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Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 1

St ruc tu re

ma te r i a l

Wood

Steel

Concre te

Masonry

Fabr ic

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Rupture Length

Rupture length is themaximumlengthabar of

constant cross sectioncanbesuspendedwithoutruptureunder itsweight in tension(compression

for concrete&masonry)

Rapture length defines the efficiency of material asratio strength / weight:

R = F / where

R = rupture lengthF = breaking strength

= specific gravity (self weight)

Thegraph ispartlybasedonastudyof the

Light weight Structures InstituteStuttgart University

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Energy use

For simple beam of

Aluminum [Aluminium] Concrete [Bton]

Steel [Acier]

Wood [Bois]

demonstrates wood requires

much less energy !

Study of EPFL

(Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)

Wood

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WoodTypes:

Balloon framing (rare) Platform framing

Heavy timber framing

Challenges:

Combustible

Termite attacks

Decays in variable humidity

Limited height and floor area

Advantages:

The only renewable material Warm, natural appearance

Low energy required

Easy to work

Low cost

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Platform framingPlatformframing is used for low-riseresidential

structures, due toeconomy &flexibility. 2x4studs

@16 reach fromplatformtoplatform. Double

topplates overlapat cornersandsplices. Plywood

sheathing, nailed tostuds, resists lateral windand

seismic loads. Joists, usually2x12@16 support

plywood floor androof (platforms). Blocking

resists joist bucklingandsupportsplywoodpaneledges to transfer shear. Standardplywoodand

gypsumboardpanels48 (4) widematch2, 3, or 4

joist/studspaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively.

A Joists, 2x12or 2x10@16", 24, or 12 o.c..B Blocking

C Doubletopplates overlapat cornersandsplices

D Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4@16 or 24 o. c.

E Bottomplates

F Doubleplates supporting joists

G Anchor bolt, 1/2 @4 o. c.

H Soleplate, min. 6" abovesoil

I Concretefoundation

Maximumheight: 3stories (4with firesprinklers)

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Woodframe house

Wall erection

Plywood shear wall resists

lateral wind and seismic loads

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Clifton Condos, Beverly HillsArchitect: Schierle

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Terrace Homes, Hermosa BeachArchitect: Schierle

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Terrace Homes

Hermosa Beach

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Heavy timber framing

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Timber house

Architect: Thomas Herzog

(rods resist lateral load)

Gamble house PasadenaArchitects: Green and Green

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SteelTypes:

Heavy steel

Light gauge steel

Challenges:

Requires much energy to produce

Higher cost than other material

Requires fire proofing

Requires accurate workmanship Limited availability in some countries

Com

pression

Tension

Hysteresis loop

(test stress-strain curve)

E = Energy absorbed byductility

- Strain +

Advantages:

Can be recycled Ductile (absorbs seismic energy)

Lighter than concrete and masonry

(small seismic forces)

No limitation of height or floor area

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Heavy steel shapesProfiles: typical labels

1. W-shape, light (W14x22)

2. W-shape, heavy (W14x730)3. S-shape, Standard (S12x50)

4. W-shape, wide flange (W16x40)

5. C-shape, Channel (C10x30)

6. T-shapeCut from S-shape (ST6x25)

Cut from W-shape (WT8x20)

7. Angle, unequal legs (L6x4x)

Double angle (DL6x4x)8. Angle, equal legs (L4x4x)

Double angle (DL3x3x)

9. Pipe

Standard (P4)Extra strong (XP4)

Double extra strong (DXP4)

10. Structural Tubing

Square (ST6x6x)Rectangular (ST8x4x)

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Floor / roof framing

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Steel joints

1 Pin joint, transfers only beam shear to column

2 Classic moment joint, transfers shear and bending moment3 Dog-bone moment joint, reduces stress for seismic safety

4 Joist to beam joint with top flange cut back

5 Beam to beam joint with both flanges cut back

A Column

B Beam

C Connector angles, welded in shop, bolted in field

D Machine bolts, usually installed in field to connect beam

E Welded connection of beam flanges to column

F Stiffener plates resist bending stress from beam flanges

G Secondary beam / joist supported by primary beam / girder

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Steel moment frames

Beam / column moment jointprovides lateral resistance

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Truss floors

Joist and beam roof

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Expressed steel

Hillside houseArchitect: Helmut Schulitz

Braced frame

Imos factoryArchitect: Richard Rogers

Cable stayed roof

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Light-gauge steel(cold-rolled)

1. Channel stud (2 6)

2. C-stud (2 6)

3. I-stud (3 5/8 8)

4. C-joist (6 12)5. I-joist (6 12)

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Light-gauge steel

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ConcreteTypes:

Site cast

Precast Prestressed

Advantages:

Widely available

Can be recycled Many finishes

Takes any form

Fire resistant

Durable

Challenges:

Heavy weight

(large seismic forces)

Requires rebars

to resist tension Possible cracks

without prestress

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Concrete properties: strong in compression

weak in tension

steel re-bars resist tension

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Site cast concretefacilitates free forms but

formwork may be costly

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Precast Concrete

Challenges:

element joints

transportation cost

Advantages:

repetitive use of formwork

factory quality control

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Precast Concrete

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Masonry

Types:

Brick masonry Concrete masonry

Stone masonry

RomanaqueductSegovia,Spain

RomanaqueductPontduGard

France

Advantages:

Widely available

Can be recycled Earthy appearance

Fire rated

Durable

Challenges:

Heavy weight

(large seismic forces) Requires rebars to

resist seismic forces

Limited height

Historicstonemas

onry:

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Brick Masonry

CMU (Concrete Masonry Units)

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Modular coordination

Based on unit sizeA Inside dimensions: # of units + 1 joint

B Outside dimensions: # of units 1 joint

C System dimensions: # of units

3 units+4 joints

5 units+4 joints

4 units+4 joints

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Concrete masonryCMU: Concrete Masonry Units

Minimum reinforcement

Rebars around openings

Insevere seismic areas:

Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feet

Inmoderateseismic areas:

Horizontal rebars @ 10 feet

Vertical rebars @ 4 feet

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Brick masonry

Minimum reinforcement

Rerbars around openings

Insevere seismic areas:

Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feet

Inmoderateseismic areas:

Horizontal rebars @ 10 feet

Vertical rebars @ 4 feet

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CMU wall with rebars Grouting(bonds rebars with masonry)

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San

DiegoCon

ventionCe

nter(anticlastic)

Architect:ArthurE

rickson;Engineer:HorstB

erger

Advantages: Light-weight

(less seismic load)

Translucent

(daylight saves energy)

Fabric

Types:

Anticlastic (saddle shape) Air supported

Air inflated

Challenges:

Fire rating

(Teflon coated fiber glass isfire rated; polyester is not)

Durability (about 30 years)

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Air supported

Inside air pressure

greater than outside

Require revolving doors

to keep air pressure

Air inflated

Air pressure betweendouble membrane or tubes

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Anticlastic Membranes

Stadium roof Oldenburg, Germany

Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

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Stadium roofs

Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

Stuttgart

Kuala Lumpur

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Sw

issExpo64

Se

aWorldVallejo

Architect:Schierle

Engineer:ASI

Architect:Saugey/Schierle

Engineer:Froadveaux/W

eber

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St ruc tu re

ma te r i a l

Wood

Steel

Concre te

Masonry

Fabr icse in t r ins ic beau t y

02 Material

Documents

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