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Transcript of 1 Automated Demand Response Strategies and Commissioning Commercial Building Controls Mary Ann...
1
Automated Demand Response Strategies and Commissioning Commercial Building Controls
Mary Ann PietteLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
California Commissioning CollaborativeJuly 10, 2006
Sponsored by U.S. DOE, California Energy Commission (Demand Response Research Center),
San Diego Gas and Electric Company,and Pacific Gas and Electric Company
2
Presentation Objectives
• Introduction to Demand Response• Building Design and Operations Framework• Building Commissioning and DR• Encourage Discussion linking DR and Cx• Collaboration Opportunities with the CCC
3
Objectives and Background• Objectives
• Develop DR communications infrastructure, demand response control strategies, and assessment of field tests.
• Evaluate role of commissioning in execution of strategies• Improve understanding linking demand response and
energy efficiency• Definition of Demand Response
• Short-term modifications in customer electric use in response to dynamic price or reliability information.
• Relevance• Electric systems more vulnerable to outages with age,
load factors decreasing, T&D and new capacity investments reduced, real time pricing promoted.
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Building Design and Operations Framework
Efficiency andConservation
(Daily)
Peak LoadManagement
(Daily)
DemandResponse(Dynamic
Event Driven)
Motivation- Environmental
Protection- Utility Bill Savings
- TOU Savings- Peak Demand
Charge savings- Grid Protection
- Economic- Reliability
- Emergency- Grid Protection
Design- Efficient Shell,
Equipment & Systems
Low Power DesignDynamicControl
Capability*
Operations- Integrated System
Operations
Demand -Limiting and
Shifting
Demand -Limiting,
Shifting, orShedding
Initiation Local Local Remote
*Prefer closed loop strategies, granular control
5
Results on Automated-DR• Established capabilities of
current controls and communications with EMCS and XML
• Demonstrated initial design of signaling infrastructure and system capability
• Demonstrated large sheds can take place without complaints
• Demonstrated range of strategies to produce sheds and capabilities needed
• Average reduction 10% among 22 buildings, up to 50%
Aggregated Demand Saving, Sept 8th
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ma
nd
[k
W]
Albertsons B of A (B) OFB Roche USCB Total Savings Baseline
0%
10%
20%
30%
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50%
60%
Ech
elon
UC
SB
OFB
50 D
ougl
as
AC
WD
2530
Arn
old
Gile
ad 3
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Roc
he
US
PS
Gile
ad 3
57
Tar
get
Cal
EP
A
IKE
A
Cha
bot
Alb
erts
ons
Ora
cle
300C
Mal
l
B o
f A
NA
RA
CIS
CO
OS
Isof
t
450G
G
Ave
rage
Dem
and S
avin
g W
BP
%Site Average
Total Average10.3%
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Automating Demand Response
1. PG&E defines price schedule
2. Price published on LBNL XML (eXtensible Markup Language) server
3. Clients request price from server every minute & send shed commands
4. EMCS carries out shed automatically
Internet andPrivate WANs
= Price Client= Pilot site= Price Server
= Development Site
Polling Client &IP-Relay Software
Internet& private WANsLBNL
Price Scheduler
1
2 3
Electric Loads
CC C
EMCSProtocol
3
Gateway
Price Server
Test SitesC = EMCS Controllers
Electric Loads
CC C
EMCS Protocol
C
IP-Relay
Infotility
PollingClient
4 4
2003 test was Gateway only2004 was Gateway or Relay2005 both
Akuacom & Infotility
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Critical Peak Pricing(PG&E Example)
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Ele
ctri
city
Pri
ce [
$/k
Wh
]
Normal TOU Non-CPP Day CPP Day
Off-Peak Part-Peak On-Peak Pa rt-Pe ak Off-
Modera tePrice
High Price
P art-P eak x 3
On-Peak x 5
8
Global Temperature Adjustment• Demonstrated large sheds in existing DDC EMCS
with minimal to no occupant issues • Comply with comfort standards• Oakland Federal Building, Sept. 8 2004
• Average of ~800 kW, 0.8 W/ft2 > 20% shed for 3 hrs. with two-step set point increase 72 F to 78 F
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Who
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uild
ing
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er [k
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er In
tens
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/ft2]
Actual Baseline
ASHRAE 55-2004
Time Period2 ºF -15 min.3 ºF - 30 min.
4 ºF - 1 hr5 ºF - 2 hr6 ºF - 4 hr
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• Alameda Count
2530 Arnold: Sep-22
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Wh
ole
Bu
ldin
g P
ow
er [
kW]
Actual LBNL Baseline CPP Baseline
IKEA: Oct-13
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ldin
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ow
er [
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Actual LBNL Baseline CPP Baseline
Sample Automated CPP Response
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Strategies at 32 DR Sites
CA-2003
CA-2004
CA-2005
NY
Glo
bal t
emp.
adj
ustm
ent
Fan-
coil
unit
off
SAT
res
et
Fan
VFD
lim
it
Duc
t sta
tic p
res.
res
et
Fan
quan
tity
redu
ctio
n
Ele
ctri
c hu
mid
ifie
r of
f
CH
W te
mp.
