01history-ok.ppt

37
A Brief History of Public Health

Transcript of 01history-ok.ppt

Page 1: 01history-ok.ppt

A Brief Historyof Public Health

Page 2: 01history-ok.ppt

2 of 37

What is Public Health?

“To promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.”

—CDC Mission Statement

Page 3: 01history-ok.ppt

3 of 37

Objectives

• Define public health.

• Describe conditions that existed before the advent of modern public health.

• Describe three public health interventions since 1900 that have increased life expectancy in the U.S.

Page 4: 01history-ok.ppt

4 of 37

Survive the Tribe

Page 5: 01history-ok.ppt

5 of 37

Requirements for Survival

Air

Water

Food

Shelter

Care

Page 6: 01history-ok.ppt

6 of 37

Public Health Codes

• Tribal Rules

• Hieroglyphs

• Chinese Empire

• Bible (Leviticus)

• Koran

• Roman Senate• Salus populi: suprema lex esta

Page 7: 01history-ok.ppt

7 of 37

Timeline

• Ancient Greece

• Roman Empire

• Middle Ages

• Birth of Modern Medicine

• “Great Sanitary Awakening”

• Modern Public Health

Page 8: 01history-ok.ppt

8 of 37

Ancient Greeks (500-323 BC)

• Personal hygiene

• Physical fitness

• Olympics

• Naturalistic concept

• Disease caused by imbalance between man and his environment

• Hippocrates

Page 9: 01history-ok.ppt

9 of 37

Hippocrates (b. 460 BC)

• Father of Western medicine

• Causal relationships

• Disease and climate, water, lifestyle, and nutrition

• Coined the term epidemic

• Epis (“on” or “akin to”)

• Demos (“people”)

Page 10: 01history-ok.ppt

10 of 37

Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)

• Adopted Greek health values

• Great engineers• Sewage systems

• Aqueducts

• Administration• Public baths

• Water supply

• Markets

Page 11: 01history-ok.ppt

11 of 37

Roman Aqueducts

Le Pont du Gard

Page 12: 01history-ok.ppt

12 of 37

Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)

• Shift away from Greek and Roman values

• Physical body less important than spiritual self

• Decline of hygiene and sanitation

• Beginnings of PH tools

• Quarantine of ships

• Isolation of diseased individuals

Page 13: 01history-ok.ppt

13 of 37

The Plague

Death of 25% to 50% of population

Page 14: 01history-ok.ppt

14 of 37

Renaissance (1400-1600 AD)Global Exploration

• Disease, spread by traders and explorers

• Killed 90% of indigenous people in New World

Page 15: 01history-ok.ppt

15 of 37

Age of Reason and Enlightenment (1650-1800 AD)

Birth of Modern Medicine

• William Harvey• 1628 theories of circulation

• Edward Jenner• 1796 cowpox experiment • Coined the term vaccine

(vacca, Latin for “cow”)

Page 16: 01history-ok.ppt

16 of 37

IndustrializationUrbanization (1800s)

Page 17: 01history-ok.ppt

17 of 37

Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)

• Growth in scientific knowledge

• Humanitarian ideals

• Connection between povertyand disease

• Water supply and sewage removal

• Monitor community health status

Page 18: 01history-ok.ppt

18 of 37

Dr. John Snow (1813-1858)

Page 19: 01history-ok.ppt

19 of 37

Epidemiology (1854)

Page 20: 01history-ok.ppt

20 of 37

Broad Street Pump

Page 21: 01history-ok.ppt

21 of 37

Map of Diphtheria DeathsNew York CityMay 1, 1874 to December 31, 1875

Made under the direction of W. De F. Day, M.D., Sanitary Superintendent, NYC Health Dept.www.ihm.nlm.nih.gov

Page 22: 01history-ok.ppt

22 of 37

Growth in Scientific Knowledge

• Louis Pasteur• 1862 germs caused many diseases

• 1888 first public health lab

• Robert Koch• 1883 identified the vibrio that causes

cholera, 20 years after Snow’s discovery

• Discovered the tuberculosis bacterium

1843-1910

1822-1895

Page 23: 01history-ok.ppt

23 of 37

Sanitary Reform

England• 1842 Edwin Chadwick’s

“Survey into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes in Great Britain”

• Landmark research

• Graphic descriptions of filth and disease spread in urban areas

• 1848 General Board of Health

1800-1890

Page 24: 01history-ok.ppt

24 of 37

Sanitary Reform

U.S.• 1850 Lemuel Shattuck’s

“Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts”

• 1869 State Board of Health 1793-1859

Page 25: 01history-ok.ppt

25 of 37

Redefining the Unacceptable

“The landmarks of political, economic and social history are the moments when some condition passed from the category of the given into the category of the intolerable…The history of public health might well be written as a record of successive redefinings of the unacceptable.”

- Geoffrey Vickers, Secretary, Medical Research Council, Great Britain, 1958

Page 26: 01history-ok.ppt

26 of 37

Redefining the Unacceptable

In the next 5 minutes:

Brainstorm and record a list of “things” affecting the public’s health that have passed from tolerable (accepted) to intolerable (unaccepted).

Include items that you wish would become unacceptable.

Page 27: 01history-ok.ppt

27 of 37

Sanitation Revolution

• Clean water; water treatment

• Food inspection

• Soaps, disinfectants, and pharmaceuticals

• Personal hygiene (bathing)

• Public works departments; garbage collection, landfills, and street cleaning

• Public health departments and regulation

Page 28: 01history-ok.ppt

28 of 37

Twentieth Century

Source: www.infoplease.com

89

101112131415161718

Year

Dea

ths

per

1,00

0

U.S. Mortality Rate: 1900-2001

Page 29: 01history-ok.ppt

29 of 37

Public Health Nursing

Page 30: 01history-ok.ppt

30 of 37

Ten Great Achievements in Public Health, 1900-19991. Vaccination.

2. Motor-vehicle safety.

3. Safer workplaces.

4. Control of infectious diseases.

5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke.

6. Safer and healthier foods.

7. Healthier mothers and babies.

8. Family planning.

9. Fluoridation of drinking water.

10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.

CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, December 24, 1999 / 48(50); 1141.Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4850bx.htm

Page 31: 01history-ok.ppt

Challenges Ahead

New and Persistent Problemsin Public Health

Page 32: 01history-ok.ppt

32 of 37

Cause of Death (U.S. 1990)

• Tobacco 19% • Diet/Activity 14%• Alcohol 5%• Microbial agents 4%• Toxic Agents 3%• Firearms 2%• Sexual Behavior 1%• Motor Vehicles 1%• Illicit Drug Use <1%

McGinnis & Foege, JAMA, 1993

Tobacco

Diet/Activity

Page 33: 01history-ok.ppt

33 of 37

World Population Growth

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Year

Po

pu

lati

on

(in

mil

lio

ns)

1850

2010

Page 34: 01history-ok.ppt

34 of 37

Health Disparities

Access and Outcomes

• Infant Mortality

• Cancer Screening and Management

• Cardiovascular Disease

• Diabetes

• HIV Infection/ AIDS

• Immunizations

Page 35: 01history-ok.ppt

35 of 37

Multiple Determinantsof Health

Individual

Biology

Behavior

Physical Environment

Social Environment

Access to Quality Health Care

Policies and Interventions

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health People 2010

Page 36: 01history-ok.ppt

36 of 37

Globalization

• Emerging infectious diseases

• Reemerging infectious diseases

• Health disparities between industrial and nonindustrial countries

Page 37: 01history-ok.ppt

37 of 37

http://www.healthypeople.gov