-- 1

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

Badminton is one of the most popular competitive

as well as recreational sports in the world. Badminton is

also an enjoyable, social sport that can be played from

childhood to old age, either at a recreational level or as a

competitive sport. Badminton is an individual non contact

sport requiring jump, lunges quick in different direction

and rapid movement from a wide variety of postural

position.

At high level its demands quick reactions, speed,

coordination and a relative good physical condition. While

basic techniques are easy to learn a lot of skill and training

is demanded to reach high level of play.

In tournament there is typically more than one

game a day-often a player may participate in singles,

doubles and mixed doubles competitions, which can result

in many hours of badminton concentrated on only of few

-- 2

days. Extended play sometimes results in overuse injuries,

which are relatively common in badminton. Badminton is

one of the fastest and most strenuous game that can be

played. Singles is particularly exhausting not only because

of the amount of court space that has to be covered in a

split second but shots have to be taken low and high at full

stretch. It is this never ending use of your stomach muscle.

The running directly backwards twice as hard as running

forward and the constantly needed change in direction of

movement that cause your body to serge for a rest.

It is no use whatever having the strokes but not

the stamina to continue playing them. A hard singles can

lose for an hour or so to line of the Court. For that length

of time your most have practiced enough for lengthy spells

to have developed the necessary muscles and have

subjected them regularly to the maximum strain required.

-- 3

Badminton is largely starting, slopping and

twisting bending and turning, various ranges of movement

sprints, leaps, lungs, twist, stretches and hitting actions,

which require strength endurance, speed and flexibility.

Badminton is a sport that makes heavy demands

on the players. The physical work is intermittent involving

high intensity activity interspread with short pauses. The

game involves abrupt jerking movements and stacato

footwork. In badminton, overuse injuries are the most

frequent injury occurrence.

When the time of exposure is taken into account,

man have a higher injury risk than woman and

recreational players a higher risk then elite players.

Contrary to most other sports the relative injury risk is

higher during training than in match.

In the epidemiological studies injury were

training or matches interrupted or hampered play or

required special treatment in order to continue play (i.e.

-- 4

special banding or medical attention), or of the injuries

made play impossible.

Badminton has received little sports medicine interest

based on the few existing studies on injuries, badminton is a low

risk sport. Deminated by overuse. While recovery time from

injury is relatively long. Only a few working days are lost.

In badminton few in depth studies have been made of

injury incidence and pattern possible risk factors and injury

prevention.

Injuries to the knee may occur frequently in activities

that require acceleration, deceleration, twisting, pivoting, cutting,

and jumping. The most common knee injuries in sports such as

Badminton are ligament sprains, which occur when the foot is

planted. If force is applied against the knee while the foot cannot

be moved from its fixed position, ligament injuries are likely.

A block or tackle to the outside of the knee when the

foot is fixed may result in a tear of the “ unhappy triad ” the

medial stabilizing complex the anterior cruciate ligament , and

the medial meniscus. A force applied to the medial side of the

-- 5

knee is less common. This varus force may tear the lateral

stabilizing complex the anterior cruciate ligament, and the lateral

meniscus.

Force that is directed anteriorly with the knee bent

may result in a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament; force that is

directed posteriorly with the knee bent may result in a tear of the

posterior cruciate ligament. Jumping and landing with a straight

leg (hyperextension force) may tear the anterior cruciate

ligament. If the knee is forced for enough posteriorly, this force

may also tear the posterior cruciate ligament. An internal

rotation force may also result in a tear of the anterior cruciate

ligament. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries is one of the most

common knee injuries in Badminton, a tear of the anterior

cruciate ligament has traditionally been diagnosed as a “ knee

sprain ” eighty percentage of ski injuries involve the Anterior

cruciate ligament. An estimated 10000 Anterior cruciate ligament

injuries per year result from Badminton in the United State.

-- 6

Foot and ankle injuries are very common and serious

injuries to the Badminton players. The foot in athletes

competition is a complex structure of 26 bones, having numerous

joints, muscles, tendons, nerves, vessels and protective tissues in

place under considerable stress. The functions of the foot in

stance and motion are primarily stability, support, and

secondarily propulsion of body weight under varied conditions.

In order to function efficiently the structures must work in

intricate balance, allowing effortless support, voluntary control,

and effective propulsion, if this takes place, there is no energy

wasted, no friction, extra motion, or protective inefficient activity.

Over use implies that when the problems develop, the

body is under conditioned. Each organs and tissue of the body

can be conditioned to a high level of efficiency. Assuming the

basic structural elements are present and adaptable to specific

demands of the training program. If tissues of the body are

under conditioned, overuse injuries will occur selection of proper

equipment, shoes, support taping and balancing when necessary

will eliminate abnormal stress.

-- 7

In discussing foot injuries, two major categories

stand out; those caused by imbalance, and those caused by

training, imbalance injuries of the foot may be described in terms

of the reference planes at the body namely : (1) Saggital ; (2)

Flexion and extension ; (3) Frontal (side to side ) problems,

inversion or eversion at the foot and ankle; (4) Transverse (

rotational) problems, such as in toe, or out of toe, or secondary

knee and hip torsional (twisting) problems.

