MID 10

Sepsis SyndromeSepsis Syndrome

David H. Chong M.D.David H. Chong M.D.Medical Director of Critical CareMedical Director of Critical CareBellevue HospitalBellevue HospitalNYU School of MedicineNYU School of MedicineSeptember 21, 2007September 21, 2007

Dr. Glenda Garvey

CaseCase

45 45 yoyo male Microbiology Course director with no male Microbiology Course director with no sign prior medical history comes in cough, sign prior medical history comes in cough, shortness of breath, and chills for 5 daysshortness of breath, and chills for 5 daysHe is febrile to 103 and with RR of 35He is febrile to 103 and with RR of 35--40, HR of 40, HR of 115, and a BP of 85/60115, and a BP of 85/60On Exam he has diffuse coarse right sided crackles On Exam he has diffuse coarse right sided crackles with mild diffuse with mild diffuse rhonchirhonchiHe is a little confused (He believes his name is He is a little confused (He believes his name is Barack Obama and is the presumptive Democratic Barack Obama and is the presumptive Democratic nominee for president) and flushed with warm nominee for president) and flushed with warm extremitiesextremitiesHis CXR shows dense, right sided, multiHis CXR shows dense, right sided, multi--lobar lobar infiltratesinfiltrates

LabsLabs

His ABG is 7.49/31/105 on 100% His ABG is 7.49/31/105 on 100% OxygenOxygenWBC 25k with 25 bands, PLT 80kWBC 25k with 25 bands, PLT 80kLactate is elevated at 5, Cr. 2.5, INR 3Lactate is elevated at 5, Cr. 2.5, INR 3DD--DimerDimer is elevated 8, and fibrinogen is is elevated 8, and fibrinogen is low at 120low at 120

Assessment & ManagementAssessment & Management

Diagnosis?Diagnosis?Differential?Differential?Therapy?Therapy?Complications?Complications?Outcome?Outcome?

MID 10

Sepsis SyndromeSepsis Syndrome

DefinitionsDefinitionsPathophysiologyPathophysiologyClinical ManifestationsClinical ManifestationsTherapyTherapy

ACCP/SCCM Consensus ACCP/SCCM Consensus DefinitionsDefinitionsInfectionInfection–– Inflammatory response to Inflammatory response to

microorganisms, ormicroorganisms, or–– Invasion of normally sterile Invasion of normally sterile

tissuestissues

Systemic Inflammatory Response Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)Syndrome (SIRS)–– T >38T >38oo C (100.4) or <36C (100.4) or <36ooC C

(96.8)(96.8)–– HR >90 HR >90 –– RR >20 or pCORR >20 or pCO22 <32mm Hg<32mm Hg–– WBC >12K or <4K or >10% WBC >12K or <4K or >10%

BandsBands

SepsisSepsis–– Infection plusInfection plus–– ≥≥2 SIRS criteria2 SIRS criteria

Severe SepsisSevere Sepsis–– SepsisSepsis–– Organ dysfunctionOrgan dysfunction

HypoperfusionHypoperfusion–– Lactic acidosisLactic acidosis–– OliguriaOliguria–– Altered mental statusAltered mental status

Septic shockSeptic shock–– Severe SepsisSevere Sepsis–– Hypotension despite fluid Hypotension despite fluid

resuscitationresuscitationBP <90 or SBP decrease >40 BP <90 or SBP decrease >40 mmHgmmHg

–– InotropicInotropic or or vasopressorvasopressor agentsagents

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)Syndrome (MODS)–– Altered organ function in an Altered organ function in an

acutely ill patientacutely ill patient–– Homeostasis cannot be Homeostasis cannot be

maintained without interventionmaintained without interventionBone RC et al. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55.

Sepsis SyndromeSepsis Syndrome

DefinitionsDefinitionsPathophysiologyPathophysiologyClinical ManifestationsClinical ManifestationsTherapyTherapy

Lewis ThomasLewis Thomas

“the microorganisms that seem to have it in for us . . . turn out . . . to be rather more like bystanders. . . . It is our response to their presence that makes the disease. Our arsenals for fighting off bacteria are so powerful . . . that we are more in danger from them than the invaders.”

