01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0

8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0

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Journal of PetroleumScience and Technology

*Corresponding author

Chen Guojun

Email: [email protected]

Tel: +86 931 496 0908

Fa: +86 931 496 0916

Article history

!ecei"e#: $anua%& 0'( '013

!ecei"e# in %e"i)e# *o%m: c,obe% 08( '013

-cce,e#: /o"embe% 18( '013

-"ailable online: a%ch 10( '014

Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014 , 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%

5 '014 !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* 7e,%oleum n#u),%& !72

1

DIAGENESIS AND RESERVOIR QUALITY EVOLUTION OF SHELF-

MARGIN SANDSTONES IN PEARL RIVER MOUTH BASIN, SOUTH

CHINA SEA

Lyu Chengfu1 Chen !uo"un

1* #u !uichao

12 $hang !ongcheng

% $heng Sheng

12 and Li Chao

12

1e& abo%a,o%& o* 7e,%oleum !e)ou%ce) !e)ea%ch( n),i,u,e o* Geolog& an# Geoh&)ic)( Chine)e -ca#em& o*

cience)( anzhou ;30000( China'

<ni"e%)i,& o* Chine)e -ca#em& o* cience)( =eijing 100049( China3

!e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o* China /a,ional **)ho%e il Co%o%a,ion( =eijing 1000';( China

ABSTRACT

- ),u#& o* ,he #iagene,ic e"olu,ion o* )an#),one) *%om 7an&u lo>uli*, in ,he 7ea%l !i"e% ou,h

=a)in >a) ca%%ie# ou, ,o un%a"el ,he con,%ol) on )hel* ma%gin )an#),one %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. The

%e)e%"oi% %oc)( ligocene "olcanic cla),ic )an#),one) o* ,he Ahuhai Fo%ma,ion( ha"e a bu%ial #e,h

o* ';6B ,o 3440 m. ;0 )amle) >e%e ),u#ie# u)ing ,he g%anulome,%ic anal&)e)( %a& #i**%ac,ion

!D2 anal&)e)( o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,& mea)u%emen,)( E ob)e%"a,ion)( an# me%cu%&

o%o)ime,%& mea)u%emen,). The )an#),one) a%e *ine ,o me#iumg%aine# li,hic )uba%o)e( )ub

li,ha%eni,e( an# )uba%o)e >i,h an a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ;'F131B. igh con,en, an#

),%ongl& al,e%e# "olcanic %oc *%agmen,) a%e ,he mo), imo%,an, #e,%i,al comonen,). n ,hi) >o%(

,&ical #iagene,ic %oce))e) )uch a) comac,ion( !F "olcanic %oc *%agmen,)2 an# *el#)a%

#i))olu,ion( ca%bona,e cemen,)( ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h( an# cla& cemen,) a%e ob)e%"e#. Cemen,) in

eo#iagene)i) ),age mainl& inclu#e cla& coa,ing( ea%l& calci,e an# )i#e%i,e. The main me)ogene,iccemen,) inclu#e aolini,e( ane%i,e( an# mino% ?ua%,z. The #i))olu,ion o* !F( *el#)a%( an#

ca%bona,e cemen,) i) ,he mo), #i),ingui)hing *ea,u%e >hich ha# con,%olle# o%o)i,& an#

e%meabili,&. Ca%bon an# o&gen i)o,oe) >e%e mea)u%e# ,o #i)cu)) ,he ca%bon )ou%ce) *o%

%ecii,a,ion an# #iagene,ic ,eme%a,u%e) o* ca%bona,e cemen,) e,en)i"el& #e"eloe# in )amle#

in,e%"al). 7o%e ,&e) in ,he anal&ze# )amle) change *%om a mi o* %ima%& ,o )econ#a%& o%e).

