06 Oil, Minerals, Natural Gas

8/17/2019 06 Oil, Minerals, Natural Gas

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Oil, Natural Gas and Minerals

The Oceans and NaturalResources


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Outline of Today’s Lecture

• Oil• It’s in the ocean

• It’s transported bysea

• Natural Gas

• It’s in the ocean• It’s transported by

sea

• Minerals• They’re in the

oceans….

• But not yeteconoically !iable

• Putting People BackIn: Why Does ThisMatter to You?


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"hy Oil and Natural Gas#

• Most of the $orld’s ne$ disco!eries arein the ocean% e&'

• The (rctic

• Gulf of Guinea

• )ast coast of (frica

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 2


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie -

Oil and Natural Gas' 4oe5uestions

• "ho needs it#

• "here is it# 67lace8

• 9o$ do I &et it# 67lace and 4pace8


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5uic: Note

• O)10 refers to the Or&ani;ation for)conoic 1ooperation and

0e!elopent

• 4horthand for


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O)10 1ountries

(ustralia (ustria Bel&iu 1anada 1hile

1;ech

>epublic

0enar: )stonia ?inland ?rance

Gerany Greece 9un&ary Iceland Ireland

Israel Italy @apan Aorea Luebour&

Meico Netherlands Ne$ Cealand Nor$ay 7oland

7ortu&al 4lo!a:>epublic

4lo!enia 4pain 4$eden

4$it;erland Tur:ey DnitedAin&do

Dnited 4tates

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie /


7/42

"orld )ner&y 0eand

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie E

http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/images/figure_1-lg.jpg


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*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie F


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Oil 1onsuption

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie


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Top * Oil )porters

. 4audi (rabia

3. >ussia

2. Iran

-. Dnited (rab )irates

+. Nor$ay

/. IraH

E. Au$ait

F. Ni&eria. 1anada

*.Dnited 4tates

• Source: CIA World act!ook

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie *


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Top * Oil Iporters

. Dnited 4tates

3. 1hina

2. @apan-. India

+. Gerany

/. Netherlands

E. 4outh Aorea

F. ?rance. 4in&apore

*.Italy

Source: CIA World act!ook

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie


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Main Oil 4uppliers to the

Dnited 4tates' 3*2



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Oil Transportation and

1ho:epoints



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NATURAL GAS

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie -


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie +

Natural Gas

• 1onsuption epected to increase E* fro3** to 3*3+

• Industriali;ed nations $ill rely on iports for2* of their needs by 3*3+

• Much of the increent in international trade isepected to be in the for of LNG


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie /

Global Natural Gas

7roductionNote'

• 0oinance of

Middle )ast

• (sia

• (frica


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie E

The (rctic 4ea

• Belie!ed to contain oneHuarter of the $orld’soil and natural &as

reser!es 6ostly &as8

• 1onflicts bet$een1anada, the D4,

Nor$ay, 0enar:,>ussia


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie F

Increased &lobal

deand• 0e!elopin& $orld'

0eand $ill double

fro 3** to 3*3+63.year8

• Increase .Fyearin de!eloped $orld


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie

Transportin& NaturalGas

• Becoes liHuid $hen cooled to J/3K1 6J3+K?8and shrin:s to less than /**th of ori&inal!olue

• Transported by special tan:ers

• >eturned to &aseous state at terinals and fedinto pipelines

• 1annot burn or eplode in liHuid state


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3*

LNG Tan:er

• 1an be up to ,*** ft lon&

• 1apacity of 3+,*** to 2F,*** cubic eters of fuel.


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3

?leet )pansion

• "orld$ide fleet epandin& 2*

• 1urrent &lobal fleet' + !essels• ++ ships under construction

• 3JF LNG tan:ers could arri!e and departalon& Baa and 1alifornia coasts each $ee:


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LNG ?leet by ?la&

• @apan' +.