res
et
CH
W c
urre
nt li
mit
Chi
ller
dem
and
limit
Boi
ler
lock
out
Pre-
cool
ing
Ext
ende
d sh
ed p
erio
d
Slow
rec
over
y
Com
mon
are
a lig
ht d
im
Off
ice
area
ligh
t dim
Ele
vato
r cy
clin
g
Ant
i-sw
eat h
eate
r sh
ed
Foun
tain
pum
p of
f
Tra
nsfe
r pu
mp
off
Roc
k cr
ashe
rs o
ff
300 CapMall Office ● X X X X XACWD Office ● X X X X X X XAlbertsons Supermarket ● X XB of A Office ● ● ● X X X X XChabot Museum Museum ● X XCal EPA Office ● X X XCETC Office ● X XCisco Office/Data ● X X X X X2530 Arnold Office ● ● X X50 Douglas Office ● ● X XEchelon Office ● ● X X X X X XGSA 450 GG Office ● XGSA NARA Archives ● XGSA Oakland Office ● ● XGilead 300 Office/Lab ● XGilead 342 Office/Lab ● X XGilead 357 Office/Lab ● X XHome Depot Retail ● XIrvington High School ● X XIKEA Retail ● XKadent Industry ● XLafarge Industry ● XLBNL OSF Office/Data ● X XMonterey Office ● XNY Times Office ● X X X X X XOracle Office ● X XOSIsoft Office ● XRoche Office/Cafeteria ● ● XRockefeller Center Office ● X X XTarget Retail ● X XUCSB Library Library ● ● X X XUSPS Postal ● ● X X
Participation HVAC Light, Misc.
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• Developed DR Control Categorization Framework
• Evaluated 32 Sites• Most successful strategy -
• Direct digital control global temperature adjustment
• In process for Title 24 2008• Closed loop
• Lighting Strategies - Zone Switching, Fixture Switching, Lamp Switching, Stepped Dimming, Continuous Dimming
• Need to link to Retro-Commissioning
Desire to tryDR
Global temp.adjustment
DDC zonecontrol?
Y N
Global temp.Adjustmentcapability?
Y N
Central plantcontrol
Airdistribution
control
Air distributionSystem DDC?
Y N
Can program GTA?
Y N Central plantDDC?
Y N
Do not try DRat this time
Desire to tryDR
Global temp.adjustment
DDC zonecontrol?
Y NDDC zonecontrol?
Y N
Global temp.Adjustmentcapability?
Y NGlobal temp.Adjustmentcapability?
Y N
Central plantcontrol
Airdistribution
control
Air distributionSystem DDC?
Y NAir distributionSystem DDC?
Y N
Can program GTA?
Y NCan program GTA?
Y N Central plantDDC?
Y NCentral plantDDC?
Y N
Do not try DRat this time
DR Control Strategy Categorization
Global Temperature Adjustment Thermal Mass Storage
Zone control
Reheat Loackout Duct Static Pressure Reset Fan VFD Limit Supply Air Temp Reset Fan Quantity Reduction
Air distribution
Cooling Valve Limit Chilled Water Temp Reset Chiller Demand Limit
Central plant
Chiller Quantity Reduction Recovery Slow Recovery Strategies
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Links to Commissioning• Common question : If I can use a
strategy for demand response, why not use it all the time?
• Answer: Maybe you can!• Cx findings from Auto-DR buildings
• Air balancing• Duct static pressure reset• Zone temp reset• Night time fans left on
Continuum from energy efficiency, load management and demand response
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Advanced Control Strategies:Shifting Demand with Pre-Cooling
Chabot Space and Science Museum
Single duct VAV/CAV systems
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Chabot Museum Demand Shift Chabot: Whole Building Power, Sept 29
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00
Whole Building Power [kW]
Actual Baseline
75 kW shed
• Pre-cooled at 68 oF from midnight to 5am, • 70 oF from 5 am to 12 pm. • After 2 pm, temperature was gradually raised to 76 oF
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Dynamic Zone Temperature Strategies (Chabot)
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Tem
p (
oF
)
current prclg+linear set up
prclg + agg linear set up ext prclg + exp set upNo prclg + linear set up
unoccupied hours occupied hours unoccupied
floating
floating
floatingfloating
floating
zonal reset
precooling
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New York Times Building
• Technology designed for efficiency simulated to develop DR strategies
• Efficient features: Integrated movable, shading & dimming, Under floor air systems
• Commissioning in mockup• Demand Response Strategies
• Dimming lights beyond daylighting, reset zone temperatures (gradient), reduce perimeter fan speed, raise supply air temperature
Predicted Annual Savings from 400 kW Shed
Program Predicted Annual Savings*
Independent Capacity Program $17,632.00 Emergency DR Program $1,440.00 Distribution Load Relief Program $1,600.00
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Future Control Systems: DR Modes in Control Architecture
• Orchestrate modes using schedules, signals, optimization algorithms:
• Occupied/Unoccupied• Maintenance/Cleaning• Warm up/Cool down• Night purge/Precooling• Low power DR mode
• Intelligence needed for decision making• Customized, simple and transparent interface• Financial feedback systems need to present
operational value• Similar capability for DOE’s Zero Energy Buildings• Embed DR Communications from EIS to EMCS
KWH
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Collaborating with the CCC• Identify sites for PG&E Automated CPP
Project• Pursue commissioned sites• Pursue sites interested in Retro-Cx
• Provide review on DR Strategies Guide• Incorporate Manual or Automated DR in Cx
programs• Define DR modes and Cx modes in new
construction
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Summary• DR capabilities improve with advanced controls that simultaneously support efficiency and
require good commissioning
• Field tests show DR potential 5-10% in most buildings with EMCS, yet limited knowledge of DR strategies: automation appears feasible with many existing systems.
• Need for Commissioning• Need DR control strategy commissioning tests• Need combined Retro-Commissioning DR Strategy Procedures
• DR is not driver, high performing buildings are:• Low energy costs, well-commissioned, low maintenance costs• Key is advanced controls, feedback systems, integrated performance
More information: [email protected]