MANAGING INFORMATION RESOURCESPandan P. Purwacandra, M. Kom

Managing Information ResourcesIt explores the management of:DataInformationKnowledge

DATA

Managing DataData is primarily facts about entities, such as individual employees, customers, parts, or transactions. Well-structured data records hold a set of attributes that describe each entity. Database management systems (DBMSs) are the main tools for managing these entities.

Managing DataThe Three Level Database Model

The Three Level Database ModelLevel 1 contains the various user views" of the corporate data. Level 2 encompasses all an organizations relevant data under the control of the data administrators. Level 3 specifies the way the data is physically stored.

The advantage of the model:Individual application programs in Level 1 do not need to be changed when the physical layer (Level 3) changes.

Database EnvironmentCASEToolsUserInterfaceApplicationProgramsRepositoryDatabaseDBMS

Database EnvironmentComputer-aided software engineering (CASE) ToolsPeranti otomasi untuk perancangan database dan program aplikasiRepositoryTempat penyimpanan terpusat yang berisi definisi data, hubungan data, format layar dan laporan, serta komponen-komponen sistem lainBerisi metadata yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan database dan komponen-komponen lain sistem informasi

Contoh Metadata

NamaTipePanjangKeteranganNIPAlphanumeric5Nomor pegawaiNamaAlphanumeric5Nama pegawaiGajiLongGaji pegawai

Database EnvironmentDatabase Management System (DBMS)Software yang ditujukan untuk mendefinisikan, menciptakan, memelihara, dan menyediakan akses terkontrol terhadap database dan repositoryContoh DBMS: Microsoft Access, Visual FoxPro, Informix, Oracle, dll

Contoh DBMS Access

Database EnvironmentDatabaseKumpulan data yang saling terkaitPerbedaan dengan repository:Repository berisi definisi dataDatabase berisi dataSebuah database berisi kumpulan dari tabel

Contoh Database

Four Data Model

1. Hierarchical Model2. Network Model3. Relational Model4. Object Model

Hierarchical ModelEach data element is subordinate to another in a strict hierarchical manner.It is like the boxes on an organization chart.

Hierarchical ModelDosenSiti NurbayaDosenAshadiPengantarBasis DataPemrogramanCMatematika IRudiAstiDinaDinaEdiItaEdi

Network Model

In the network model, each data item can have more than one parent; assembly parts lists illustrate this structure.

Network ModelDosenSiti NurbayaDosenAshadiPengantarBasis DataPemrogramanCMatematika IRudiAstiDinaEdiIta

Relational ModelIn the relational model, it is up to the DBMS to find the related items, based on the values of specified data fields. All employees of a certain department are found by searching for the department number in each employee record. Relational systems allow people to create relationships among data on the fly.

Relational ModelMerupakan model data yang paling populer saat iniMenggunakan model berupa tabel berdimensi dua (yang disebut relasi atau tabel)Memakai kunci tamu (foreign key) sebagai penghubung dengan tabel lain

Nama DosenKelasMahasiswaSiti NurbayaPengantar Basis DataRudiSiti NurbayaPengantar Basis DataAstiSiti NurbayaPengantar Basis DataDinaSiti NurbayaPemrograman CDinaSiti NurbayaPemrograman CEdiAshadiMatematika IItaAshadiMatematika IEdi

Relational Model

NO_MHSNAMA_MHS55Ashadi56Rina57Budi

KODE_MKNAMA_MKDB001Pengantar Basis DataDB001Basis Data LanjutPI001Teknik Multimedia

NO_MHSKODE_MKNILAI55DB001A55PI001B56DB001B57DB001A57DB001A

Relational ModelRelasi atau tabelSebuah baris atau tupleAtribut atau kolomKardinalitasDomain NILAI (A, B, C, D, E)

NO_MHSKODE_MKNILAI55DB001A55PI001B56DB001B57DB001A57DB001A

Relational ModelBeberapa sifat yang melekat dalam relasi:Tidak ada baris yang kembarUrutan tupel tidak pentingSetiap atribut memiliki nama yang unikLetak atribut bebasSetiap atribut memiliki nilai tunggal dan jenisnya sama untuk semua baris

Object ModelThe object model can be used to store any type of data, whether a traditional name or address, an entire spreadsheet, a video clip, a voice annotation, a photograph, or a segment of music.The tenets of objects have become increasingly important in the world of computing. They become even more important in the world of Web Services because the XML modules utilize object principles.

Object ModelCenters around objects and classesInvolves inheritanceEncapsulates both data and behavior

Object ModelObject OrientedEERClassEntity typeObjectEntity instanceAssociationRelationshipInheritance of attributesInheritance of attributesInheritance of behaviorNo representation of behaviorObject-oriented modeling is frequently accomplished using theUnified Modeling Language (UML)

Object ModelUML class and object diagrams

Class diagram showing two classesClass diagram shows the static structure of an object-oriented model: object classes, internal structure, relationships.