Each plane can be related to specific imbalance

conditions within the foot and leg. Imbalance of the foot will

allow either direct training to the body or the body will

compensate for the imbalance with additional stress in the form

of the overuse, such as strain, muscle fatigue, cramps, tendinitis,

or the stress fractures. Specific muscle and soft tissue

abnormalities may also cause imbalance injuries.

Traumatic injuries to the foot may be caused by a

direct blow at short duration or be the result at continuous or

intermittent injury (micro trauma) over an extended time period.

-- 8

Cumulating micro trauma will cause tissue destruction. Specific

foot injures are common to particular sports such as running,

skiing, basketball, Badminton and golf. Each athletic activity

puts its own demands on the foot and body. Through Non-

weight-bearing examination at the lower extremity, observation

of stance, gait and function under stress, it is possible to predict

thereby prevalent imbalance and overuse syndromes of the foot

and leg.

There are a number of anatomic factors that contribute

to Ankle injury in Badminton, Ankle mortise asymmetry creates

instability during inversion. The longer lateral matteolus

provides a mechanical barrier to eversion ligaments injury due to

its greater surface contact with the talus. In addition, the dome of

the talus is appreciably wider anteriorly than posteriorly. During

inversion and planter flexion, the narrow posterior aspect of the

talus occupies proportionately less space within the mortise. As a

result there is increased ankle joint play, which together with the

inherent block to eversion results in predominantly lateral stress

-- 9

forces. Finally, the lateral ligament of the ankle are smaller and

weaker (20 to 50%) than the medial deltoid ligament.

Sacrificing structure for function, the dynamic ankle is

the most frequently injured area of the body in Badminton

activities. The generic sprain is probably the most frequent sports

injury, but the attitude of “ It’s just a sprain is not acceptable due

to the significant amount of morbidity associated with such

trauma.”

Badminton most hazardous to the back injuries, most

back injuries are sustained by acute hyper-extension at the back.

Badminton is felt by some to be legalized assault, often between

physical unequal’s. It is most hazardous sports to the body, and

to the back in particular. This is especially true for the interior

linemen (defensive ends, guards, tackles, and centre) . A report

from a major university with a recent number one national

ranking, cited that fact that during one year 50% of interior

linemen sought medial attention for low back pain. This report

postulated Biomechanics of the back injury. As the lineman

drives forward attempting to push the opponent backward, the

-- 10

lumbar spine is extended and this converts more of the force to a

shearing force that can lead to parts of interarticular injury. It

concluded that the high incidence of spondylosis and

spondylolisthesis seen in interior linemen is the result of repeated

forces being transmitted to the parts of interarticularies while

players are in the lumbar regions extended posture. Few

Badminton back injuries involve a ruptured disc or spine

fracture. Almost all Badminton injuries to the low back involve

contusion, a bruise from a direct blow; sprain, a pulling with

stretching and tearing of the muscle or their tendons; or strain,

tearing of a ligament. In general, strain is most painful when the

back is forced in the opposite direction and a sprain produced

pain when the affected muscle is contracted. Because at the

intricate relationship of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments of

the back and the fact that most injuries involve two or all three

entities, trying to separate them is academic. The cause of most

back strains and sprains in the athlete and nonathletic is weak

muscles, specially the abdominal muscles and hip flexors; and

-- 11

tension or lack of flexibility, specially in the hamstring hip

extensor muscles.

Spinal cord injury is rare in Badminton. Spinal cord

injury can be caused by any number at injuries of spine. They

can result from direct injury to the cord it self or from indirect

injury from damage to the bone. Bones, soft tissues and blood

vessels surrounding the spinal cord. Direct injury such as cuts,

can occur to the spinal cord, particularly if the bones or the discs

have been damaged. Fragments of bone or fragments of metal

can cut or damage the spinal cord. Direct damage can also occur

if the spinal cord is pulled, press sideways or compressed. This

may occur if the head, neck or back are twisted abnormally

during an accident or injury. Bleeding, fluid accumulation and

swelling can occur inside the spinal cord or out side the spinal

cord. The accumulation of blood or fluid can compress the spinal

cord damage it. Older people with weakened spines may be

more likely to have a spinal cord injury. Injury to the spinal cord

usually implies a fracture dislocation or dislocation of the

vertebrae at the instant of impact with spontaneous relocation.

-- 12

Both should be considered as unstable, and the Badmintoners is

transported off the field to a hospital on a fracture board. Injury

to the spinal cord may produce either complete or incomplete

loss of function of the nervous system below the level at the

lesion. In a complete lesion sensation, motor power, and reflexes

in the legs are lost, as well as bowel and bladder control. In an

incomplete lesion varying degrees of these functions are retained.

The seriousness of either a complete or incomplete lesion of the

spinal cord renders essential an immediate neurologic evaluation

of sensation, movement and knee.

Fortunately, few back injuries have neurologic

impairment. Having determined there is none, the back muscles

themselves should be examined. Palpation of the back should

start in the midline with a thumb pressing over each spinous

process. Cervical injury can be tragic and it is extremely rare in

Badminton. The term cervical spine refers to the area around the

seven vertebrae in the neck and this is where the fracture can

occur. In Badminton the injury usually occurs by the players

being struck on the head whilst heading the ball. The force from

-- 13

the blow to the head is transmitted to the neck, where it can be

resolved as a fracture. In other sports, particularly rugby union

the injury can occur more frequently although it is thankful still

rare usually it is a consequence at a collapse in the scrum,

affecting the players in the front row. Depending on the direction

of neck movements during injury the fracture may be due to over

flexion, over extension, excessive rotation or compression the

fracture can occur at any of the seven vertebrae in the neck, with

varying consequences. Generally speaking the prognosis is

worse.