Germs NEJM 1972;287:553-5

MID 10

Determinants of the Determinants of the Sepsis SyndromeSepsis Syndrome

Virulence of the organismVirulence of the organismInoculumInoculum of the organismof the organismSite of InfectionSite of InfectionHost responseHost response–– InflammatoryInflammatory–– AntiAnti--inflammatoryinflammatory–– ““BalanceBalance””Genetic factorsGenetic factors–– SusceptibilitySusceptibility–– RegulationRegulation

OrganismsOrganismsDirect InvasionDirect Invasion–– BacteriaBacteria

AerobesAerobes–– Gram negative rodsGram negative rods

EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae--like like KlebsiellaKlebsiella, , SerratiaSerratiaPseudomonasPseudomonas

–– Gram positive Gram positive coccicocciStreptococcus, StaphylococcusStreptococcus, Staphylococcus

–– Gram negative Gram negative coccicocciNeisseriaNeisseria MeningitidisMeningitidis

–– Upper BacteriaUpper BacteriaMycobacteria tuberculosisMycobacteria tuberculosis

–– VirusesVirusesFlavivirusFlavivirusCoronaviridaeCoronaviridae

–– RickettsiaRickettsiaRickettsia Rickettsia

–– FungiFungiCandidaCandidaHistoplasmaHistoplasmaAspergillusAspergillus

IntoxicationIntoxication

MID 10

Systemic Activation of Systemic Activation of Inflammation in SepsisInflammation in Sepsis

Chart adapted from: van Deventer SJ et al. Blood. 1990;76:2520-6.

Inflammation is Activated in Sepsis14

12

10

8

6

4

2

00 60 120 180 240 300 360

Minutes After LPS Infusion

Endo

toxi

n(n

g/L)

TNF

(ng/

L)

I

L-6

(U/m

L)

LPS LPS ““EndotoxinEndotoxin”” InteractionInteraction

Growth phases of the bacteriaGrowth phases of the bacteriaCell Cell lysislysis by host clearance mechanismsby host clearance mechanisms–– Complement fixationComplement fixation–– Antibiotic actionAntibiotic actionDirect interaction with host tissueDirect interaction with host tissueSimilar mechanism for gram positive Similar mechanism for gram positive organismsorganisms–– PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan layerlayer–– NonNon--peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan polymerspolymers

TeichoicTeichoic acidsacids–– TNF and IL1TNF and IL1

““ExotoxinsExotoxins””

Toxic shock syndrome toxinsToxic shock syndrome toxins–– Strains of S. Strains of S. AureusAureus–– Group A Strep. (S. Group A Strep. (S. PyogenesPyogenes))SuperantigensSuperantigens–– Unconventional bindingUnconventional binding

Antigen presenting cellsAntigen presenting cells–– ““outsideoutside”” the antigen presenting groove of the MHC II the antigen presenting groove of the MHC II

molecule of the macrophagemolecule of the macrophageT LymphocytesT Lymphocytes

–– Bind uniquely to specific family of T lymphocytes with Bind uniquely to specific family of T lymphocytes with identical V beta regions of the Tidentical V beta regions of the T--cell receptor (for cell receptor (for example V Betaexample V Beta11))

–– Small amounts resulting in a large TSmall amounts resulting in a large T--cell and cell and cytokine responsecytokine response

PathophysiologyPathophysiology of Sepsisof Sepsis

LPS initiates the stereotypic inflammatory responseLPS initiates the stereotypic inflammatory responseInitial targets are the macrophage and vascular Initial targets are the macrophage and vascular endothelial cellendothelial cellEndothelial cellEndothelial cell–– LPSLPS--sCDsCD1414 complex receptorcomplex receptor