7%ima%& o%e) ha"e been #e),%o&e# b& mechanical comac,ion o% occlu#e# b& ?ua%,z( cla&( an#

ca%bona,e cemen,). econ#a%& o%e) >e%e gene%a,e# b& ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%)

#u%ing bu%ial hi),o%&. ,) "olume "a%ie# *%om ,%ace ,o 8H an# g%ea,l& im%o"e# ,he o%o)i,& o*

)an#),one) >i,h inc%ea)ing bu%ial #e,h. 7o%o)i,& "a%ie) *%om 4 ,o '0H in ,hi) >o% an# i) ,he

highe), *o% ,he )amle) >he%e ca%bona,e cemen, con,en,) a%e lo> an# #i))olu,ion i) >ell

#e"eloe#.

&ey'ords: an#),one Diagene)i)( !e)e%"oi% uali,&( Ca%bona,e Cemen,( Comac,ion( 7an&u o>

uli*,( 7ea% !i"e% ou,h =a)in

8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0


Journal of Petroleum

Science and Technology . Cheng*u( C. Guojun( D. Guichao( A. Gongcheng( A. heng( an# . Chao

Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014( 412( 0119 h,,:j),.%ii.i%


2 (

INTRODUCTION

The 7an&u lo>uli*, i) one o* ,he mo),

imo%,an, oil %o#uc,ion an# e,%oli*e%ou) a%ea)

in 7ea% !i"e% ou,h =a)in. , lie) on ,he )hel* o*

ou,h China ea >i,h a >a,e% #e,h o* le)) ,han

300m. e"e%al ga) *iel#) >e%e #i)co"e%e# in ,hi)

a%ea )ince '001 I1J( in#ica,ing ,ha, ,he 7an&u

lo>uli*, ha) g%ea, h&#%oca%bon o,en,ial I'J.

-l,hough big %og%e)) >a) ma#e in oilga)

elo%a,ion)( limi,e# #%illing) >e%e ca%%ie# ou, in

,he ),u#ie# a%ea an# no>le#ge o* #iagene)i)(

e,%oh&)ical %oe%,ie)( o%o)i,& e"olu,ion( an#

con,%ol) o* #iagene)i) on %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& i) ),ill

limi,e#. o( ,he ),u#& o* %e)e%"oi% cha%ac,e%iza

,ion in %e)e%"oi% )an#),one) in 7an&u lo>uli*,

i) nece))a%&.

!e)e%"oi% ?uali,& a))e))men, i) one o* ,he e&

elemen,) on ,a%ge, )an#),one %e)e%"oi% %o)ec

,i"e,& #u%ing h&#%oca%bon elo%a,ion) I3;J.

De,aile# un#e%),an#ing o* %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& an#

*ac,o%) ,ha, con,%ol %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& i) imo%

,an, an# e))en,ial ,o a))i), >i,h ,he %e)e%"oi%

?uali,& %e#ic,ion an# e,%oleum elo%a,ion)

I811J. n ,hi) ),u#&( a )ui,e o* #el,aic )an#),one)

*%om *ou% >ell) o* 7an&u lo>uli*, in ,he 7ea%l

!i"e% ou,h =a)in >a) in"e),iga,e# >i,h aiming

,o eamine ,he #iagene,ic *ea,u%e) #u%ing

bu%ial( #e)c%ibing %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& cha%ac,e%

i),ic)( anal&zing o%o)i,& e"olu,ion( an# #e,e%

mining *ac,o%) ,ha, con,%ol )hel*ma%gin )an#

),one) %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. Ke hoe ,ha, ,he

be,,e% un#e%),an#ing o* ,he %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& in

,he )hallo> >a,e% a%ea o* ,he 7an&u lo>uli*,coul# hel *u%,he% elo%a,ion in ,hi) a%ea an#

gi"e an in)igh, in,o ,he a#jacen, #ee >a,e%

%o)ec,) o* ,he a#jacen, =ai&un ag in Ahu

#e%e))ion.

