01 · Web viewProtist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form Animal-like protist 5. 6. 7. 8....

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Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B

Answer KeySECTION 1. DIVERSITY OF PROTISTS

1. eukaryotes2. protists may be single-celled, colonial, or

multicellular3. No, the size of protists range from

microscopic to very large.4. All protists can reproduce asexually. Some

protists can reproduce both asexually and sexually.

5. heterotroph6. single-celled7. plantlike protist8. autotroph9. funguslike protist

10. Protista11. Eukarya12. Because they are both eukaryotes, protists

are more closely related to animals than bacteria, which are prokaryotes.

13. slime molds14. algae15. The term protist includes all eukaryotic

single-celled, colonial, and multicellular organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi. It does not include the single-celled bacteria or archaea, which are prokaryotes. Sketch It Out: One circle should be placed around all of the prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. The other circle should be placed around all of the eukaryotes: Animalia, Plantae, and Protista

SECTION 2. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS1. eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or

fungi2. Zooflagellate. Sketch should depict a single

cell with flagella.3. Pseudopods4. Sketch should be labeled and depict either

an amorphous shape of an amoeba or a multichambered shell of a foraminiferan.

5. Cilia6. free living, parasites7. Paramecium. Sketch should show single-cell

with cilia around outside of cell.8. Malaria9. by the bite of a mosquito

10. flagella11. Giardia12. protozoa13. cilia14. pseudopod

Sketch It Out: Sketches should be sequential, showing an amoeba extending a pseudopod, surrounding its food and forming a food vacuole, secreting digestive enzymes, and ingesting its food.

SECTION 3. PLANTLIKE PROTISTS1. single-celled2. 2 flagella3. single-celled4. salt water, fresh water5. glasslike shell6. water, land7. multicellular8. marine9. chlorophyll c

10. multicellular11. salt water, fresh water12. multicellular13. asexual reproduction14. asexual reproduction15. asexual reproduction16. sexual reproduction17. sexual reproduction18. sexual reproduction19. Algae are protists because they do not have

roots, stems, and leaves, and they have reproductive structures that are not found in the plant kingdom. Sketch It Out: Sketch should depict and correctly label asexual and sexual reproduction of a single-celled green algae as shown in Figure 3.7

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology i Protists and FungiStudy Guide B

Study Guide B continued

SECTION 4. FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS1. They can move during part of their life

cycle, while fungi cannot.2. plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime

molds3. A plasmodium is a body form of a

plasmodial slime mold. It moves like a giant amoeba. It is a single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei.

4. It stops growing and develops nonmoving reproductive structures that produce spores.

5. They can often move on their own.6. The cells of a pseudeoplasmodium are

independent—their cell membranes don’t fuse.

7. A water mold (downy mildew) Phytophthora infestans

8. underside of logs, on dead leaves9. soil

10.decomposer11. spore, amoeba-like cell, sluglike body

(pseudoplasmodium)12. fresh water13. decomposers, parasite of fish14. branching strand of cells15. slime mold16. slime mold17. water mold18. slime mold

SECTION 5. DIVERSITY OF FUNGI1. single-celled yeasts, molds, and true fungi.2. They both have structures made of chitin.3. absorb it directly from their environment4. photosynthesize5. roots, stems, and leaves6. chitin7. cellulose8. sketch should be labeled and depict a sac

fungus9. sketch should be labeled and depict a bread

mold10. sketch should be labeled and depict a club

fungus

11. fission, budding, sexual reproduction12. They make an ascus, a saclike structure,

during sexual reproduction.13. within the gills, underneath the cap of a

mushroom14. sporangia15. fruiting body16. chitin17. mycorrhizae18. hyphae19. mycelium

SECTION 6. ECOLOGY OF FUNGI1. Fungi return nutrients such as carbon,

nitrogen, and minerals back to the soil.2. The large surface area of their mycelia allow

quick recycling of nutrients.3. lignin and cellulose4. Fungi can damage fruit trees and wooden

structures such as houses and boats.5. obligate pathogens6. Antibiotics can destroy beneficial bacteria in

the human digestive system, allowing other organisms such as fungi to take their place.

7. ringworm and athlete’s foot8. Dutch elm disease, peach scab, gray mold9. other fungi

10. Sketch should include densely packed and loosely packed fungal hyphae and a layer of algal cells.

11. The alga photosynthesizes, providing sugars to feed both the alga and the fungus.

12. producer and decomposer13. The fungal mycelium can help absorb

nutrients and water faster than the plant roots could alone.