MacrophageMacrophage–– LPSLPS--LPS binding protein CD14 receptorLPS binding protein CD14 receptor

Another Another transmembranetransmembrane signaling of inflammation signaling of inflammation is TLRis TLR–– TLR4 for gram neg. bacteriaTLR4 for gram neg. bacteria–– TLR2 for gram positiveTLR2 for gram positive

Translocation of Translocation of NFkBNFkBTranscription of TNFTranscription of TNF

MID 10

MID 10

SHOCK SYNDROMESSHOCK SYNDROMESHypovolemic or OligemicHypovolemic or OligemicCardiogenicCardiogenicVascular ObstruciveVascular ObstruciveDistributive or VasodilatoryDistributive or Vasodilatory

Mechanisms of Mechanisms of VasodilatoryVasodilatory ShockShock

Activation of ATPActivation of ATP--sensitive K channelssensitive K channelsActivation of the inducible form of NO Activation of the inducible form of NO synthasesynthaseDeficiency of vasopressinDeficiency of vasopressin

MID 10

Sepsis SyndromeSepsis Syndrome

DefinitionsDefinitionsPathophysiologyPathophysiologyClinical ManifestationsClinical ManifestationsTherapyTherapy

ACCP/SCCM Consensus ACCP/SCCM Consensus DefinitionsDefinitionsInfectionInfection–– Inflammatory response to Inflammatory response to

microorganisms, ormicroorganisms, or–– Invasion of normally sterile Invasion of normally sterile

tissuestissues

Systemic Inflammatory Response Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)Syndrome (SIRS)–– T >38T >38oo or <36or <36ooCC–– HR >90 HR >90 –– RR >20 or pCORR >20 or pCO22 <32mm Hg<32mm Hg–– WBC >12K or <4K or >10% WBC >12K or <4K or >10%

BandsBands

SepsisSepsis–– Infection plusInfection plus–– ≥≥2 SIRS criteria2 SIRS criteria

Severe SepsisSevere Sepsis–– SepsisSepsis–– Organ dysfunctionOrgan dysfunction

HypoperfusionHypoperfusion–– Lactic acidosisLactic acidosis–– OliguriaOliguria–– Altered mental statusAltered mental status

Septic shockSeptic shock–– Severe SepsisSevere Sepsis–– Hypotension despite fluid Hypotension despite fluid

resuscitationresuscitationBP <90 or SBP decrease >40 BP <90 or SBP decrease >40 mmHgmmHg

–– InotropicInotropic or or vasopressorvasopressor agentsagents

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)Syndrome (MODS)–– Altered organ function in an Altered organ function in an

acutely ill patientacutely ill patient–– Homeostasis cannot be Homeostasis cannot be

maintained without interventionmaintained without interventionBone RC et al. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55.

Sepsis: A Complex Sepsis: A Complex DiseaseDisease

This Venn diagram This Venn diagram provides a conceptual provides a conceptual framework to view framework to view the relationships the relationships between various between various components components of sepsis.of sepsis.

The inflammatory The inflammatory changes of sepsis are changes of sepsis are tightly linked to disturbed tightly linked to disturbed hemostasis.hemostasis.

Adapted from: Bone RC et al. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55.Opal SM et al. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:S81-2.

MID 10

SIRS: More Than Just a SIRS: More Than Just a Systemic Inflammatory Systemic Inflammatory ResponseResponse

SIRS: A clinical response arising SIRS: A clinical response arising from a nonspecific insult from a nonspecific insult manifested by manifested by ≥≥2 of the following:2 of the following:–– Temperature Temperature

≥≥3838°°C or C or ≤≤3636°°CC–– HR HR ≥≥90 beats/min90 beats/min–– Respirations Respirations ≥≥20/min20/min–– WBC count WBC count ≥≥12,000/12,000/μμL L or or

≤≤4,000/4,000/μμLL or >10% or >10% immature neutrophilsimmature neutrophils

Recent evidence indicates that Recent evidence indicates that hemostatic changes are also hemostatic changes are also involvedinvolved

Adapted from: Bone RC et al. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55.Opal SM et al. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:S81-2.