EXPERIMENTAL

Geological Setting

The 7ea%l !i"e% ou,h =a)in 7!=2 i) a a))i"e

con,inen,al ma%gin ba)in an# i) como)e# o*

,h%ee )ubba)in) I1'14J( inclu#ing ,he Ahu

#e%e))ion( ,he Ahu #e%e))ion( an# ,he Ahu

#e%e))ion. , i) loca,e# in ,he no%,he%n

con,inen,al )hel* o* ,he ou,h China ea(

co"e%ing abou, 1;.BL104

m'

. The geologicale"olu,ion o* ,he ba)in can be #i"i#e# in,o ,h%ee

main ,ec,onic ),age)( namel& 12 %i*,ing ),age in

,he la,e C%e,aceou) e%io#,he ea%l& ligocene

Eoch( '2 #e%e))ion ),age #u%ing ,he la,e

ligocene,he ea%l& iocene( an# 32 bloc

*aul,ing ),age *%om ,he la,e iocene ,o ,he

%e)en, I1'J.

The ),u#& a%ea( 7an&u lo>uli*,( i) )i,ua,e# in

,he mi##le o* 7!= I1B(16J. , lie) in ,he mi##le

a%, o* C<= an# i) boun#e# b& =ai&un ag in Ahu

#e%e))ion ,o ,he )ou,h an# Ahu #e%e))ion

,o ,he no%,h Figu%e 12. -"e%age >a,e% #e,h i)

'00 m. Eigh, *o%ma,ion) *%om ,he bo,,om ,o ,he

,o ha"e been %ecognize# Figu%e '2. The bu%ial

an# ,he%mal hi),o%ie) o* ,he )an#),one) *%om

7an&u lo>uli*, i) )ho>n in Figu%e 3. Ga)

%e)e%"oi%) a%e #e"eloe# mainl& in Ahujiang(

anjiang( an# Muehai *o%ma,ion I1;J. Thic an#

e,en)i"el& #i),%ibu,e# lacu),%ine mu#),one in,he Eoceneligocene ha) been i#en,i*ie# a) ,he

main )ou%ce %oc in ,he a#jacen, =ai&un )ag

I16(18(19J. The%e a%e *ou% imo%,an, Cenozoic

,ec,onic e"en,) in ,he #e"elomen, an# e"olu

,ion o* 7an&u lo>uli*,:

12 Ea%l& Eocenemi##le Eocene. -**ec,e# b& ,he

*i%), ei)o#e o* Ahu?iong mo"emen,( ,he )ou,h

o* 7!= ee%ience# ),%ong %i*,ing an# a )e%ie)

o* )ea%a,e #ee )ubba)in) >e%e *o%me#. n,hi) ),age( Kencang *o%ma,ion in ,he 7an&u lo>

uli*, >a) #eo)i,e# an# mainl& cha%ac,e%ize#

b& ,he #eo)i,) o* allu"ial *an*lu"iallae *acie).

'2 i##le Eoceneea%l& ligocene. -**ec,e# b&

,he )econ# ei)o#e o* Ahu?iong mo"emen,( ,he

7!= >a) uli*, an# *u%,he% e,en)ionall&

*aul,e#. The a%ea o* lacu),%ine ba)in ean#e# in

,hi) e%io# an# Ening *o%ma,ion >a) #eo)i,e#N

,he )e#imen,a%& en"i%onmen,) a%e ),%eam lain

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Journal of PetroleumDiagene)i) an# !e)e%"oi% uali,& E"olu,ionO Science and Technology



( %

#el,alae *acie) in 7an&u lo>uli*,. The ),%a,a

o* Ening *o%ma,ion a%e al)o imo%,an, )ou%ce

%oc) in 7!=.

32 a,e ligocenemi##le iocene( /anhai

mo"emen,( ,he ),%onge), ,ec,onic mo"emen,,ha, 7!= ee%ience#( cau)e# %egional u

li*,ing an# e%o)ion( %e)ul,ing in %egional uncon*o%

mi,& in 7!=. n ,hi) ),age( >a,e% le"el became

)hallo>e% an# Ahuhai *o%ma,ion >a) #eo)i,e#N

,he )e#imen,a%& en"i%onmen,) a%e #el,a( li,,o%al

*acie). The )ea *loo% o* ou,h China ea )%ea# in

abou, 30 illion &ea%) an# >a) al)o a**ec,e# b&

,he global inc%ea)e o* )ea le"el. 7!= en,e%e# an

en,i%e )ub)i#ence ),age an# #eo)i,e# ,hic

),%a,a o* Ahujiang *o%ma,ionN ,he )e#imen,a%&

en"i%onmen,) a%e mainl& #el,a( )hallo> ma%ine

*acie). !ee*)( )hoal( an# ca%bona,e %oc) >e%e

#e"eloe# on ,he ma%gin o* uli*,) o% la,*o%m).