If the fracture is higher up the cervical spine where the

fracture can be fatal results in paraplegia. The most devastating

injury that can occur to an athlete is tetraplegia. The likelihood of

recovery is extremely small and is determined by the degree of

injury to the spinal cord. Although tetrgalegia can result from an

injury to the spinal cord that is sufficient force to cause only a

concussion of the neural elements, the condition of the players at

the time of injury is the same as in those whose cord is served. If

the neck injury is sufficient to produce tetraplegia his neck

-- 14

muscles will develop spasm which will help to hold the bony

elements in a stable relationship.

Other soft tissue injuries to the neck involve the blood

vessels. The cartoid arteries are relatively exposed and are

subject to trauma from direct blows. The term “ Clothes-lining “

describes the injury in which the neck of the injured person

strikes a relatively fixed and narrow resistance. A horseback

rider’s neck striking a tree branch, or a Badminton carrier’s neck

striking a stiffened forearm of an opponent, are examples of this

type of injury.

Head injuries from all causes result in over 50,000

deaths annually, with a similar number of individuals sustaining

nonlethal but severe and permanent injury head trauma is the

leading cause of death among individuals under the age of 24. A

wide rang of sporting activities including soccer an increased risk

for injury as a result of either blunt or penetrating trauma.

Head injuries can be serious or fatal injuries in

Badminton during a game, university level Badminton players

suffers a blow to his head without being knocked unconscious.

-- 15

Although he has a persistent headache and other symptoms of a

concussion he continues to go to practices and pushes himself to

participate in a game just a week later. During the game he is

struck in the head again. Two players later collapses on the field

and less than a day later one of them dies. Although it may

sound too incredible to be a true story, it is, fortunately, such

death from sports concussions rarely occur and this is a worst

case scenario. But sports concussions are in fact far more serious

than most people realize. A students struggling to pass

university school after experiencing concussing on the

Badminton field many student athletes have been forced to

abandon both their sports and their career aspiration because

they never fully recovered from concussions.

These disturbing example counter the common belief

that a concussion is just a bump on the head with no lasting

effects indeed, recent research reveals that a concussion

unleashes a cascade of reaction in the brain, can last for weeks

and make it particularly vulnerable to damage from an additional

concussion.

-- 16

There is also evidence that youths, who experience

concussions may be at more risk for brain damage than adults

because their brains are still developing and have unique features

that heighten there susceptibility to serious consequences from

head injury.

Intracranial bleeding is the leading cause of death

from head injury in Badminton. These are essentially three types

of potentially fatal intracranial bleeding conditions to which the

examining physician must be alert in every instance in which a

player receives a head injury. The most rapidly progressive, yet

correctable, one is caused by a tear in one of the arteries in the

covering of the brain. This usually takes the form of an

extradural hematoma.

The Second type of bleeding occurs under the drug. It

is either associated with a tear of the vessels bridging from the

surface of the brain to the sinuses or occasionally is caused by

oozing from contused brain surface. The tear in the vessels is

usually due to a shearing of these bridging vessels and a

-- 17

contusion to the impact of the surface of the brain against the

inner surface of the skull during a declaration injury.

Third type of intracranial bleeding that occurs in

association with trauma is within the substance of the brain.

Again, this is usually caused by contusion. The frontal bone is

usually fractured by a force applied from directly anterior,

resulting in displacement at the anterior wall of the sinus

sometimes, with great forces applied, the posterior wall of the

sinus can also be injured in Badminton, with exposure or

disruption of either Dura or brain. The nose is the most

commonly fractured facial structure in Badminton because it is

the most prominent and has a relatively weak structure.

The mandible is the most frequently injured of the

facial bones in the Badminton, when a Badmintoner falls on the

ground or struck with other players or goal post. Because the

mandible has a semicircular structure, usually two fractures

result from a blow impinging upon the mandible. Fracture at the

zygoma or check bone is the most common facial fracture in the

Badminton, it is the third most prominent facial structure and its

-- 18

buttressing structures are relatively weak when a blow fall on the

body of the zygoma displacement will usually occurs, injury to

the external ear are common in some sports but rare in

Badminton. The most frequent external injury at larynx and

trachea is life threatening. Any blow to the neck that results in

shortness of breath, hoarseness, loss of voice or hemorrhage.

larynx and trachea is very rare injury in Badminton.

Serious injury to the abdominal wall is uncommon in

Badminton. This is because the several factors. The abdomen is

largely protected as it is on the flexion side at the torso. The

abdominal wall is soft in contract to the spinous portion of the

back, or the joints of the extremities, and therefore, permits some

give when struck injuries to the abdominal wall can be

categorized in several ways : (1) The level of injury ( Skin,

subcutaneous tissue, muscle layers ); (2) blunt or penetrating; and

(3) Individual contracted ( strains, twisting injuries ) or the results

of contact with another player or an immovable object. The last

consideration is potentially the more serious injuries to muscles

are more incapacitating and slower to respond than more

-- 19

superficial trauma. Penetrating injuries tend to the more serious

than blunt ones, although the later always have the potential for

abdominal visceral rupture injuries individually contracted have

for less potential for significant injury than those sustained in

running into other participants or fixed structures. Badminton

has a particular like hood for such injuries because of the contact

with the players, goal posts, and the unusually hard playing

surface.

