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Transcript of 1 Activity-Based Management CHAPTER 3 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be...
1
Activity-Based Management
CHAPTER 3
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
PowerPointPowerPoint Presentation by Presentation by
LuAnn BeanLuAnn BeanProfessor of AccountingProfessor of AccountingFlorida Institute of TechnologyFlorida Institute of Technology
Managerial Accounting 11E
Maher/Stickney/Weil
2
CHAPTER GOAL
This chapter shows how ABC and ABM rest on the premise that: Products require activities and activities consume resources. For products to be competitive, managers must knowActivities for producing goods, servicesCost of activities
ABC analyses ways to allocate indirect costs while ABM uses analysis to manage costs.
☼ ☼
3
How do ABC and ABM work?
ABC provides information about profitability in mix of activities, products
ABM encourages managers to use information to become low-cost producer or seller.
LO 1
4
ABM ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
Chart, start to finish, activities used to complete product or service
Classify activities as value-added or non-value-added
Eliminate non-value-added activitiesContinuously improve, reevaluate efficiency
of value-added activities or replace with more efficient activities
LO 1
5
Research and Development
Design Production Marketing Distribution Customer Service
Organization Strategy and Administration
Customer
Value Chain
EX
HIB
ITE
XH
IBIT
3.13.1
LO 1
6
Research and Development
Design Production Marketing Distribution Customer Service
Organization Strategy and Administration
Customer
ABM analyses and evaluates every
step of the Value Chain.
ABM analyses and evaluates every
step of the Value Chain.
Value Chain
EX
HIB
ITE
XH
IBIT
3.1
& 3
.23.
1 &
3.2
LO 1
7
NON-VALUE-ADDED COSTS: Definition
NON-VALUE-ADDED COSTS: Definition
Are costs of activities that the company can eliminate without reducing product
quality, performance, or value.
LO 1
8
Research and Development
Design Production Marketing Distribution Customer Service
Organization Strategy and Administration
Customer
ABM analyses and evaluates every
step of the Value Chain.
ABM analyses and evaluates every
step of the Value Chain.
Value Chain
EX
HIB
ITE
XH
IBIT
3.1
& 3
.23.
1 &
3.2
LO 1
Eliminate
9
ABC ANALYSIS
Potential candidates for elimination because they do not add value areStorageMoving: parts, materials, etc. around the factory
floorIdle timeOther production process components
LO 1
10
EXAMPLE
You and a friend go to dinner. You order tea ($2.50) and a salad ($8.00). Your friend orders appetizer, expensive entree, and dessert. The total bill is $60. Traditional cost allocation leads to splitting the bill, $30 apiece.
What does activity analysis suggest each of you should pay?
LO 2
YOU: $ 10.50 + tax & tip
FRIEND: $49.50 + tax & tip
11
ABC COST-BENEFIT
Applying ABC has a cost of information gathering. Managers must take cost-benefit into account. Managers reject activity analysis, staying with traditional
methods that are simpler.Smaller companies don’t need sophisticated information systems
Managers use ABC because information helps them be competitiveComplex organizations facing heavy competition use ABC
Managers use ABC in special circumstances
LO 2
12
COST POOLS
Three major types of cost pools:The “plant” (traditional)
Sets one indirect cost allocation rate plantwide
The department (traditional)Sets indirect cost allocation rates for each department
The activity center (ABC)Determines cost pool for each activity
LO 2
13
ABC STEPS TO FOLLOW
Accountants required to follow four steps:1. Identify activities that consume resources; assign
costs to those activities. Example: purchasing materials
2. Identify cost drivers for each activity.Cost driver for purchasing materials: # of orders
3. Compute a cost rate per cost driver unit.Cost per order
4. Assign costs to products.(Cost per order) X (number of purchase orders)
LO 4
14
COST DRIVER: DefinitionCOST DRIVER: Definition
Is a factor that causes, “drives,” an activity’s
costs.
LO 4
15
EXAMPLE: Cost Drivers
LO 4
Machine hours
Computer time
Labor hours, cost
Items produced, sold
Pounds of material handled
Clients served
Pages typed
Flight hours
Machine setups
Number of surgeries
Purchase orders
Scrap/rework orders
Quality inspections
Hours of testing time
# of parts in product
# of different clients
Miles driven
Which cost drivers listed below would a law firm use?
