT

YEREVAN

ABU DHABI

DUSHANBE

RIYADH

Indus

Tigris

Euphrates

Gulf of Oman

PersianGulf

Caspian Sea

Garabogazköl

Lake Milh(Razzaza)

Lake Urmia

Lake Sevan

Strait of Horm

uz

Qez

elO

wz

an

Sutlej

Helma

nd

Atrek (Atrak)

Jhel

um

Amu

Darya

Ra

vi

Zarafshon

Chen

ab

Naryn

Yarka

nt

Harirud

Karkheh

SyrD

arya

Narmada

Tapi

Mahi

Banas

Sarygamysh Köli

L. Aydar

Qeshm

BHR

QAT

ARE

AZE

Iran

India

Afghanistan

Pakistan

China

UzbekistanKyrgyzstan

Kuwait

A zerbai jan

Taj ik istanNagorno-Karabakh

Trans-Karakoram-Tract

Jammu and Kashmir

AzadKashmir

Gilgit BaltistanSiachenGlacier

Shams

3 009

Ararat5 137

Cheekha Dar

3 611

Damavand5 671

Noshaq

7 492

K28 611

Ismoil Somoni

7 495

Khazret Sultan

4 643

Aýrybaba

3 138

Bazardyuzyu 4 466

Aragats4 090

Jais1 925

D a s h t - e L u t

D a s h t - e K a v i rH i

n du

Ku

sh

B al o

c hi s

t an

K a r a k u m D e s e r t

Z

a g

r os

Mo

un t a i n s

A l b o r z

C a u c as

us

a d - D h a n a

M

e s o p o t a mi a

Ti

h

a

m

a

K a r a k

or

am

P a m i r

60°55°50°45° 70° 75°65°

30°

25°

35°

40°

Tropic of Cancer

Saudi Arabia

I raq

GEORUS UZBKAZ

Turkmenistan

KAZ

Oman Arabian Sea

ARM

TUR

48

Religious groups: Syria

23

Dumyat

Ammochostos

Darnah

Marzuq

Al Jawf

Rodos

Al Karak

Manbij

Birak

Madinat ath-Thawra

Zahle

MahdiaSdid Bouzid

Jendouba

Shahhat

Nabatiye et Tahta

Kilis

Tataouine

Al MarjAs-Suwayda

Karaman

Medenine

Abu KamalGafsa

Nalut

Beja

Zarzis

El Kharga Isna

Ma'an

Al Mafraq

Matruh

Zuwarah

Al-Hasakah

Burdur

Ghat

Mugla

Al Wajh

Monastir

Siliana

Kasserine Kyrenia

Kebili

Bani Walid

Eregli

Gharyan

Palmyra/Tadmur

Soke

El Kef

Dawmat al Jandal

Tozeur

Kom Ombo

Siwa

Rashid

Beni Mazar

At Tafilah

Al-Mayadin

Çesme

Masyaf

Al Bada'i`

Az Zuwaytinah

Tayma'

Silifke

Kozan

Anamur

Sidi Barrani

PazarcikBeysehir

Dinar

Qus

Bor

Al Qusayr

Bodrum

Awbari

Aksehir

ErdemliFethiye

Sharm ash Shaykh

Çumra

Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)