Injuries of the wrist, hand and fingers are common in

Badminton. A closed dislocated interphalangeal joint is a

common injury for Badminton interior linemen. Injuries to the

wrist range from mild ligamentous injuries to dislocations that

frequently require surgical reduction, and the major tendon

injuries that may terminate careers.

Wrist injuries occurs as the result of single training

and of repetitive force overload. Single training injuries include

sprains, fractures, and dislocations of the wrist joint and at all the

intercarpal levels.

-- 20

The most frequent injuries of the hand and finger

include fractures, sprains, and dislocation. Most fractures of the

hand and finger are closed and appear relatively. One of the

most common injuries of the finger in Badmintoners is a

combination of tendons injury and fracture, the mallet finger.

Groin injuries is one of the popular injuries in

Badminton. Groin injuries are the second most frequent injury

category in the Australian Badminton league. They appear to be

common at all clubs due to the demands of the game and despite

the best preventive efforts of team medial and fitness staff

specific controversial “ Sports “ hernias tendonopathy osteitis

bubis, abturoctor nerve entrapment, and non specific terms, such

as groin strain and publgia are diagnosed to varying degrees by

different team physicians.

The relationship between injuries and ground has

become very topical in Australia in recent years due to statistics

which have been published as a part of the Australian

Badminton league injuries survey.

-- 21

The Australian Badminton league medial officers

Association have followed the parading of van Michel which

state that injury surveillance has been continuous and consistent

since the 1992 Australian Badminton league season. In addition

the Australian Badminton league administration has undertaken

an injury audit of sports since 1988, as payments to players to

miss games through injury are monitored. The standard

Australian Badminton league players contract allows all players

who were playing senior Australian Badminton league

Badminton and then miss games through injury or illness to be

granted a payment to compensate them as they were playing.

Turf toe is the another common complaint in

Badminton shoes appear to play a multifaceted role in turf toe.

The increase in the number of cleats on Badminton boots have led

to increased traction. Along with an increase in traction was an

increase in the incidence of turf toe. Hyperextension is the most

common mechanism of injury in turf toe. Typically the forefoot is

plantigrade and slightly dorsiflexed, and the head raised off the

ground with the foot in this position an external force.

-- 22

Hamstring strains, groin pulls, and adductor strains

are the most common injuries of the thigh area. Various factors

have been implicated in the cause of hamstring injury including

adverse neural tension, fatigue, lack of muscular extensibility but

I felt that “Tenderness, Stiffness is a major causative factors for

muscle injury and muscular strains are the single most commonly

injuries in Badminton.”

These injuries also occur because of the failure of the

athletes to take enough time to prepare themselves fully for

physical activity. The balance between the prime movers of a

joint and its antagonist muscles is very apparent in the etiology of

hamstring strains and pulls.

Injuries are traditionally divided into contact and non

contact mechanism in which case contact refers to player contact.

Some of the force involved in a non-contact injury are transmitted

from the playing surface to the injured body part.

One to two percent of all sport injuries involve the

orbit and eye, with the largest number of injuries occurring in

such injuries in athlete under 15 years of age. As a percentage of

-- 23

total sport injuries however, boxing, soccer, swimming and

racquet sports have the highest incidence of eye injury. ( National

Society to prevent Blindness (1989) )

Non organ injury is the most common type of

abdominal trauma and includes abrasions, hematomas,

contusions and strains. The majority of these injuries are not

serious. The more serious injuries to the spine are the result of

sudden acceleration or deceleration forces that impact the spine.

Chronic, more subtle injury patterns results from overuse

muscular imbalances or repetitive stress that cause strain, sprains

or avulsion injuries to focal segments of the spine and its

attachments.

Most shoulder injuries involve the soft tissues (Muscle

Tendon unit ) and occur during Badminton throwing by goal

keeper and players, fall, collision or over head motion within the

shoulder griddle. In throwing sports, shoulder problems can

accounts for more than 50% of injuries, yet over in the contact

sports such as Badminton, the shoulder is the site of injury

approximately 10% of the time. Unless direct trauma is the

-- 24

etiology. Most athletes present with shoulder problems involving

their dominant extermity. Shoulder pain is a common complaint

in racquet sports, especially tennis investigation have repeatedly

demonstrates sub acromial impingement as one of the

mechanism of the pain. This etiology also applies to many

shoulder injuries seen in baseball players, Badminton

quarterbacks, throwers and swimmers.

Most sports related injuries to the forearm involve

either the elbow or the wrist or both. However, there are some

isolated forearm injuries that merit special consideration included

in this category are contusion/hematoma, muscular strain, and

fractures isolated to the forearm without concomitant

involvement of elbow and wrist.

The forearm is particularly vulnerable to injury

because it is frequently the first part of the body to make contact

with an opposing competitor or an object such as a collision, fall

impact with goal post. the majority of injuries consist of

contusions and / or fractures. However, because of the complex

array of musculotendinious structures that traverse the forearm

-- 25

acute strain and chronic overuse syndromes also represent very

common sports injuries.