EX
HIB
ITE
XH
IBIT
3.33.3
16
EXAMPLE: Cost Drivers
LO 4
Machine hours
Computer time
Labor hours, cost
Items produced, sold
Pounds of material handled
Clients served
Pages typed
Flight hours
Machine setups
Number of surgeries
Purchase orders
Scrap/rework orders
Quality inspections
Hours of testing time
# of parts in product
# of different clients
Miles driven
Which cost drivers listed below would a law firm use?
EX
HIB
ITE
XH
IBIT
3.33.3
17
How do managers decide which cost driver to use?
Typically, managers choose a cost driver that causes the
cost.
LO 4
18
COST RATE EQUATION
LO 4
Predetermined indirect cost rate =
Estimated Indirect Cost
÷ Estimated Volume of Allocation Base
19
EXAMPLE: Traditional Costing
LO 4
Ciudad Juarez factory makes 2 products: mountain bikes and racing bikes. 1,000 mountain bikes and 200 racing bikes will be produced. Direct materials include
Frames: $100 per mountain bikes and $200 per racing bike
Direct labor: $30 per mountain bike and $60 per racing bike
Overhead, allocated at 5 times direct labor
What would be the cost of each bike under traditional costing?
Continued
20
EXAMPLE: Traditional Costing
LO 4
Continued
Mountain Bikes Racing Bikes
Direct materials $100 $200
Direct Labor 30 60
Manufacturing overhead1,2 150 300
Total cost per bike $280 $560
1 5 * DL
2 ($150 * 1,000 + $300 * 200) = $210,000
21
EXAMPLE: ABC Costing
LO 4
Ciudad Juarez factory makes 2 products: mountain bikes and racing bikes. 1,000 mountain bikes and 200 racing bikes will be produced. Direct materials include
Frames: $100 per mountain bikes and $200 per racing bike
Direct labor: $30 per mountain bike and $60 per racing bike
Overhead, allocated by activity costs
What would be the cost of each bike under ABC costing?
Continued
22
EXAMPLE: ABC Costing
LO 4
Activity Rate Cost driver units
Cost Allocated
Cost driver units
Cost Allocated
Purchasing $20/frame 1,000 frames $ 20,000 1,000 frames $ 4,000
Setups $2,000/setup 13 setups 26,000 13 setups 60,000
Inspections $100/inspect hr 200 hours 20,000 200 hours 20,000
Running machines
$30/hour 1,500 hrs 45,000 1,500 hrs 15,000
Total $111,000 $99,000
Mountain Bike Racing Bike
Mountain Bike = $111,000 / 1,000 = $111
Racing Bike = $99,000 / 200 = $495 EXHIBITEXHIBIT 3.53.5
23
COST HIERARCHY: DefinitionCOST HIERARCHY: Definition
Categorizes costs so changes in one cost can be examined for its effects on
other cost categories.
LO 6
24
Activity Category Example
Capacity Size limitations Aircraft depreciation
Customer Needs Special promotions
Product Production needs Route schedules
Batch Batch Fuel, baggage handling
Unit Variable costs Credit card fees
EXAMPLE: Hierarchy of Costs
LO 6
25
RESOURCES USED: DefinitionRESOURCES USED: Definition
Are measured by ABC.
LO 7
26
UNUSED RESOURCES
Knowing the difference between resources used and supplied helps managers to identify unused capacity. Finding unused capacity helps managers reduce or use it.
Knowing the difference between resources used and supplied helps managers to identify unused capacity. Finding unused capacity helps managers reduce or use it.
LO 7
27
LO 7
Imprinting a hierarchy of costs
on ABM statements helps managers understand what
costs can be reduced or better used.
Imprinting a hierarchy of costs
on ABM statements helps managers understand what
costs can be reduced or better used.
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 3.93.9
Capacity-sustaining costs will have
unused resources unless operating at
full capacity.
Capacity-sustaining costs will have
unused resources unless operating at
full capacity.
28
End of CHAPTER 3