King AbdullahEconomic City

Idfu

Göksun

Al Jumum

Gölbasi

Naj` Hammadi

Tukrah

Souk Ahras

Guelma

Ismailia

Trablous

Jijel

Antakya

Douma

Misratah

Biskra

IrbidAz Zawiyah

Tartus

Constantine

Asyut

Nabeul

El Faiyum

Yanbu al Bahr

ZagazigShibin el Kom

Girga

El Minya

Beni Suef

Sfax

Sabha

Mallawi

Tebessa

Tarsus

Damanhur

AdiyamanDenizli

Sousse

Nigde

Oum el Bouaghi

Tanta

El Oued

Tubruq

Surt

Batna

Ajdabiya

Kahramanmaras

Idlib

Aqaba

Isparta

Skikda

Latakia

Aydin

Deraa

L'Ariana

Deir ez-Zor

Ar-Raqqa

Al Khums

Qairouan

Gabes

Annaba

Aswan

El Arish

Bizerte

Kafr el Sheikh

Benha

Sohag

Hurghada

Qena

Sanliurfa

IskenderunSamandagi

Saida

Samalut

Turgutlu

As-Safira

Rafah

AlanyaKiziltepe

Viransehir

SiverekNazilli

Ceyhan

Tarhunah

Osmaniye

Zlitan

El Eulma

Sabratah

Soûr

Houmt Souk Ba`albek

Hulwan

BarikaKhenchela

Aksaray

Aïn Beïda

El Mansura

Antalya

Bur Said

Banghazi

Icel

Diyarbakir

Suez

Gaziantep

Luxor

Zarqa

Konya

HomsHama

Tabuk

MakkahJeddah

Medina

Adana

Alexandria

Aleppo

El GizaShubra al Khaymah

NICOSIA

BEIRUT

CAIRO

DAMASCUS

AMMAN

TRIPOLI

TUNIS

Nile

Lake Nasser R e d Se a

Gulf of Gabès

Sea o f S ic i ly

Gulf of Sidra

L ibyan Sea

Levant ine Sea

Gulf of Antalya

Sea o f Cre te

Ion ian Sea

MyrtoanSea

IcarianSea

Lake Assad

Dead Sea

Gulf of Suez Gul

f of A

qaba

Byk Mendere s

Ceyh

an

Crete

Sicily

Cyprus

Chios

Naxos

Rhodes

Kefalonia

Djerba

Samos

Zakynthos

Kerkenna

Lampedusa

EgyptLibya

Niger SudanChad

I taly

Tunisia

Greece

Syr ia

Jordan

LebanonCyprus

Malta

Gaza

WestBank

Golan

Northern Cyprus

Halaib Triangle

Bir Tawil

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

5959

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

5959 59

59

59

60

60

58

58

58

57

57

57

52

52

53

53

53 53

51

51

55

55

5555

59/52

59/52 59/52

59/54

59/5459/54

59/54

59/54

59/54

59/54

59/60

59/60

59/60

Tropic of Cancer

10° 15° 25° 35°

20°

25°

30°

35°

20° 30°

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Alger ia

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

Turkey

Religious groups Middle East 1

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

WATERSlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantsislandwaters

LEGEND

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Lake Van

Istanbul

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

RELIGIOUS GROUPSSunni MuslimsTwelver Shia MuslimsSunni Muslims and Twelver Shia MuslimsAlevisSunni Muslims and AlevisAlawitesIsmailisDruzeChristiansYezidis/Kaka‘i/Yarsani/Ahl-e HaqqSunni Muslims and Copts

5960

59/6052

59/525158

555361

59/54

This map only illustrates the main areas of settlement of religious and sectarian groups. There may be minority groups that are not depicted (e.g. Jews, Bahai, Hindus). Especially in urban centers the population is very heterogeneous and cannot be shown on this type of map. For further information regarding methodology and country information see: http://www.ecoi.net/atlas_mena_sources.pdf. Christians are depicted as one group regardless of their ethnic origin (except Copts in Egypt). Due to its complexity and relative size on this map, the religious map of Lebanon is presented in a simplified form. Regarding Iraq, this map shows the main settlement areas before spring 2014. Regarding Syria, it shows main settlement areas before March 2011. Due to the subsequent armed conflicts the Syrian and Iraqi societies have been partly subjected to significant changes.

49

Yozgat

Rafha

Cankiri

Dumyat

Bitlis

Ammochostos

Artvin

Sinop

Darnah

Kastamonu

Rodos

Al Karak

Manbij

Bilecik

Madinat ath-Thawra

Zahle

Luleburgaz

Kars

Shahhat

Nabatiye et Tahta

Kilis

As-Suwayda

Karaman

Abu Kamal

Al-Musayyib

Bijar

Mus

Agri

El Kharga Isna

Amasya

Ma'an

Al Mafraq

Tunceli

Ash-ShatraMatruh

Polatli

Bingol

Tatvan

Tikrit

Nevsehir

Al-Hasakah

BurdurMugla

Al Wajh

Kirklareli

Mardin

Kyrenia

Eregli

Palmyra/Tadmur

Canakkale

Soke

Dawmat al Jandal

Siwa

Rashid

Beni Mazar

At Tafilah

Al-MayadinDehgolan

Az Zilfi

Çesme

Masyaf

Al Bada'i`

Igdir

Ash-Shirqat

Qa'emiyeh

Darab

Bartin

Tayma'