Injuries to the hip and pelvis comprise less than 3% of

all injuries to the lower exterimity; It is the least frequent site of

injury. The most common sports producing injury to the hip are

the running and jumping sports, which primarily use the muscle

of the hip for locomotion. In generals most injuries the result of

direct acute trauma ( contact / collision sports ), or overuse;

neurovascular injuries. Generally result from comparison and

although the pelvis is not the most frequently injured site on the

body, it is important to understand the form and function of the

many muscles and nerves that comprise this focal point of upper

and lower extremity balance.

Keeping in view of the paucity of information about

sports injuries in general and Badminton playing in particular, an

attempt has been made in this area to investigate the nature,

location, causes, outcome of injuries and the possible risk factors

involved in Badminton players.

-- 26

The primary aim of the present study is to compare

and determine the injuries between inter collegiate and

University Badminton players at various stages.

This kind of investigations are expected to elicit the

desired interaction between the physical educators, doctors,

physiotherapist, coaches and Badmintoners.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM :

“Comparison of specific injury in University and Collegiate

level Badminton players.”

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY :

The study will be significante in following way –

1) It will help to know about specific injuries in badminton.

2) It will help to know about the causes of injuries in

badminton.

3) It will help the physiotherapist to provide rehabilitation of

the injured players.

4) It will help to the coaches, R/o Physical Educator and

Player to take preventive measures to minimize the injuries.

5) It will help to comparison in University and Collegiate level

-- 27

HYPHOTHESES :

1. There would be no significant difference in injury between

University and Collegiate Level Badminton Players.

2. There would be no significant difference in injuries

between inter collegiate and inter University Badminton

players with respect to locations.

3. There would be no significant difference in injuries between

competition and training periods of university and

collegiate level Badminton players.

4. There would be no significant difference in injuries

between university and collegiate level Badminton players

with respect to natures.

DELIMITATION :

1) Study was delimited to badminton players only.

2) Study was delimited to the university and collegiate level

badminton players.

3) Study shall be delimited to the 17 to 25 years of age of the

badminton players.

4) Study shall be delimited to 200 Badminton players.

-- 28

LIMITATION :

1) Prior experience of the players.

2) Inaviability of sophisticated tools.

3) Daily routine of the players.

4) Training scheduled of the players.

Definition and Explanation of Terms :

Upper extremities.

a] Tendinitis of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon :

Chronic tendinitis of the shoulder is a ccommon

condition in badminton players, and are the most

susceptible tendons are the supraspinatus and biceps. The

tendinitis is brought on by the act of hitting overhead or

hitting a backhand stroke.

-- 29

b] Rotator Cuff Rupture :

The rotator cuff is at risk in badminton,

particularly with the action of hitting an overhead or a

backhand shot. This causes impingement of the rotator cuff

against the anterior aspect of the acromion and the

coracoacromid arch.

c] Extensor Tendinitis - Tennis Elblow :

Tennis elbow is one of the most common

physical affictions occuring in badminton players and

those engaged in other racket sports. The pathology is

located where the wrist and finger extensor tendons

originate in the lateral epicondylar region of the

humorous, and particularly at the origin of the extension

carpiradialis brevis tendon.

-- 30

d] Wrist and Hand Injuries :

The problems in two particular areas of the wrist

the first is at the distal radio-ulnar joint. Tenderness can be

elicited over the radio-ulnar ligaments, and the distal ---

may be sufficiently lax and able to the subluxed which

pressure.

A second pattern of pain occurs in players where

tenderness is noted in the small Ulnar Carpal ligaments.

Lower Extremities :

a] Adductor Strains :

Playing badminton puts great stress on the thigh

muscles. The adductors are prove to strains at the public

attachment. If a player is going in one direction and is "

Wrong Footed " so he has to turn quickly and comeback in

the otherway, stress is placed on the thigh adductors.

-- 31

b] Knee Injuries (Sprain) :

Violent overstretching of one or more ligaments

in the knee-sprain involving two or more ligaments causes

considerable more disability than single ligaments sprains.

When the ligaments is overstreched, it becomes tense and

gives way at its weakest point, either where it attaches to

bone or within the ligaments itself. If the ligaments pulls

loose a fragment of bone it is called a sprain fracture.

c] Ankle Sprain :

A severe injuries to the ankle in which one or

more ligaments are stretchal and totally torn. A severe

sprain may include a temporary or lasting dislocation. A

two ligaments causes more disability than a single

ligament sprain.

-- 32

Miscellaneous Injuries :

a] Muscle Cramp :

No acute condition is badminton is more

devastating to the player than muscle cramp. The authors

do not know the exact of cause of acute muscle cramping.

Cramp occurs most frequently under competitive playing

condition. Increased heat, high humidity, fluid loss,

fatigue, and tension all are contributory factors. A player

having a previous history of crampin gis more likely to

cramp again. Losses of salt, potassium, manganess, and

even zinc have been postulated etiologic factors. However

the exact cause is not known.

b] Back Strain :

Acute and chronic back strain occurs commonly

in badminton players. This particularly in which requires a

marked increase in amount of lumber lordosis at the time

of around the shots. The signs and symptoms of acute back

strain are no different in badminton than in other sports. A

-- 33

major problem is that with a painful back, it is vertually

impossible to play badminton.

