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History of EducationHistory of EducationHistory of EducationHistory of EducationHistory of EducationHistory of EducationHistory of EducationHistory of Education

byHj Ahmad Zawawi bin Abdullah

FOUR STAGES

Before the coming of the British

During the British colonial government

Era before Independence

After Independence

HISTORYOF EDUCATIONHISTORYOF EDUCATION

IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIA

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Informal education limited to acquiringskills for survival, like fishing andfarming for boys, and cookery andweaving for girls

Al-Quran and Islamic Studies at theSuraus, Mosques or Pondok Schools

BEFORE THE COMING OFBEFORE THE COMING OF

THE BRITISHTHE BRITISH

No clear policy on education Four types of vernacular schools English-Medium,

Malay-Medium, Chinese-Medium, and Tamil-Medium English-medium schools were run by missionaries

and the British government The oldest school in Malaysia is the Penang Free

School (1816). Next Malacca High School (1826),Singapore Free School (1834), and VictoriaInstitution (1893)

Most in the urban areas

DURING BRITISH COLONIZATIONDURING BRITISH COLONIZATION

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Malay vernacular schools Malay as amedium of instruction

Emphasis on 3 Rs Reading, Writing, andaRithmetic

Focus on Living Skills, e.g. vegetablegardening, poultry farming, basket makingand handicrafts

To the Malays the Pondok Schools still form avery important means of education

MALAYMALAY--MEDIUM SCHOOLMEDIUM SCHOOL

NUMBER OF MALAY SCHOOLSNUMBER OF MALAY SCHOOLS

States Nos. of Schools Enrolment Attendance

The Straits Settlements 191 12,934 11,034

The Federated Malay States 365 18,034 14,535

The Unfederated Malay States 137 7,923 6,940

TOTAL 693 38,891 32,509

NUMBER OF MALAY SCHOOLS IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS,

FEDERATED MALAY STATES AND UNFEDERATED

MALAY STATES IN 1916

(Source: Malaysian Development Experiance, Changes and Challenges,INTAN, Kuala Lumpur, 1994)

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Mostly run by the Chinese community

Chinese is the medium of instruction

The School Registration Enactment waspassed in 1919 to control politicalactivities in the school

CHINESECHINESE--MEDIUM SCHOOLSMEDIUM SCHOOLS

Education was used as a tool for propaganda toinculcate loyalty to the Japanese emperor

The Japanese language, Nippon-Go, become theofficial medium of instruction for all subjects inschools, be they Malay, Chinese, or Tamil schools

The English and Mandarin languages were banned inschools

Secondary schools were used as army operation

centres and school hostels as detention camps It is compulsory for students to sing the Japanese

national song every morning

DURING THE SECOND WORLD WARDURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

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1949 THE HOLGATE REPORT

A standardized educational system

English as the only medium ofinstruction in all schools

The Federal Legislative Council rejectedthe proposal

BEFORE INDEPENDENCEBEFORE INDEPENDENCE

1951 THE BARNES REPORT

All primary vernacular schools maintainone single standard national schools

Use the same syllabus

Bilingual languages, Malay and English

Secondary schools was to maintainedEnglish as medium of instruction

BEFORE INDEPENDENCEBEFORE INDEPENDENCE

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1952 THE FENN- WU REPORT

Support one national educationalsystem

Maintained the Chinese-mediumschools

BEFORE INDEPENDENCEBEFORE INDEPENDENCE

1952 THE EDUCATIONAL ORDINANCE

Based on the Barnes Report

No support from the Chinese andIndians

Not fully implemented

BEFORE INDEPENDENCEBEFORE INDEPENDENCE

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1956 THE RAZAK REPORT

The Education system should compromise oftwo types of primary schools standardprimary schools Malay as a medium ofinstruction, and standard-type primaryschools Kuo-Yuor Tamil or English as themedium of instructions

Use common syllabus

Malay as a compulsory subject

BEFORE INDEPENDENCEBEFORE INDEPENDENCE

1956 THE RAZAK REPORT

All National Secondary Schools should use a

common syllabus and examination

And enforce Malay and English ascompulsory subjects

All teachers should be trained with a common

syllabus in teachers training colleges

BEFORE INDEPENDENCEBEFORE INDEPENDENCE

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1961 THE RAHMAN TALIB REPORT

Emphasize the use of Malay as themedium of instruction

AFTER INDEPENDENCEAFTER INDEPENDENCE

THE EDUCATION ACT 1961

1961 the Parliament passed theEducation Act based on the RazakReport and the Rahman Talib Report

After the Education Act was passed, the

National Education System wasimplemented

THE NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEMTHE NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

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1957 Malay was made compulsory in allgovernment-aided primary and secondaryschools

1958 Introduction of Malay-medium classesattached to selected English-mediumsecondary schools

1963 First Malay-medium fully-residentialsecondary, SMK Alam Shah

1968 First batch of Malay-medium studentsgraduated from UM

THE NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEMTHE NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

1968 Malay-medium classes introduced atsecondary vocational schools

1968 Conversion from English to Malay as themedium of instruction for Standard I to III in national-type (English) primary schools

1973 All subjects in the Arts stream, Form 1, innational-type secondary schools were taught inMalay

1975 The conversion programme from English toMalay as a medium of instruction in all national-type(English) primary schools was completed

THE NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEMTHE NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

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