Silifke

Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman

Al Faw

Tosya

Kozan

Shahr-e Babak

Keskin

Anamur

Sirnak

Aliaga

Abarkuh

Sidi Barrani

NurabadHendijan

Pazarcik

Tafresh

Hakkâri

Sonqor

PatnosAyvalik

Borazjan

Dogubeyazit

Bandar-e Lengeh

SardrudBeysehir

SardashtDamghan

Ramhormoz

Meybod

Dinar

Oltu

Mobarakeh

Fuman

Lar

Takab

Tuz Khurmatu

Evaz

Piranshahr

Qus

Bor

Beypazari

Al Qusayr

Sereflikoçhisar

Bodrum

Bandar-e Kangan

Susehri

Bandar-e Ganaveh

Ercis

Badreh

Abqaiq

Susangerd

Biga

Emirdag

`Ajab Shir

Dehloran

Garmsar

Aksehir

Chalus

Mianeh

Bayburt

Develi

Khvormuj

Golpayegan

Marivan

Safashahr

Hadishahr

Asharat

Borujen

Na`in

Talesh

Tajrish

Osmancik

Firuzabad

Yerköy

Sarab

Tavsanli

Erdemli

Oshnaviyeh

Takestan

Fethiye

Sharm ash Shaykh

Al-Hamza

Kalar

Khomeyn

Neyriz

Maku

Çumra

Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)