Blisters :

Blisters represent accumulation of fluid within

intaepidermal slits that for primarily from horizontal

shearing forcess act upon the skin. The slits develop

secondary to pickle-cell and fill with fluid from the

dermis.

Badminton requires a variety of physical attributes and

specific playing skills, therefore participants need to train and

prepare to meet at least a minimum set of physical, physiological

and psychological requirements to cope with the demands of the

game and to reduce the risk of injury. It is an enjoyable and

social sport than can be played from childhood to old age, either

at a recreational level or as a competitive sports.

Badminton playing largely involves starting, running,

slopping, twisting, jumping, kicking, and turning movements

that place the players to greater risk of injury ( Waston 1993).

-- 34

In the epidemiological studies, injury occurs in training or

matches interrupted or hampered play ( Sinku 2006 and 2007 ).

Special treatment required in order to continue the game, or if the

injury has made playing impossible. Badminton has received a

little interest in the sphere of sports medicine.

Badminton is a low risk sport. dominated by overuse

injuries while recovery time from injuries is relatively long, but

only a few working days are lost by the players to return back to

play, thus leading to abuse of the injured sites. In Badminton

only a few studies have been made in the literature regarding

incidents of injury and pattern, possible risk factors and injury

prevention ( Winter Griffith, 1989; wastan. 1993; Junge, 2004 ). In

Badminton overuse injuries are the most frequent occurrences of

injury. and injuries are traditionally divided into contact and non

contact mechanism in which case contact refers to players

contact. Some of the forces involved in a non contact injury are

transmitted from the playing surface to the injured body part.

-- 35

Injury

An athletic injuries is defined as a disruption in tissue

continuity that results from athletic or sports related activity,

causing a cessation of participation or restriction of usual activity.

Sprain

A Sprain is an injury involving a ligament, Ligament are

basically inelastic and designed to prevent abnormal motion of a

joint whenever a joint is forced to move in an abnormal directions

ligaments are stressed some of the common sprain in Badminton

are :

a) Knee Sprain :

Violent overstretching of one or more ligaments

in the knee. Sprain involving two or more ligaments

cause considerable more disability than single

ligaments sprains. When the ligament is overstretched,

it become tense and gives way at its weakest point,

either where it is attached to bone or within the

-- 36

ligaments itself. If the ligaments pull or loose a

fragment of bone it is called a sprain fracture.

b) Ankle Sprain :

A severe injury to the ankle in with one or more

ligaments are stretched and totally turn. A severe

sprain may include a temporary or lasting dissolution.

A Two ligaments cases more disability than a single

ligament sprain.

c) Wrist Sprain :

Wrist Sprains are common injuries to the

ligaments around the wrist joint. Wrist sprain causes

problem by limiting the use of our hands.

d) High Ankle Sprain :

A high Ankle sprain is a term used to describe an

injury to the ligaments that connect the two bones of

the lower ligament, called a syndesmosis, joint’s the

bones together and runs from the knee to the ankle. In

a high ankle syndesmosis is injured.

-- 37

e) Finger Sprain :

Finger sprains are injuries to the ligaments and

soft-tissues around the small joint.

f) Thumb Sprain :

An lunar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb

is a painful injury that may cause looseness in base of

the thumb where it attaches to a hand.

Strain :-

Strains are injury involving the musculotendinous unit and

may involve the muscle tendon and the junction between two as

well as their attachments to bone. Some of the strain in

Badminton are :

a) Low back Strain :

A low back strain, often called a lumbar strain is

an injury to the large muscles in the low back. These

injuries are very common, affecting most everyone at

some point in their life Low back strains can be painful

and debilitating.

-- 38

b) Groin Strain :

A Groin strain is a common sports injury that is

due to a strain at the muscles at the inner thigh.

c) Hamstring Strain :

A pulled hamstring is common sports injury seen

most commonly in sprinters. A pulled hamstring is a

muscle called a hamstring strain.

d) Neck Strain :

A strain of the neck, or the muscle around the

cervical spine is often called whiplash. This neck

muscle strain occurs when there is a sudden extension

and flexion of the neck.

Ankle Injury :

Ankle is the most frequently injured area of the body

in sports and recreational activities. The generic sprain is

probably the most frequent sports injury, but the attitude of “ It’s

-- 39

just a sprain” is not acceptable due to the significant amount of

morbidity associated with such trauma. The majority of low

velocity ankle injuries, including stable fractures etc.

Spinal Injuries ::

Spine complaints are a major cause of concern in both

sports and industry. All age groups and body types sustained

back injuries. Stars of some sports such as golf, tennis, and

baseball have been incapacitated by low back pain. Other sports

such as Badminton, diving and wrestling have their share of

acute cervical and lumber spine injuries.

Forearm Injuries ::

Isolated forearm injuries due to sports related activities are

relatively uncommon usually they occur can committing with

either wrist or elbow injuries or both. However, there are a few

injuries that occur separately; including contusions,

musclulotendenions strains and fractures that spare the wrist and

elbow joint. The mechanism of injuries generally involves either

a direct impact to the forearm or a fall on the outstretched hand,

-- 40

but chronic strain also occur as a result of overuse. Because of the

relatively complex anatomy of the fore arm with its articulation at

the elbow and wrist, it is important to have a systematic

approach when evaluating forearm injuries.

Thigh Injuries ::

Little attention has historically been given to the rather

common sprains, strains, and contusions involving the thigh.