CASE STUDYEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Mosanto Company

Enterprise Resource Planning1. Clean up Data Definitions2. Control Shared Data3. Manage Data Distribution4. Maintain Data Quality

Enterprise Resource PlanningCase Study: Monsanto Company

Enterprise Resource PlanningMonsanto established 3 large enterprise wide IT projects: To redevelop operational and financial transaction systems using SAPTo develop a knowledge-management architecture, including data warehousingTo link transaction and decision support systems via common master data, known as enterprise reference data (ERD)

Enterprise Resource PlanningThey created a distributed SAP architecture, with separate instances of SAP for reference data, finance, and operations in each business unit. The master reference data integrates these distributed components. To convert SAP data to knowledge, Monsanto used data warehouses. The sole source of master data is the ERD, but the data can be distributed wherever it is needed. To get corporate data in shape, Monsanto created a department called ERD Stewardship to set data standards and enforce quality.

INFORMATION

Four Types of Information

Data warehouses address internal and external record-based data. Document management and content management address internal and external document-based data.

Data WarehouseData warehouses house data used to make decisions. The data is generally obtained periodically from transaction databases, thus presenting a snapshot at a point in time.The most common data warehoused is customer data, used to discover how to more effectively market to current customers as well as non-customers with the same characteristics.

Document ManagementTo improve the publishing processTo support communications among people and groups To support organizational processes

Document ManagementEven in todays Internet-rich world, paper still plays a major role in most enterprises. There is also a need to move seamlessly between digital and printed versions of documents; hence, the importance of document management. The field of electronic document management (EDM) uses new technologies to manage information resources that do not fit easily into traditional databases.

Document Management1. To improve the publishing process

Case Study: HICSS Personal ProceedingA month before the conference, participants can use a Web site to choose 20 papers they would like to have in their personal paper proceedings.The papers are printed on a Xerox Docutech machine with their name on the cover, and delivered to them at the conference. Additional papers can be printed individually at the conference, on demand.

Document Management2. To support communications among people and groups

Case Study: Tapiola Insurance GroupThis Finnish insurance group formerly offered 150 kinds of insurance policies and had 300 different insurance policy formshalf in Swedish and half in Finnishbecause both are official languages in Finland. The policy forms were preprinted by an outside print shop. To personalize the forms and cut costs, Tapiola brought the process in-house and defined just four forms, which are printed on demand.

Document Management3. To support organizational process

Case Study: Tennessee Valley Authority

The nuclear division of this large U.S. power supplier revamped its maintenance management system. TVA spends more than $48 million a year creating maintenance work orders and then planning and performing the work. One plant alone processes 14,000 work orders a year. The new process electronically combined maintenance orders in one system with procedural document management in another system

Case Study: Tennessee Valley AuthorityWork orders are generated electronically and then routed for approval, with the most current drawings and procedures electronically attached. The documents are indexed by, so maintenance people can review past activity and better plan for the future.

KNOWLEDGE

Content Management

3 Phases Content Management

1. Content Creation and Acquisition2. Content Administration and Safeguarding3. Content Deployment and Presentation

Content Creation and AcquisitionContent creation and acquisition need to focus on creating content quality. The best organizational structure is to distribute content creation and maintenance to content-expert employees. But to avoid anarchy, these dispersed experts should be directed centrally, and use centrally-created formats and an automated workflow system that moves their work along.

Content Administration & SafeguardingThe emphasis in this phase, like any operational phase, is efficiency. Content management tools can be used to identify types of content and the business rules that apply to each type. While content creation should be distributed, content administration should be centralized.

Content Deployment & PresentationThe emphasis in this phase should be effectiveness: presenting the content so that it attracts visitors, allows them to navigate the site easily, and leads them to the desired actions. Because this phase can determine the success of a firms e-commerce efforts, its best to design a Web site beginning with this phase, then move on to ensuring content quality and processing efficiency.

Case Study: Eastman ChemicalThis global manufacturer of chemicals had a Web site in 1994. It redesigned the site in 1999 to become more customer-focused and to launch a major e-commerce program. Eastman changed the Web site structure from presenting an inside-out view (based on its corporate structure) to presenting an outside-in view (with sections devoted to the markets the company serves).

Case Study: Eastman ChemicalCustomers report that the online availability of technical data has significantly accelerated their internal decision-making processes. Its now working on globalizing and personalizing the site even more.

Case Study: Eastman ChemicalThis global manufacturer of chemicals had a Web site in 1994. It redesigned the site in 1999 to become more customer-focused and to launch a major e-commerce program. Eastman changed the Web site structure from presenting an inside-out view (based on its corporate structure) to presenting an outside-in view (with sections devoted to the markets the company serves).