42 i##le iocenela,e iocene. -**ec,e# b&

Dong)ha mo"emen,( ,he a%ea >a) comle,el&

co"e%e# a, ,hi) ),age. Deo)i,) o* anjiang

Muehai *o%ma,ion in ,he no%,h #e%e))ion zone

o* 7!= a%e mainl& #el,ane%i,ic *acie)( >hile

con,inen,al )hel*ue% ,o con,inen,al )loe

#eo)i,) a%e %e)en, in ,he )ou,h #e%e))ion

zone.

)igure 1 Location map of the Pear +i,er -outh .asin and the 'ells included in this study/ P+-. Pearl +i,er

-outh .asin #. iongdongnan .asin $hu 3 $hu 3 #epression $hu 33 $hu 33 #epression $hu 333 $hu 333

#epression . orthern plift .elt C. Central plift .elt S. Southern plift .elt .S .aiyun Sag 5167/

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4 (

)igure 2 !enerali8ed stratigraphic column of the Pearl +i,er -outh .asin modified from $hang et al/ 517

)igure % #iagram of 9urial:thermal history and time of hydrocar9on fillings for Panyu lo':uplift ;modified

after Pang et al/</ =P =nping $> $huhai $J $hu"iang >J >an"iang ?> ?uehai @S @anshan 57/

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( 6

Samples and Methodology

- ,o,al o* ;0 co%e )amle) *%om Ahuhai

*o%ma,ion in *ou% >ell) in ,he ),u#ie# a%ea

inclu#ing 1B )amle) *%om >ell 7M341'

3348.633386 m2( B )amle) *%om >ell 7M';'1

30'8.B3034.6 m2( 'B )amle) *%om >ell 7M';

11 ';6B.B';83.06 m an# 3''1.;3'44.;8 m2(

an# 19 )amle) *%om >ell 7M3311 3401.B4

3438.'m2 >e%e ,aen *%om ,he main %e)e%"oi%

in,e%"al). =e*o%e )amling( ,he #e,aile# ob)e%"a

,ion an# #e)c%i,ion o* co%e) >e%e ca%%ie# ou,.

The )amle) >e%e im%egna,e# >i,h blue #&e

%e)in be*o%e ,hin )ec,ion %ea%a,ion ,o highligh,

o%o)i,& an# a))i), ,he ob)e%"a,ion o* o%e ,&e)(*ea,u%e)( #i),%ibu,ion( an# %ela,ion)hi >i,h

*%ame>o% g%ain). Thin )ec,ion) >e%e ),aine#

>i,h ,he mie# )olu,ion o* aliza%in %e# an#

o,a))ium *e%%ic&ani#e ,o #i),ingui)h ca%bona,e

mine%al). Ca%bona,e an# cla& mine%al) o* 4'

)amle) >e%e anal&ze# b& %a& #i**%ac,ion u)ing

a 7hili) 7K3;10 %a& 7o>#e% Di**%ac,ome,e%

an# )uo%,e# b& )canning elec,%on mic%o)coe

E2 ob)e%"a,ion( aiming ,o cha%ac,e%ize

cemen, mo%holog&( o%e geome,%&( an# #ia

gene,ic %ela,ion)hi). The g%ain )ize an# %oc

como)i,ion) #e,%i,al an# au,higenic como

nen,)2 o* '' %e%e)en,a,i"e )amle) >e%e

e%*o%me# b& coun,ing B00 oin,) e% ,hin

)ec,ion. 7e,%oh&)ical %oe%,ie) >e%e #e,e%

mine# *%om 3B )amle) u)ing con"en,ional

helium o%o)ime,%& an# linenbe%gco%%ec,e#

ga) e%meame,%& b& !e)ea%ch n),i,u,e o*

inghai il*iel#( C/7C.