Qeydar

Abadeh

Sarikamis

AstaraGöksun

Semirom

Ar Rass

Niksar

Gölbasi

Salmas

Naj` Hammadi

Mehriz

Delijan

An Nu`maniyah

Bayji

Akhisar

Bafq

Al Bukayriyah

Malatya

Malayer

Gonbad-e Kavus

Siirt

Manisa

Ad-Diwaniyya

Borujerd

Karabuk

Hail

Varamin

Ismailia

Marv Dasht

Khomeini Shahr

Trablous

Dohuk

Karbala

Qomsheh

Antakya

Rize

Tal Afar

Douma

Kirsehir

Al-Qamishli

Elazig

Kutahya

Sakaka

Fallujah

Batman

Irbid

Al-Qatif

Shar e Kord

Al Jubayl

Zonguldak

Afyon

Baquba

Izmit

Tartus

Edirne

Al Hufuf

Maragheh

Balikesir

Asyut

Mahabad

El Faiyum

Saveh

Zagazig

Ardabil

Al-Amara

Shibin el Kom

Girga

Erzurum

Bandar-e Bushehr

As-Samawah

Sivas

El Minya

Khorramabad

Trabzon

Beni Suef

Ahar

Sari

Mallawi

Tarsus ZanjanGorgan

Damanhur

AdiyamanDenizli

Az Aubayr

Nigde

Arar

MasjedSoleyman

Buraydah

Shahrud

Fasa

Tanta

SamarraKashan

Tokat

Tubruq

GiresunCorum

Zakhu

Kahramanmaras

Idlib

Sakarya

Aqaba

Isparta

Latakia

Aydin

Hilla

Van

Deraa

Kirikkale

Usak

Al Mubarraz

Deir ez-Zor

Yasuj

Hafar al Batin

Bolu

Ar-Raqqa

Tekirdag

Ramadi

Khvoy

El ArishKafr el Sheikh

Qazvin

Al-Kut

Benha

Sohag

Erzincan

Hurghada

Abadan

Nasiriyya

Qena

Bafra

Sanliurfa

Ilam

Ordu

Dezful

Iskenderun

Sanandaj

Adapazari

Semnan

Samandagi

Saida

Amol

Samalut

Turgutlu

As-Safira

Rafah

Raniyya

Rafsanjan

AlanyaKiziltepe

Khorram-shahr

Rawanduz

Viransehir

Marand

Siverek

Al-Kufa

Nazilli

Ceyhan

Bandar-e Mahshahr

Osmaniye

Behbahan

Izeh

Soûr

Rey

Al-Kadhimiyya

Shushtar

Qarchak

Saqqez

Muqdadiyya

Qa'emshahr

Nasimshahr

Ba`albek

Bukan Babol

Andimeshk

Jahrom

Hulwan

Najafabad

Inegöl

Miandoab

Çorlu

Turhal

`Unayzah

Jamjamal

Bandar-e Anzali

Bandirma

Dorud

Aksaray

El Mansura

Antalya

Bur Said

Icel

Diyarbakir

Suez

Gaziantep

Urmia

Najaf

Luxor

Rasht

SulaymaniyyaKirkuk

Kermanshah

Zarqa

Arbil

Konya

Homs

Kayseri

Samsun

Hama

Eskisehir

KadiköyKartal

Tabuk

Arak

Yazd

Hamadan

Karaj

Adana

Mosul

Qom

Alexandria

Bursa

Aleppo

IzmirTabriz

El GizaShiraz

Isfahan

Ad Damman

Ahvaz

BasraShubra al Khaymah

Istanbul

ANKARA

NICOSIATEHRAN

BEIRUT

CAIRO

BAGHDADDAMASCUS

AMMAN

Nile

Tigris

Euphrates

Danube

B l a c k S e a

PersianGulf

Caspian Sea

L ibyan Sea

Levant ine Sea

Gulf of Antalya

Sea o f Cre te

Aegean Sea

Sea of MarmaraThracian Sea

MyrtoanSea

IcarianSea

Garabogazköl

Euphrates

Lake Assad

Dead Sea

Lakeath-Tharthar

Lake Milh(Razzaza)

Lake Urmia

Lake Van

Lake Tuz

Lake Sevan

Strait of Horm

uz

Gulf of Suez Gul

f of A

qaba

Qez

elO

wz

an

Byk Mendere s Atrek (Atrak)

Sakar y

a

KelkitCe

yhan

Kizilirma

k

Mur

at

Kuban

Olt

Karkheh

Evros (Maritsa)Strym

nas(Tru m

a)

Ialomita

Sim

av

Crete

Cyprus

Lesbos

Chios

Naxos

Euboea

Rhodes

Lemnos

Samos

SRB

BHR

MKD

UZB

AZE

Iran

Egypt

KazakhstanRussianFederat ion

Iraq

Romania

Greece

Syr ia

Jordan

LebanonCyprus

Bulgaria

Kuwait

Georgia

A zerbai jan

Gaza

WestBank

Qatar

South Ossetia

Abkhazia

Nagorno-Karabakh

Golan

Northern Cyprus

5959

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

5959 59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

5959

59

59

59 59

59

5959

5959

59

59

60

6060

6060

60

60

60

60

60

60

58

58

58

52

52

5252

52

53

53

53

53

53

53

53 53

53

5353

53

53

53

53

61

61

61

61

61

51

51

55

55

5555

59/52

59/52

59/52 59/52

59/52

59/52

59/52

59/54

59/5459/54

59/54

59/54

59/60

59/60

59/60

59/60

59/6059/60

59/60

59/60

59/60

40° 50° 55°45°35°25° 30°

30°

35°

40°

45°

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Re d S

e a

Saudi ArabiaLibya

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Israel

Armenia

50

Religious groups: Iraq

23

Dumyat

Ammochostos

Darnah

Marzuq

Al Jawf

Rodos

Al Karak

Manbij

Birak

Madinat ath-Thawra

Zahle

MahdiaSdid Bouzid

Jendouba

Shahhat

Nabatiye et Tahta

Kilis

Tataouine

Al MarjAs-Suwayda

Karaman

Medenine

Abu KamalGafsa

Nalut

Beja

Zarzis

El Kharga Isna

Ma'an

Al Mafraq

Matruh

Zuwarah

Al-Hasakah

Burdur

Ghat

Mugla

Al Wajh

Monastir

Siliana

Kasserine Kyrenia

Kebili

Bani Walid

Eregli

Gharyan

Palmyra/Tadmur

Soke

El Kef

Dawmat al Jandal

Tozeur

Kom Ombo

Siwa

Rashid

Beni Mazar

At Tafilah

Al-Mayadin

Çesme

Masyaf

Al Bada'i`

Az Zuwaytinah

Tayma'