Sepsis: More Than Just Sepsis: More Than Just InflammationInflammation

SepsisSepsis::–– Known or Known or

suspected suspected infectioninfection

–– Two or more Two or more SIRS criteriaSIRS criteria

A significant link A significant link to disordered to disordered hemostasishemostasis

Adapted from: Bone RC et al. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55.

Severe Sepsis: Acute Organ Severe Sepsis: Acute Organ Dysfunction and Disordered Dysfunction and Disordered HemostasisHemostasis

Severe Sepsis: Severe Sepsis: Sepsis with signs of organ Sepsis with signs of organ dysfunction in dysfunction in ≥≥1 of the 1 of the following systems: following systems: –– CardiovascularCardiovascular–– RenalRenal–– RespiratoryRespiratory–– HepaticHepatic–– HemostasisHemostasis–– CNSCNS–– Unexplained metabolic Unexplained metabolic

acidosisacidosis

Adapted from: Bone RC et al. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55.

Identifying Acute Organ Identifying Acute Organ Dysfunction as a Marker of Severe Dysfunction as a Marker of Severe SepsisSepsis

TachycardiaHypotension

Jaundice↑ Enzymes↓ Albumin

↑ PT

Altered Consciousness

ConfusionPsychosis

TachypneaPaO2 <70 mm Hg

SaO2 <90%PaO2/FiO2 ≤300

OliguriaAnuria

↑ Creatinine

↓ Platelets↑ PT/APTT↓ Protein C↑ D-dimer

SHOCK SYNDROMESSHOCK SYNDROMESHypovolemic or OligemicHypovolemic or OligemicCardiogenicCardiogenicVascular ObstruciveVascular ObstruciveDistributive or VasodilatoryDistributive or Vasodilatory

MID 10

Hemodynamic ProfilesHemodynamic ProfilesPeripheralPeripheral

Cardiac OutputCardiac Output Vascular Vascular ResistanceResistance

EarlyEarly ↑↑ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↓↓

Late Late ↑↑ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↓↓((↓↓) ) ((↑↑))

EARLY PHASEEARLY PHASE

Vital SignsVital Signs–– BP Modest BP Modest ↓↓–– Temp Temp ↑↑ / / ↓↓ / / --–– RR rapidRR rapid↑↑–– Pulse Pulse ↑↑ ““boundingbounding””

Skin Skin –– warm, drywarm, dryCNS CNS –– may be altered, agitationmay be altered, agitationUrine output Urine output –– usually usually ↓↓LAB LAB DATADATA–– ABGABG

pHpH↑↑ , pCO, pCO2 2 ↓↓ , , pOpO2 2 mod mod ↓↓–– Lactic acid maybe Lactic acid maybe ↑↑–– glucose may be glucose may be ↑↑ or or ↓↓–– WBC WBC ↑↑ / / ↓↓–– ProtimeProtime prolongedprolonged–– Platelets Platelets ↓↓

LATE PHASELATE PHASEVital SignsVital Signs–– BP very BP very ↓↓ or <90or <90–– Temp Temp ↑↑ / / nlnl //↓↓–– RR RR ↑↑ / / nlnl / / ↓↓–– Pulse Pulse ↑↑ ““threadythready””

SKIN SKIN –– cold, cold, ““clammyclammy””CNS CNS –– often confusedoften confusedURINE output URINE output –– usually usually ↓↓ ↓↓LAB LAB DATADATA–– ABG ABG

pH pH ↓↓, pCO, pCO2 2 ↓↓ or or nlnl , , pOpO2 2 mod mod ↓↓–– Lactic acid Lactic acid ↑↑ ↑↑–– glucose may be glucose may be ↑↑ or or ↓↓–– WBC WBC ↑↑ / / ↓↓–– ProtimeProtime prolongedprolonged–– Platelets Platelets ↓↓