14. The fungus gets sugars and nutrients from the plants.

15. They boost plant growth and produce chemicals that help fight harmful bacteria.

16. food17. healthcare18. mushrooms19. yeast for bread20. citric acid for candy21. Fungi and algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)

Section 1: Diversity of Protists

Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTKingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

VOCABULARY

protist

MAIN IDEA: PROTISTS CAN BE ANIMAL-LIKE, PLANTLIKE, OR FUNGUSLIKE.1. Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

________________________________________________________________

2. Are all protists single-celled? Explain.________________________________________________________________

3. Are all protists microscopic? Explain.________________________________________________________________

4. How do protists reproduce?________________________________________________________________

Write how each category of protists get their food, and whether they are single-celled, colonial, or multicellular in the table below.

Protist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form

Animal-like protist 5. 6.

7. 8. single-celled, colonial, or multicellular

9. decomposer (heterotroph) multicellular


Holt McDougal Biology 0 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists

PlantaeAnimalia

Protista

Archaea

Fungi Bacteria


MAIN IDEA: PROTISTS ARE DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY.10. What kingdom are protists placed in?

________________________________________________________________

11. What domain are protists placed in?________________________________________________________________

12. Are protists more closely related to animals or to bacteria? Explain.________________________________________________________________

13. Look at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to animals: algae or slime molds?________________________________________________________________

14. Look again at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to plants: algae or slime molds?________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check15. In the 1860s, the scientist Ernst Haeckel first used the term Protista to

categorize all single-celled organisms. How has the meaning of protist changed since then?________________________________________________________________

Sketch it OutUsing the six-kingdom model of classification shown below, draw two circles. One circle should include all of the prokaryotes. The other circle should include all of the eukaryotes. Be sure to label both of the groups that you have identified.


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists

Section 2: Animal-Like Protists

Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTAnimal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

VOCABULARY

protozoa cilia

pseudopod

MAIN IDEA: ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS MOVE IN VARIOUS WAYS.1. What are protists?

________________________________________________________________Fill in the table below with characteristics of animal-like protists.

Structure Used for Movement

Way of Life Example (sketch and label)

Flagella free-living, parasites, and mutualists

2.

3. free-living, parasites 4. amoeba or foraminifera(draw sketch and label)

5. 6. 7.


Holt McDougal Biology 2 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 2: Animal-Like Protists


MAIN IDEA: SOME ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS CAUSE DISEASE.8. What is the disease caused by the protist Plasmodium?

________________________________________________________________

9. How is the disease caused by Plasmodium passed to humans?________________________________________________________________

10. One protist causes sleeping sickness. What structure does that protist use to move around?________________________________________________________________

11. What protist is common in natural streams and other bodies of water near wild animal habitats?________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check12. A common name that refers to all animal-like protests

________________________________________________________________

13. Shorter and more numerous than flagella________________________________________________________________

14. Means “fake foot”________________________________________________________________

Sketch it OutUse Figure 2.2 and the text to sketch and describe how an amoeba gets its food.


Holt McDougal Biology 3 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 2: Animal-Like Protists

Section 3: Plantlike Protists

Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTAlgae are plantlike protists.

VOCABULARY

algae

MAIN IDEA: PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CAN BE SINGLE-CELLED OR MULTICELLULAR.Fill in the table below with characteristics of plantlike protists.

Plantlike Protist Where FoundIdentifying Characteristic

Single-celled or Multicellular

Euglenoids fresh water, salt water

1–2 flagella 1.

Dinoflagellates salt water, fresh water, snow

2. 3.

Diatoms 4. 5. single-celled

Green algae 6. chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids

7.

Brown algae 8. 9. 10.

Red algae 11. chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin

12.


Holt McDougal Biology 4 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 3: Plantlike Protists


MAIN IDEA: MANY PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CAN REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY.Choose whether the phrase below best describes asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction of algae.

asexual reproduction sexual reproduction

________________________ 13. All algae can reproduce this way.

________________________ 14. In Clamydomonas, the entire cycle is haploid (1n).

________________________ 15. Simple fragmenting.

________________________ 16. In Clamydomonas, this is triggered by environmental stress.

________________________ 17. Gametes are formed.

________________________ 18. In Clamydomonas, it has both haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) stages.

Vocabulary Check19. Are algae plants or protists? Explain.

________________________________________________________________

Sketch it OutUse Figure 3.7 to sketch the life cycle of a single-celled green algae. Make sure to

label asexual and sexual reproduction.


Holt McDougal Biology 5 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 3: Plantlike Protists

Section 4: Funguslike Protists

Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTFunguslike protists decompose organic matter.