• 7anaa' *.F

• Malaysia' *.3• Liberia' .E

• Beruda' E.-

• N.I.4' +.E

• Brunei' -./

• Marshall I' -./

• 4in&apore' -.*• (l&eria, Bahaas,

DA' 2.- each

• D4 refla&s4ource' Maritie Business 4trate&ies, LL1

$$$.coltoncopany.co


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LNG 4hipyards

• 1urrently only Facti!ely buildin&

LNG carriers'• @apan 628• Aorea 628

• )urope 638

• 7lans to adapteistin& yards for

LNG construction'• India• 1hina

• 7oland


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3-

D4 LNG Terinals


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3+

1urrent Terinals

• Boston, M(

• 1o!e 7oint, M0

• )lba Island, G(

• La:e 1harles, L(


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May -, 3*/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3/

Oil and Natural Gas' 7uttin& it

all in contet• OneJHuarter to oneJthird of oil and &as reser!es areoffshore ostly on the continental shelf

• 4oe si&nificant reser!es are in areas of contested))Cs

• Oil and natural &as issues are increasin&ly aritie

issues Much of the transport is throu&hcho:epoints $ith si&nificant security concerns


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OCEAN MINERALS

*+*-/ 0. Nincic 1al Maritie 3E


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9istorical !ie$s of the deepseabed

• Life could not eist under &reatpressures, $ithout li&ht

• (s late as FE soe scientists belie!edthe seabed $as co!ered $ith ice

• This chan&ed $ith the Challenger epedition


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Challenger ' FE3JFE/

• Goals

• 0eterine the cheical coposition of

sea$ater

• (scertain the physical and cheical

deposits on the sea botto

• )aine the distribution of or&anic life


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The oya&e

• /,*** iles

• ?our naturalists, one cheist'

2,*** species of plants andanials 6-,*** of $hich $erepre!iously undisco!ered8%

• ,-- $ater saples%hundreds of seaJfloor

sedient saples

• +* !olues of epeditionreports


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The disco!ery of inerals in

the deep seabed• F ?ebruary FE2 at 3+K-+’N, 3*K-’"'

• ( dred&e to ,+3+ fathos 6P3.F:8 pic:ed

up soe corals $ith


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More recently

• Man&anese is essential to iron and steelproduction% nonJa&netic is also iportant toshipbuildin& and aerospace

• +E' 4cripps and D1 Ber:eley focus on thestudy of deep sea an&anese nodules

• /+' The "ineral resources o# the sea concludes it $ould be econoically feasible toine the nodules


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Iportant point

• ( &reat deal of the an&anese deposits arefound in the deep seas• Beyond the territorial liits of any nation

• /F DN General (ssebly establishes theCo""ittee on the Peace#ul $ses o# the Sea!edand the %cean loor Beyond the &i"its o#

'ational (urisdiction• 0eep seas established as the co""on heritage o#

"ankind


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Minerals and DN1LO4 III' The

E* Declaration o# Principles•


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D4 obections

• The detailed procedures for productionauthori;ation fro the International

4eabed (uthority• The cople financial rules of contracts

• The decisionJa:in& process in the

1ouncil of the 4eabed (uthority• Mandatory transfer of technolo&y


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- rene&otiation

• 7roduction liitations on inin& $ere reo!ed

• (nnual fee inin& copanies had to pay e!en foreploration $as reo!ed

• D4 &i!en a seat on the 4eabed 1ouncil

• Technolo&y transfer pro!isions reo!ed or adeacceptable to the D4

• 4till not enou&h for soe D4 4enators the treaty stillhas not been ratified by the Dnited 4tates


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"here $e stand no$

• Only ust be&innin& to becoercially !iable 6e&'Nautilus Minerals8

• )ploration continues especially in deep sea


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"hat inerals are $e tal:in&about#

• Nic:el

• 1opper

• "olfra• 1oal

• Iron

• Lead• Cinc

• 4ulphides

• Gold

• 0iaonds• 4il!er

• Man&anese

• 1hroiu• Titaniu


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)n!ironental concerns aboutdeep seabed eploration

• Loss of biodi!ersity

• Dnintended pollutionecolo&icalconseHuences

• Loss of potentially econoically!aluable :no$led&e• Microbes ha;ardous $aste reo!al


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0eep 4ea ent 1reatures• Tube$ors, ussels, crabs,

sHuat lobsters, lipets,al!inella $ors, scale$ors,;oarcid fish, and octopus.

• Gi!en the absence of sunli&ht,no plants are found here.

• Microbes for the base of thefood chain. They arecheosynthetic, usin& ener&y

fro hydro&en sulfide in the!ent fluid, and oy&en andcarbon dioide fro thesea$ater, to create siplesu&ars.

(nenoe,clas, tube$ors


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The 7opeii "or

• The ost heatJtolerantanial on )arth

•1an sur!i!e an en!ironentas hot as F*K1 6E/K?8

• ?orerly, the 4ahara desertant $as belie!ed to be theost heatJhardy creature,

fora&in& briefly in the desertsun at teperatures up to++K1 62K?8.


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1onclusion

• Oil and natural &as are ocean issues• ?ound in the oceans 6nearly all

06 Oil, Minerals, Natural Gas

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