DiagnosisDiagnosis

CulturesCulturesEmpiric AntibioticsEmpiric Antibiotics–– Likely site of infection Likely site of infection ““where?where?”” (Source Control)(Source Control)–– Likely OrganismsLikely Organisms–– Specific Epidemiology from the environmentSpecific Epidemiology from the environment

AntibiogramAntibiogram

–– EarlyEarly

Clinical ResponseClinical Response

ManagementManagementVentilatoryVentilatory Support (ABCSupport (ABC’’s)s)AntibioticsAntibiotics–– EarlyEarly–– AppropriateAppropriate

ResuscitationResuscitation–– FluidFluid

CrystaloidCrystaloidColloidColloid

–– BloodBlood–– VasoactiveVasoactive agentsagents

Intensive MonitoringIntensive MonitoringAssess for causeAssess for causeModulate the host response (restore balance)Modulate the host response (restore balance)Minimize complicationsMinimize complications

Early GoalEarly Goal--Directed Therapy In The Directed Therapy In The Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic ShockTreatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Rivers et al. NEJM 2001;345:1368Rivers et al. NEJM 2001;345:1368--7777

Patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were randomly assignPatients with severe sepsis or septic shock were randomly assigned ed to get early goal directed therapy vs. standard therapy for the to get early goal directed therapy vs. standard therapy for the first 6 first 6 hours; the physicians were hours; the physicians were ““blindedblinded””EGDT and standard therapy included CVP (8EGDT and standard therapy included CVP (8--12 mmHg), MAP (>65 12 mmHg), MAP (>65 mmHg), and UO (>0.5/hr) but EGDT added ScvOmmHg), and UO (>0.5/hr) but EGDT added ScvO22 >70, >70, HctHct 30 and 30 and DBA to increase CI to achieve the saturation goalDBA to increase CI to achieve the saturation goalThere was a 16% absolute mortality reduction (46.5% vs. 30.5%)There was a 16% absolute mortality reduction (46.5% vs. 30.5%)In the EGDT group OIn the EGDT group O2 saturation was higher, lactate was lower, saturation was higher, lactate was lower, base deficit was lower, pH higher, APACHE II lower and there wasbase deficit was lower, pH higher, APACHE II lower and there wasless severe organ dysfunctionless severe organ dysfunctionThe EGDT got more fluid (3.49 vs. 4.98L), blood (18.5 vs. 64.1%)The EGDT got more fluid (3.49 vs. 4.98L), blood (18.5 vs. 64.1%),,and and DobutamineDobutamine (0.8 vs. 13.7%)(0.8 vs. 13.7%)The number needed to treat was 6The number needed to treat was 6

MID 10

ResultsResultsThe study was halted at the 2nd interim The study was halted at the 2nd interim evaleval..Reduction in the relative risk of death by Reduction in the relative risk of death by 19.4%19.4%Absolute reduction was 6.1% (30.8 vs. 24.7)Absolute reduction was 6.1% (30.8 vs. 24.7)Incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the Incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the treatment grouptreatment group3.5% vs. 2%3.5% vs. 2%The mortality difference was greatest in the The mortality difference was greatest in the sickest patients sickest patients 1 additional life saved for every 16 treated1 additional life saved for every 16 treated1 additional serious bleed for every 66 treated1 additional serious bleed for every 66 treated

EpidemiologyEpidemiologyAccounts for about 2% of admissions but 59% require Accounts for about 2% of admissions but 59% require intensive careintensive care$ 17 billion dollars in the US alone$ 17 billion dollars in the US aloneMortality is 20Mortality is 20--50%50%22ndnd leading cause of death in leading cause of death in noncoronarynoncoronary ICUICU’’ss1010thth leading cause of overall deathleading cause of overall deathMore common in men and in nonMore common in men and in non--whiteswhitesPatients are now older (57 to 60)Patients are now older (57 to 60)Incidence has increased from 1979 (164,000 cases) to Incidence has increased from 1979 (164,000 cases) to 2000 (660,000)2000 (660,000)--Annualized increase of 8.7%Annualized increase of 8.7%Deaths have increased from 43,579 to 120,491Deaths have increased from 43,579 to 120,491Gram positive organism are the predominant pathogens Gram positive organism are the predominant pathogens since 1987since 1987Mortality has decreased from 27% to 17%Mortality has decreased from 27% to 17%But only 56% go home vs. 78%But only 56% go home vs. 78%