Silifke

Kozan

Anamur

Sidi Barrani

PazarcikBeysehir

Dinar

Qus

Bor

Al Qusayr

Bodrum

Awbari

Aksehir

ErdemliFethiye

Sharm ash Shaykh

Çumra

Manavgat Ayn al-Arab (Kobane)

King AbdullahEconomic City

Idfu

Göksun

Al Jumum

Gölbasi

Naj` Hammadi

Tukrah

Souk Ahras

Guelma

Ismailia

Trablous

Jijel

Antakya

Douma

Misratah

Biskra

IrbidAz Zawiyah

Tartus

Constantine

Asyut

Nabeul

El Faiyum

Yanbu al Bahr

ZagazigShibin el Kom

Girga

El Minya

Beni Suef

Sfax

Sabha

Mallawi

Tebessa

Tarsus

Damanhur

AdiyamanDenizli

Sousse

Nigde

Oum el Bouaghi

Tanta

El Oued

Tubruq

Surt

Batna

Ajdabiya

Kahramanmaras

Idlib

Aqaba

Isparta

Skikda

Latakia

Aydin

Deraa

L'Ariana

Deir ez-Zor

Ar-Raqqa

Al Khums

Qairouan

Gabes

Annaba

Aswan

El Arish

Bizerte

Kafr el Sheikh

Benha

Sohag

Hurghada

Qena

Sanliurfa

IskenderunSamandagi

Saida

Samalut

Turgutlu

As-Safira

Rafah

AlanyaKiziltepe

Viransehir

SiverekNazilli

Ceyhan

Tarhunah

Osmaniye

Zlitan

El Eulma

Sabratah

Soûr

Houmt Souk Ba`albek

Hulwan

BarikaKhenchela

Aksaray

Aïn Beïda

El Mansura

Antalya

Bur Said

Banghazi

Icel

Diyarbakir

Suez

Gaziantep

Luxor

Zarqa

Konya

HomsHama

Tabuk

MakkahJeddah

Medina

Adana

Alexandria

Aleppo

El GizaShubra al Khaymah

NICOSIA

BEIRUT

CAIRO

DAMASCUS

AMMAN

TRIPOLI

TUNIS

Nile

Lake Nasser R e d Se a

Gulf of Gabès

Sea o f S ic i ly

Gulf of Sidra

L ibyan Sea

Levant ine Sea

Gulf of Antalya

Sea o f Cre te

Ion ian Sea

MyrtoanSea

IcarianSea

Lake Assad

Dead Sea

Gulf of Suez Gul

f of A

qaba

Byk Mendere s

Ceyh

an

Crete

Sicily

Cyprus

Chios

Naxos

Rhodes

Kefalonia

Djerba

Samos

Zakynthos

Kerkenna

Lampedusa

EgyptLibya

Niger SudanChad

I taly

Tunisia

Greece

Syr ia

Jordan

LebanonCyprus

Malta

Gaza

WestBank

Golan

Northern Cyprus

Halaib Triangle

Bir Tawil

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

5959

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

59

5959 59

59

59

60

60

58

58

58

57

57

57

52

52

53

53

53 53

51

51

55

55

5555

59/52

59/52 59/52

59/54

59/5459/54

59/54

59/54

59/54

59/54

59/60

59/60

59/60

Tropic of Cancer

10° 15° 25° 35°

20°

25°

30°

35°

20° 30°

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Alger ia

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

Turkey

Religious groups Middle East 1

BOUNDARIESinternational borderinternational maritime border (notional)disputed border