Their devastating properties have not been widely recognized.

Muscle injuries in the thigh create localized structural problems

as well as functional disability in the low back pelvis and knee.

Spinal Cord Injury :

Spinal cord injury is a damage to the spinal cord that is due

to indirect injury from damage to the bones, soft tissues, and

blood vessels surrounding the spinal cord. A seemingly minor

injury can cause spinal cord injury due to spinal weakness and

the spinal canal protecting the spinal cord becomes too narrow

due to the normal aging process.

-- 41

Groin Injury :

Generally tall and thin athletes built requires a mix of

aerobic and anaerobic running, kicking, and jumping efforts.

Groin injury results from overuse or generally managed

conservatively during match and training session.

Hip Injury :

Hip injury generally occurs in most stress in hip structure.

This high incidence result from the costly demands of the game,

including punt kicking, sprinting and changing of direction.

Higher extension and flexion of the hip is also cause of hip injury.

Cervical Injury :

When spinal cord injuries occur near the neck, This is called

cervical injury. Cervical injury extremely is rare in Badminton.

The term “ Cervical Spine ” refers to the area around the seven

vertebrae in the neck, and this is where the fracture can occur. In

Badminton the injury usually occurs by the player being struck

on the head whilst heading the ball. The force arm from the blow

-- 42

to the head is transmitted to the neck, where it can be resolved as

a fracture.

Thoracic Injuries :

When spinal injuries occurs at chest level. Thoracic injuries

result from collisions with players, goalpost, fall in the ground

and direct hit by the ball. It is rare injury in Badminton.

Turf Toe :

Turf toe describes injury to the capsligamentous structure of

the first metatarsi so phalange joint. Hyperextension is the most

common mechanism of injury in turf toe.

Typically, the forefoot is plant grade and slightly

dorsiflexed, and the heel raised off the Ground.

Costochonditis :

Costochonditis, or Tiete’s syndrome is a syndrome of chest

wall pain that is due to inflammation of the bones in the chest

wall.

-- 43

Skier’s Thumb :

An lunar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb is a painful

injury that may cause looseness of the thumb between base of the

thumb where it attaches to the hand.

Muscle Cramp :

“ They are painful, sustained contraction of all the fiber in a

muscle. They can lost for just a few seconds or continue for

several hours ” cramp occurs most frequently under competitive

playing conditions. Increase heat, high humidity fluid loss,

fatigue and tension all are contributory factors. A player having

a previous history of muscle cramp is more likely to in fine floe

again. Losses of salt, potassium, Magnesia, and even zinc have

been postulated etiologic factors. However the exact cause is not

known.

Muscle Pull :

It is an acute tear of skeletal muscle fiber and is

characterized by sudden localized and persistent pain in a

muscle, e.g. horse rider on inner thigh. Muscle pull resulting

-- 44

from lack of proper warm up before physical activity, poor

flexibility, over training, lack of co-ordination of activity. Poor

training and imbalance in muscular strength between agonistic

and antagonistic muscle particularly two joint it also occurs most

frequently under competitive and training conditions.

Stress Fracture :

The metatarsal and fibula are particularly susceptible to

stress fracture. This condition appears as aching pain, soreness,

and distress on function. There is no history of injury, however,

examination will reveal local tenderness over the bone.

The Significance of stress fracture of the fibula is not great

as that of the foot as the fibula is a non-weight-bearing bone.

Careful rehabilitation is imperative the patient develop chronic

muscular disability in the leg. Frequently, by the time of fracture

is found the time for immobilization will be past and the

treatment will be careful gives to muscular restoration, local heat,

and ice massage.

-- 45

Fracture of the metatarsal Bone :

In cases without displacement, partial immobilization with

a zinc oxide-gelatin cast in addition to a semi rigid sole, a rigid

sole, or a rigid postoperative shoe will suffice. A semi rigid boot

or rigid orthotic can also be helpful.

Anterior Tibia Syndrome :

The anterior tibia, extensor hallucis, and extensor digit rum

longus muscles arise from the anterior compartment of the leg.

This compartment is tightly roofed by the anterior fascia. In the

anterior tibial syndrome, there is rapid swelling of the muscle

within the compartment. This may come from active exercise of

muscle that have not been previously conditioned, resulting in

edema and swelling it may also arise following direct injury in

which there was hemorrhage and swelling in the space.

Tendon Achilles Bursitis :

This condition is caused by a sub-dermal enlargement

immediately above the tendon. Achilles insertion although it is

not the usual site of burse. It is caused by prolonged pressure

-- 46

from the upper margin of the shoe counter rubbing against a

prominent posterior-superior border or tuberosity of the

calcaneus.

Plantar Fibromatosus and/or Heel Spurs :

This can occur in either the flatfoot or immobile rigid foot

with the high arch caused by a biomechanical fault or disturbance

in function. This condition usually needs realignment of the foot

fault by strapping or orthotics.

Foot Syndrome, Or Congenital Anatomic Disturbance :

With the first metatarsal bone shorter in length than the

second metatarsal bone, a resulting abnormal biomechanical

faults occur because of inability to pronate.

Fractures :

An interruption in the continuity of the bone which may be

a complete break is an incomplete break or minor crack.