NEJM 2003;346:1546-54

MID 10

Future DirectionsFuture Directions

Intensive Insulin Therapy?Intensive Insulin Therapy?Stress Dose Steroids?Stress Dose Steroids?New New ImmunomodulatorsImmunomodulators??New Paradigm?New Paradigm?New Process ?New Process ?

Intensive Insulin TherapyIntensive Insulin Therapy

Prospective, randomized controlled study of SICU patients on mecProspective, randomized controlled study of SICU patients on mechanical hanical ventilationventilationintensive insulin therapy: maintenance of blood glucose at a level between 80 and 110 mg per deciliterconventional treatment: infusion of insulin only if the blood glucose level exceeded 215 mg per deciliter and maintenance of glucose at a level between 180 and 200 mg per deciliter1548 patients over 12 monthsReduced mortality from 8% to 4.6%– Benefit was due to its effect on patients who stayed in the SICU >5 days (20.2% vs.

10.6%)The greatest reduction in mortality were in those patients that had MODS from a septic focusReduced In-hospital mortality by 34%– Blood stream infections by 46%– ARF requiring HD or CVVH by 41%– Median number of RBC transfusions by 50%– CIPN by 44%– Less likely to require prolong ventilation and intensive care

Van den berghe et al. NEJM 2001;345:1359-67

Intensive Insulin Therapy IIIntensive Insulin Therapy II

IntentionIntention--toto--treat analysis of 1200 patients, intensive insulin therapy treat analysis of 1200 patients, intensive insulin therapy reduced blood glucose levels but did not significantly reduce inreduced blood glucose levels but did not significantly reduce in--hospital hospital mortality (40.0 percent in the conventionalmortality (40.0 percent in the conventional--treatment group vs. 37.3 treatment group vs. 37.3 percent in the intensivepercent in the intensive--treatment group, P=0.33). treatment group, P=0.33). However, morbidity was significantly reduced by However, morbidity was significantly reduced by –– the prevention of newly acquired kidney injury, the prevention of newly acquired kidney injury, –– accelerated weaning from mechanical ventilationaccelerated weaning from mechanical ventilation–– accelerated discharge from the ICU and the hospital. accelerated discharge from the ICU and the hospital.

Length of stay >3 days in the ICU could not be predicted on admiLength of stay >3 days in the ICU could not be predicted on admission ssion Among 433 patients who stayed in the ICU for less than three dayAmong 433 patients who stayed in the ICU for less than three days, s, mortality was greater among those receiving intensive insulin thmortality was greater among those receiving intensive insulin therapy. erapy. In contrast, among 767 patients who stayed in the ICU for three In contrast, among 767 patients who stayed in the ICU for three or more or more days days –– InIn--hospital mortality in the 386 who received intensive insulin thehospital mortality in the 386 who received intensive insulin therapy was rapy was

reduced from 52.5 to 43.0 percent (P=0.009) and morbidity was alreduced from 52.5 to 43.0 percent (P=0.009) and morbidity was also reduced.so reduced.ConclusionsConclusions Intensive insulin therapy significantly reduced morbidity but nIntensive insulin therapy significantly reduced morbidity but not ot mortality among all patients in the medical ICU.mortality among all patients in the medical ICU.Although the risk of subsequent death and disease was reduced inAlthough the risk of subsequent death and disease was reduced in patients patients treated for three or more days, these patients could not be identreated for three or more days, these patients could not be identified before tified before therapy.therapy.

