02 Material Print[1]

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Material Prof Schierle 1

Structurematerial

Wood

Steel

Concrete

Masonry

Fabric


Rupture Length

Rupture length is the maximum length a bar ofconstant cross section can be suspended withoutrupture under it’s weight in tension (compressionfor concrete & masonry)

Rapture length defines the efficiency of material as ratio strength / weight:

R = F / whereR = rupture lengthF = breaking strength = specific gravity (self weight)

The graph is partly based on a study of theLight weight Structures Institute Stuttgart University


Energy use

For simple beam of

• Aluminum [Aluminium]• Concrete [Béton]• Steel [Acier]• Wood [Bois]

demonstrates wood requires much less energy !

Study of EPFL(Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)

Woo

d

2


WoodTypes:• Balloon framing (rare)• Platform framing• Heavy timber framing

Challenges:• Combustible• Termite attacks • Decays in variable humidity• Limited height and floor area

Advantages:• The only renewable material• Warm, natural appearance• Low energy required• Easy to work • Low cost


Platform framingPlatform framing is used for low-rise residentialstructures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs@ 16” reach from platform to platform. Doubletop plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywoodsheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind andseismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16” supportplywood floor and roof (platforms). Blockingresists joist buckling and supports plywood paneledges to transfer shear. Standard plywood andgypsum board panels 48” (4’) wide match 2, 3, or 4joist/stud spaces of 24”, 16” or 12”, respectively.A Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24“, or 12” o.c..B BlockingC Double top plates overlap at corners and splicesD Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16“ or 24” o. c.E Bottom platesF Double plates supporting joistsG Anchor bolt, 1/2“ @ 4‘ o. c.H Sole plate, min. 6" above soilI Concrete foundation

Maximum height: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers)


Woodframe house

Wall erectionPlywood shear wall resists lateral wind and seismic loads

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Clifton Condos, Beverly HillsArchitect: Schierle


Terrace Homes, Hermosa BeachArchitect: Schierle


Terrace HomesHermosa Beach

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Heavy timber framing


Timber houseArchitect: Thomas Herzog(rods resist lateral load)

Gamble house PasadenaArchitects: Green and Green


SteelTypes:• Heavy steel • Light gauge steel

Challenges:• Requires much energy to produce• Higher cost than other material• Requires fire proofing• Requires accurate workmanship• Limited availability in some countries

Com

pres

sion

Te

nsio

n

Hysteresis loop(test stress-strain curve)E = Energy absorbed by

ductility

- Strain +

Advantages:• Can be recycled • Ductile (absorbs seismic energy)• Lighter than concrete and masonry

(small seismic forces)• No limitation of height or floor area

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Heavy steel shapesProfiles: typical labels1. W-shape, light (W14x22)2. W-shape, heavy (W14x730)3. S-shape, Standard (S12x50)4. W-shape, wide flange (W16x40)5. C-shape, Channel (C10x30)6. T-shape

Cut from S-shape (ST6x25)Cut from W-shape (WT8x20)

7. Angle, unequal legs (L6x4x½)Double angle (DL6x4x½)

8. Angle, equal legs (L4x4x½)Double angle (DL3x3x½)

9. Pipe Standard (P4) Extra strong (XP4) Double extra strong (DXP4)

10. Structural Tubing Square (ST6x6x½)Rectangular (ST8x4x½)


Floor / roof framing A Concrete slab on steel deckB Steel Q-deckC Truss joistD Support bracketE Alternate prefab concrete slabF Wide-flange steel beam


Steel joints

1 Pin joint, transfers only beam shear to column

2 Classic moment joint, transfers shear and bending moment

3 Dog-bone moment joint, reduces stress for seismic safety

4 Joist to beam joint with top flange cut back

5 Beam to beam joint with both flanges cut back

A Column

B Beam

C Connector angles, welded in shop, bolted in field

D Machine bolts, usually installed in field to connect beam

E Welded connection of beam flanges to column

F Stiffener plates resist bending stress from beam flanges

G Secondary beam / joist supported by primary beam / girder

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Steel moment frames

Beam / column moment jointprovides lateral resistance


Truss floors

Joist and beam roof


Expressed steel

Hillside houseArchitect: Helmut Schulitz

Braced frame

Imos factoryArchitect: Richard Rogers

Cable stayed roof

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Light-gauge steel(cold-rolled)

1. Channel stud (2 ½ – 6“)2. C-stud (2 ½ – 6“)3. I-stud (3 5/8 – 8“)4. C-joist (6 – 12”)5. I-joist (6 – 12”)


Light-gauge steel


ConcreteTypes: • Site cast• Precast• Prestressed

Advantages:• Widely available• Can be recycled• Many finishes• Takes any form• Fire resistant• Durable

Challenges:• Heavy weight

(large seismic forces)• Requires rebars

to resist tension• Possible cracks

without prestress

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Concrete properties:• strong in compression• weak in tension• steel re-bars resist tension


Site cast concretefacilitates free forms butformwork may be costly


Precast Concrete

Challenges:• element joints • transportation cost

Advantages:• repetitive use of formwork• factory quality control

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Precast Concrete


MasonryTypes:• Brick masonry• Concrete masonry• Stone masonry

Rom

an a

qued

uct S

egov

ia, S

pain

Rom

an a

qued

uct P

ont d

u G

ard

Fran

ce

Advantages:• Widely available• Can be recycled• Earthy appearance• Fire rated• Durable

Challenges:• Heavy weight

(large seismic forces)• Requires rebars to

resist seismic forces• Limited height

His

toric

sto

ne m

ason

ry:


Brick Masonry

CMU (Concrete Masonry Units)

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Modular coordination

Based on unit size

A Inside dimensions: # of units + 1 joint

B Outside dimensions: # of units – 1 joint

C System dimensions: # of units

3 units+4 joints

5 units+4 joints

4 units+4 joints


Concrete masonry CMU: Concrete Masonry Units

Minimum reinforcementRebars around openingsIn severe seismic areas:Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feetIn moderate seismic areas:Horizontal rebars @ 10 feetVertical rebars @ 4 feet


Brick masonry

Minimum reinforcementRerbars around openingsIn severe seismic areas:Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feetIn moderate seismic areas:Horizontal rebars @ 10 feetVertical rebars @ 4 feet

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CMU wall with rebars Grouting (bonds rebars with masonry)


San

Die

go C

onve

ntio

n C

ente

r (an

ticla

stic

)Ar

chite

ct: A

rthur

Eric

kson

; Eng

inee

r: H

orst

Ber

ger

Advantages:• Light-weight

(less seismic load)• Translucent

(daylight saves energy)

FabricTypes:• Anticlastic (saddle shape)• Air supported• Air inflated

Challenges:• Fire rating

(Teflon coated fiber glass isfire rated; polyester is not)

• Durability (about 30 years)


Air supportedInside air pressure greater than outside

• Require revolving doorsto keep air pressure

Air inflatedAir pressure between double membrane or tubes

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Anticlastic Membranes

Stadium roof Oldenburg, GermanyEngineer: Schlaich / Bergermann


Stadium roofsEngineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

Stuttgart

Kuala Lumpur


Sw

iss

Exp

o 64

Sea

Wor

ld V

alle

joAr

chite

ct: S

chie

rleEn

gine

er: A

SI

Arch

itect

: Sau

gey

/ Sch

ierle

Engi

neer

: Fro

adve

aux

/ Web

er

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Structurematerial

Wood

Steel

Concrete

Masonry

FabricUse intrinsic beauty

02 Material Print[1]

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