WATERSlakestream, river

NAMES AND MUNICIPAL REPRESENTATIONcountrydisputed territorycapitalsettlement more than 5 million inhabitantssettlement 1 million to 5 million inhabitantssettlement 500 000 to 1 million inhabitantssettlement 100 000 to 500 000 inhabitantssettlement 20 000 to 100 000 inhabitantsislandwaters

LEGEND

Tamanrasset

Alanya

SuezKaraj

TUNISGolan

Er i t rea

Lampedusa

Lake Van

Istanbul

0 100 400 km200 300

SCALE 1 : 10 000 000

PROJECTIONRobinson, WGS84

RELIGIOUS GROUPSSunni MuslimsTwelver Shia MuslimsSunni Muslims and Twelver Shia MuslimsAlevisSunni Muslims and AlevisAlawitesIsmailisDruzeChristiansYezidis/Kaka‘i/Yarsani/Ahl-e HaqqSunni Muslims and Copts

5960

59/6052

59/525158

555361

59/54

This map only illustrates the main areas of settlement of religious and sectarian groups. There may be minority groups that are not depicted (e.g. Jews, Bahai, Hindus). Especially in urban centers the population is very heterogeneous and cannot be shown on this type of map. For further information regarding methodology and country information see: http://www.ecoi.net/atlas_mena_sources.pdf. Christians are depicted as one group regardless of their ethnic origin (except Copts in Egypt). Due to its complexity and relative size on this map, the religious map of Lebanon is presented in a simplified form. Regarding Iraq, this map shows the main settlement areas before spring 2014. Regarding Syria, it shows main settlement areas before March 2011. Due to the subsequent armed conflicts the Syrian and Iraqi societies have been partly subjected to significant changes.

51

Yozgat

Rafha

Cankiri

Dumyat

Bitlis

Ammochostos

Artvin

Sinop

Darnah

Kastamonu

Rodos

Al Karak

Manbij

Bilecik

Madinat ath-Thawra

Zahle

Luleburgaz

Kars

Shahhat

Nabatiye et Tahta

Kilis

As-Suwayda

Karaman

Abu Kamal

Al-Musayyib

Bijar

Mus

Agri

El Kharga Isna

Amasya

Ma'an

Al Mafraq

Tunceli

Ash-ShatraMatruh

Polatli

Bingol

Tatvan

Tikrit

Nevsehir

Al-Hasakah

BurdurMugla

Al Wajh

Kirklareli

Mardin

Kyrenia

Eregli

Palmyra/Tadmur

Canakkale

Soke

Dawmat al Jandal

Siwa

Rashid

Beni Mazar

At Tafilah

Al-MayadinDehgolan

Az Zilfi

Çesme

Masyaf

Al Bada'i`

Igdir

Ash-Shirqat

Qa'emiyeh

Darab

Bartin

Tayma'

Silifke

Ramsar Bandar-e Torkaman

Al Faw

Tosya

Kozan

Shahr-e Babak

Keskin

Anamur

Sirnak

Aliaga

Abarkuh

Sidi Barrani

NurabadHendijan

Pazarcik

Tafresh

Hakkâri

Sonqor

PatnosAyvalik

Borazjan

Dogubeyazit

Bandar-e Lengeh

SardrudBeysehir

SardashtDamghan

Ramhormoz

Meybod

Dinar

Oltu

Mobarakeh

Fuman

Lar

Takab

Tuz Khurmatu

Evaz

Piranshahr

Qus

Bor

Beypazari

Al Qusayr

Sereflikoçhisar

Bodrum

Bandar-e Kangan

Susehri

Bandar-e Ganaveh

Ercis

Badreh

Abqaiq

Susangerd

Biga

Emirdag

`Ajab Shir

Dehloran

Garmsar

Aksehir

Chalus

Mianeh

Bayburt

Develi

Khvormuj

Golpayegan

Marivan

Safashahr

Hadishahr

Asharat

Borujen

Na`in

Talesh

Tajrish

Osmancik

Firuzabad

Yerköy

Sarab

Tavsanli

Erdemli

Oshnaviyeh

Takestan

Fethiye

Sharm ash Shaykh

A