Van den berghe et al. NEJM 2006;454:449

Steroids and Septic ShockSteroids and Septic Shock

Septic shock may be associated with relative adrenal insufficienSeptic shock may be associated with relative adrenal insufficiency; replacement cy; replacement therapy with low doses has been proposed (50 mg of Hydrocortisontherapy with low doses has been proposed (50 mg of Hydrocortisone q6h plus e q6h plus 50 50 μμg of g of fludrocortisonefludrocortisone popo))PlaceboPlacebo--controlled, randomized, doublecontrolled, randomized, double--blind, parallel group trial in 19 ICUblind, parallel group trial in 19 ICU’’s in s in France from 1995France from 1995--19991999Replacement steroids (n=151) or matching placebo (n=149) were giReplacement steroids (n=151) or matching placebo (n=149) were given for 7 ven for 7 days; 28 day mortality in the days; 28 day mortality in the nonrespondersnonresponders was the main outcome measurewas the main outcome measureAll the patients had to be septic and in shock and were randomizAll the patients had to be septic and in shock and were randomized from 3ed from 3--8 8 hours from the onset of shockhours from the onset of shockThe patients were then given a 250 The patients were then given a 250 μμg IV bolus and g IV bolus and cortisolcortisol levels were levels were measures at time 0, 30min, and 60 min aftermeasures at time 0, 30min, and 60 min afterRelative adrenal insufficiency was defined as a response of 9 Relative adrenal insufficiency was defined as a response of 9 μμg/g/dLdL or lessor lessThere were 229 There were 229 nonrespondersnonresponders (115 placebo and 114 steroid) and 70 (115 placebo and 114 steroid) and 70 respondersrespondersThe mortality in the placebo group was was 63% and 53% in the stThe mortality in the placebo group was was 63% and 53% in the steroid grouperoid groupVasopressorsVasopressors were withdrawn in the 57% in the steroid group vs. 40% in the were withdrawn in the 57% in the steroid group vs. 40% in the placeboplaceboHowever, the analysis was done correcting for baseline However, the analysis was done correcting for baseline cortisolcortisol, , cortisolcortisolresponse, McCabe Classification, LOD score, arterial lactate, anresponse, McCabe Classification, LOD score, arterial lactate, and P/F ratiod P/F ratio

AnnaneAnnane et al. JAMA 2002;288:862et al. JAMA 2002;288:862--871871

CorticusCorticusMulticenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial251 patients received 50 mg of intravenous hydrocortisone and 248 patients received placebo every 6 hours for 5 days; then the dose was then tapered during a 6-day period. At 28 days, the primary outcome was death among patients who did not have a response to a corticotropin test.Of the 499 patients in the study, 233 (46.7%) did not have a response to corticotropin (125 in the hydrocortisone group and 108 in the placebo group).At 28 days, there was no significant difference in mortality between patients in the two study groups who did not have a response to corticotropin (39.2% in the hydrocortisone group and 36.1% in the placebo group, P = 0.69)No difference in patients who had a response to corticotropin (28.8% in the hydrocortisone group and 28.7% in the placebo group, P = 1.00). At 28 days, 86 of 251 patients in the hydrocortisone group (34.3%) and 78 of 248 patients in the placebo group (31.5%) had died (P = 0.51). In the hydrocortisone group, shock was reversed more quickly than in the placebo group. However, there were more episodes of superinfection, including new sepsis and septic shock.Of note the original plan was to recruit 800 patients but had to stop at 500; however it is still the largest study to dateRecruitment from 52 centers over 44 months, on average each center took approx 5 months to recruit each patient. The question of clinical equipoise was raised.

Sprung et al. Sprung et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:111-24.