VOCABULARY

slime mold water mold

MAIN IDEA: SLIME MOLDS AND WATER MOLDS ARE FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS.1. How are funguslike protists different from fungi?

________________________________________________________________

2. What are the two types of slime molds?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The protist that causes malaria is called Plasmodium. How is a funguslike protist plasmodium different than this disease-causing Plasmodium?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What happens to a plasmodial slime mold when it is under environmental stress?________________________________________________________________

5. What is unusual about the spores released by a slime mold?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. A cellular slime mold produces a pseudoplasmodium, which means “fake plasmodium.” How is a pseudoplasmodium of a cellular slime mold different from a plasmodium of a plasmodial slime mold?________________________________________________________________

7. What was the cause of the Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1800s?________________________________________________________________


Holt McDougal Biology 6 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 4: Funguslike Protists


Write where the different funguslike protists can be found, their ecological roles, and their possible body forms in the table below.

Funguslike Protist Where Found Ecological Role Body Forms

Plasmodial slime mold

8. decomposer plasmodium, spore producing structure, spores that can move

Cellular slime mold

9. 10. 11.

Water mold 12. 13. 14.

Vocabulary Checkslime mold water mold

_________________________ 15. can grow as large as a meter or more

_________________________ 16. has a resistant, resting stage

_________________________ 17. can have a cottony appearance

_________________________ 18. releases chemical signals that cause the cells to swarm together


Holt McDougal Biology 7 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 4: Funguslike Protists

Section 5: Diversity of Fungi

Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTFungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.

VOCABULARY

chitin fruiting body

hyphae mycorrhizae

mycelium sporangia

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI ARE ADAPTED TO ABSORB THEIR FOOD FROM THE ENVIRONMENT1. What are the three informal groups that fungi can be divided into?

________________________________________________________________

2. What is one way that fungi are similar to insects?________________________________________________________________

In the chart below, compare fungi and plants.

Characteristics Fungi Plants

How do they get their food?

3. 4.

What structures make up their bodies?

hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body

5.

What makes up their cell walls?

6. 7.


Holt McDougal Biology 8 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 5: Diversity of Fungi


MAIN IDEA: FUNGI COME IN MANY SHAPES AND SIZES.Sketch and label an example of each of the following: sac fungi, bread mold, and club fungi. Pick figures throughout the chapter as examples for your sketches.

8. Sac Fungus 9. Bread Mold 10. Club Fungus

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY.11. List the three ways that yeast can reproduce.

________________________________________________________________

12. Why are single-celled yeasts classified as sac fungi?________________________________________________________________

13. Where can the reproductive structures of a club fungi, called basidia, be found on a mushroom?________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check________________ 14. spore-forming structures of fungi

________________ 15. aboveground reproductive structure of a fungus

________________ 16. a tough polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi

________________ 17. symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi

________________ 18. long strands that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

________________ 19. a tangled mass of hyphae


Holt McDougal Biology 9 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 5: Diversity of Fungi

Section 6: Ecology of Fungi

Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTFungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

VOCABULARY

lichen

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI MAY BE DECOMPOSERS, PATHOGENS, OR MUTUALISTS.1. How does the decomposing activity of fungi help ecosystems?

________________________________________________________________2. How are fungi well adapted as decomposers?

________________________________________________________________3. Fungi are the main decomposers of what two tough plant materials?

________________________________________________________________4. What negative effect to human industry may fungi decomposers have?

________________________________________________________________5. What are organisms that always cause disease called?

________________________________________________________________6. How does overuse or incorrect use of antibiotics contribute to infection by

fungi?________________________________________________________________

7. What are two fairly mild infections to humans that are caused by fungi?________________________________________________________________

8. What are three diseases of plants that are caused by fungi?________________________________________________________________

9. What is usually the source of the chemicals used in antifungal medicines?________________________________________________________________

10. Use Figure 6.3 to sketch and label the structure of a lichen in the space provided.


Holt McDougal Biology 10 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi

Uses of fungi

16. 17. molecular biology

18. 20. model systemsantibiotics

19.


11. What does an associated alga provide to a lichen?________________________________________________________________

12. What two roles do lichens play in an ecosystem?________________________________________________________________

13. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. What does the fungi provide in this relationship?________________________________________________________________

14. How does the fungus benefit by being associated with plant roots as mycorrhizae?________________________________________________________________

15. What are two ways mycorrhizae are beneficial to a plant?________________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI ARE STUDIED FOR MANY PURPOSES.Fill in the concept map below with details of how humans use fungi for different purposes.

Vocabulary Check21. A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between what two types of organisms?

________________________________________________________________


Holt McDougal Biology 11 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi

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