-- 47

Dislocation :

Dislocation of the joint occurs when the articular surfaces

are completely separated from each other so that all subluxation

occurs when the articular surfaces are partially separated but

there is still some part of each surface in contact. The main cause

of either dislocation or subluxations is trauma. Congenital

malformation of the joint surface can occur and this could result

in dislocation, as for example in a congenital dislocation of the

hip.

Soft Tissue Injuries :

Soft Tissue injuries comprises damage to ligaments,

muscles, tendons with synovial sheaths, fascia, and inter articular

cartilage.

Injuries to Ligaments :

Sprain, Strain and Rupture are terms used to denote

injuries. Acute sprain of the ligament is caused by a sudden

twisting or wrenching of a joint which results in overstretching of

-- 48

the ligament. It is associated with the muscle controlling the joint

being momentarily off guard so that the ligament is subjected to

the full force of the movement. Only some of the fabrics are

reputed, the severity of the injury depending on the number of

fibers affected. The joint remains stable but the quality of

stability depends on the number of fibers remaining intact.

Chronic sprain of a ligament is caused by repetitive stretching

from a minor force which may be due to bad postural habit or

poor quality of movement. Strain may be used as term in the

diagnosis of partially ruptured ligaments but is more commonly

applied to muscle and tendon injuries. Complete rupture is

disruption of all fibers of the ligament caused by a sudden,

violent force such that the joint is unstable.

Tenosynovitis :

This is inflammation of the synovial sheath of a tendon. The

commonest cause is over use, but pressure may also cause the

condition.

-- 49

Rupture :

There is complete loss of continuity of muscles fibers. Both

strain and rupture are caused by sudden stretching force applied

whilst the muscle in contracting.

Contusion :

This is bruising without loss of continuity of fibers. It is

caused by a blow to the muscle.

The prevalent aim of the present study is to comparison of

the specific Badminton injury in the Badminton player of

university and collegiate level. Because not much studies have

been made about survey in this area of injury. So the attempt has

been made to conducted in the area.

-- 50

REFERENCES

BOOKS :

Davdron, K.R.; and L.R. Gustavson, (1953), Winning

Badminton New York; Ronald Press H. Winter Griffith, M.D.

1989 Complete Guide to Sports injuries Metropolitan Book Co.

(P) L.

JOURNALS :

Barrell GV, Cooper PJ, Elkington AR, et. al. (1981) Squash

ball to eye ball; the likelihood of Squash players incurring an eye

injury British Medical Journal 283 : 893-895.

Chandran S. (1975) “ Hyphaema and Badminton Eye

Injuries” The Medical Journal of Malaya 26: 207-210.

Chandram S. Ocular (1974) “ hazards of playing

badminton ” British Journal Ophthalmol. 58: 757-760

-- 51

Albright JP, Mc Auley E / Martin R K et al. Head and neck

injuries in college football ; and eight – year analysis. American

Journal of sports Medicine 1985 ; 13 : 147 – 152.

Alles, W.F. Powell, J. W. Buckley. W. , and Hunt, E. E., “

The National Athletic injury / illness reporting system three –

year finding of high school and college football injuries ”,

Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy,. vol. i. No.

2 1979, PP 103-108.

Baker, B. E., van Hanswyk. E. Bogosians., “ A

Biomehanical study at the static stabilizing effect of knee Braces

on medial stability ” American Journal of sports Medicine vol.

15, 1987, PP.

Bowers K. D., & martin, R. B. 1976. turf toe : a shoe

related football injury Medicine science and sports exercise 8 :

81-83.

-- 52

Bradshaw C, Mccrophy P, Bell S, Brukner P. obturator

nerve entrapment “A cause of groin pain in athletes ” .

American Journal of sports Medicine. 1997 ; 25 (3) : 402 – 408.

Cormwell, F ; J. Gormely “ A pilot study examining

injuries in elite gaelic footballer ” Birtish Journals of sports

Medicine 2000 34 : 104-108.

Fetto, J. F., and marshall, J. L., “ Medial collateral

Ligament injuries of the knee; A Rationale for Treatment. ”

Clinical Orthopaedics vol. 132, 1978, 206-218.

H. Winter Griffith, M. D 1989. Complete guide to sports

injuries.

Haverstruck, B. D. 1998. “ Turf toe of the first

metatarsophalangeal joint. ” British journal of podiatry.

Hewson, G. F., mendini, R. A., and wang, J. B.,

“ Prophylactic knee bracing in college football, ” American

Journal of sports Medicine. vol. 15, 1987, PP 111 - 116.

Junge A et. Al. football injury during world cup 2002.

American Journal of sports Medicine. vol. 32 : 523 – 527, 2004.

-- 53

Kraus Ifconroy C. Mortality and morbidity from injuries

in sports and recreation. Ann Rev public Health 1984 ; 5 :

163-192.

Saxby, T. 1999. Turf toe ( Abstracts from the football

Australasian conferences ) Journal of science Medicine in

sports, 2(1) : 36.

Seward H G, Patrick J. A. three year survey of victorian

football league injuries. Aust. J SCL. Med Sport. 1992 ; 24 (2)

: 51-54.

Tom vegso J J , sennett B. The national football head and

neck registry : 14 years report on cervical quadriplegic ( 1971 –

1984.) Clinical Sports Medicine 1987 ; 7 : 61 – 72.

Walden et Al. UEFA Champions league study. 7th

Scandinavian congress of Medicine 2004.