MID 10

VASSTVASSTIn this multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial, patients who had septic shock and were receiving a minimum of 5 μg of norepinephrine per minute to receive either low-dose vasopressin (0.01 to 0.03 U per minute) or only norepinephrine (5 to 15 μg per minute) in addition to open-label vasopressors. The primary end point was the mortality rate 28 days after the start of infusions.A total of 778 patients underwent randomization (396 patients received vasopressin, and 382 norepinephrine), and were included in the analysis. There was no significant difference between the vasopressin and norepinephrine groups in the 28-day mortality rate (35.4% and 39.3%, respectively; P = 0.26) or in 90-day mortality (43.9% and 49.6%, respectively; P = 0.11).There were no significant differences in the overall rates of serious adverse events (10.3% and 10.5%, respectively; P = 1.00). In the prospectively defined stratum of less severe septic shock, the mortality rate was lower in the vasopressin group than in the norepinephrine group at 28 days (26.5% vs. 35.7%, P = 0.05)in the stratum of more severe septic shock, there was no significant difference in 28-day mortality (44.0% and 42.5%, respectively = 0.76). A test for heterogeneity between these two study strata was not significant (P = 0.10).Low-dose vasopressin did not reduce mortality rates as compared with norepinephrineamong patients with septic shock who were treated with catecholamine vasopressors.This was not a primary vasopressor trialThese patients were not refractory to vasopressors.

Russell et al. Russell et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:877-87.

Lewis ThomasLewis Thomas

“the microorganisms that seem to have it in for us . . . turn out . . . to be rather more like bystanders. . . . It is our response to their presence that makes the disease. Our arsenals for fighting off bacteria are so powerful . . . that we are more in danger from them than the invaders.”

Germs NEJM 1972;287:553-5

A new approach?A new approach?

A new process of care?A new process of care?

Central Line BundleCentral Line Bundle

Hand Hygiene Hand Hygiene Maximal Barrier Precautions Upon Maximal Barrier Precautions Upon Insertion Insertion ChlorhexidineChlorhexidine Skin Antisepsis Skin Antisepsis Optimal Catheter Site SelectionOptimal Catheter Site SelectionDaily Review of Line Necessity with Daily Review of Line Necessity with Prompt Removal of Unnecessary Prompt Removal of Unnecessary LinesLines

MID 10

Ventilator Associated Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) BundlePneumonia (VAP) BundleElevation of the Head of the Bed Elevation of the Head of the Bed Daily "Sedation Vacations" and Daily "Sedation Vacations" and Assessment of Readiness to Assessment of Readiness to ExtubateExtubatePeptic Ulcer Disease Prophylaxis Peptic Ulcer Disease Prophylaxis

Deep Venous Thrombosis ProphylaxisDeep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis

BELLEVUE MICUBELLEVUE MICUVAPVAP CRBSICRBSI

Sepsis BundleSepsis Bundle

ResuscitationResuscitation–– Lactate if >4 Lactate if >4 mmolmmol/L give at least 20ml/kg in the first /L give at least 20ml/kg in the first

6 hours until the CVP >8 mmHg or lactate <46 hours until the CVP >8 mmHg or lactate <4–– Blood cultures prior to Blood cultures prior to abxabx–– AbxAbx within 3 hours in ED or within 1 hour on the floorwithin 3 hours in ED or within 1 hour on the floor–– PressorsPressors if MAP >65 if BP cannot be maintained with if MAP >65 if BP cannot be maintained with

IVF (NE then Vasopressin)IVF (NE then Vasopressin)–– Consider SvO2 sat (>65% is the goal)Consider SvO2 sat (>65% is the goal)

Management (24hours)Management (24hours)–– Stress steroids if the patient is Stress steroids if the patient is ““poorly responsive to poorly responsive to

fluid and fluid and vasopressorvasopressor therapytherapy””–– Documentation of the consideration for Activated Documentation of the consideration for Activated

protein C (APACHE>25)protein C (APACHE>25)–– Insulin drip if glucose is >150Insulin drip if glucose is >150–– Plateau Pressure <30 cmH20Plateau Pressure <30 cmH20

When you are on the wards as a When you are on the wards as a third year student and you have third year student and you have

a patient with sepsisa patient with sepsis……