The ),able ca%bon an# o&gen i)o,oe) o*

ca%bona,e cemen,) o* 18 )amle) >e%e anal&ze#.

The anal&)i) >a) e%*o%me# on calci,e( #olomi,e(

*e%%o#olomi,e( an# )i#e%i,ecemen,e# )an#),one

)amle). The )amle) >e%e c%u)he# an# g%oun#

a) *ine a) o>#e% P100 me)h2 %io% ,o anal&)i).

Then( 100H ho)ho%ic aci# >a) #%oe# in,o

)amle o>#e% a, 'B QC *o% 36 hou%) ,o le, u%e

calci,e )amle) e,%ac, C' *%om ,he calci,e

*%ac,ion( ,hen a, B0 QC ,o ob,ain C' *%om

*e%%i*e%ou) calci,e( an# a, 100 QC ,o ob,ain C'

*%om ane%i,e. )o,oic como)i,ion >a) anal&ze#

on a Finnigan -T'B' ),able i)o,oe %a,io ma))

)ec,%ome,e% in ,he Geochemi),%& Dea%,men,(

,he Te), Cen,e% o* anzhou =%anch( Chine)e

-ca#em& o* cience). )o,oe "alue) >e%e %eo%,

e# in ),an#a%# #el,a no,a,ion a) e% mil R2

#i**e%ence *%om ,he 7D= ),an#a%#. !elica,e

mea)u%emen,) o* ,he in,e%nal labo%a,o%& ),an

#a%# ga"e a ,o,al anal&,ical %eci)ion o* S0.0'R

*o% bo,h ca%bon an# o&gen mea)u%emen,)

I10('0J. The e?ua,ion) o* C%aig >e%e u)e# ,o cal

cula,e ,he %ecii,a,ion ,eme%a,u%e o* )i#e%i,e(calci,e( an# ane%i,e I'1J.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Petrographic Features and Mineralogical

Compositions

!e)e%"oi% )an#),one) in >ell 7M341' an# >ell

7M';'1 a%e mo),l& cla))i*ie# a) *ine ,o

me#iumg%aine# li,hic )uba%o)e( an# a *e> a)

)ubli,ha%eni,e. The a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ,he )an#),one) i) 69F1318 Figu%e 42.

Con,en, o* #e,%i,al ?ua%,z g%ain) i) highe% ,han

60H( li,hic g%ain) a%e le)) ,han '0H( an# *el#)a%

g%ain) a%e le)) ,han1;H Table 12. i,hic g%ain)

a%e #omina,e# b& "olcanic B19H2( mino% che%,(

?ua%,z )chi),( an# h&lli,e BH2. olcanic li,hic)

a%e )ligh,l& )e%ici,iza,e#. Diagene,ic comonen,)

a%e cha%ac,e%ize# b& mino% ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h

0.B1.1H2 an# ca%bona,e cemen, a"e%age BH2.

The #el,a *%on, )an#),one) a%e *ine ,o me#ium

g%aine# an# mo#e%a,el& )o%,e# I18J.

an#),one) ,aen *%om >ell 7M';11 a%e li,hic

)uba%o)e( >i,h a *e> a) )uba%o)e. The& a%e

*ine ,o me#iumg%aine# an# oo%l& ,o mo#e%

a,el& )o%,e#.

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B (

Ta9le 1 A,erage detrital composition and main diagenetic constituents in the deltaic front sandstones ;<

#etrital and #iagenetic Constituents@ell

P?%4:1:2

@ell

P?2D:2:1

@ell

P?2D:1:1Ea

@ell

P?2D:1:1E9

@ell

P?%%:1:1

amle 1B B 9 16 19

ua%,z 6B.9 ;1.; ;6 ;1.8 ;6.B*el#)a% 1'.B 1'.; 1'.6 1'.' 14.1

7lagiocla)e 1.1 1.4 1.4 '.; 1.1

olcanic !oc F%agmen,) 16 11 9.B 9.' 9.8

e,amo%hic !oc F%agmen,) B.6 4.; '.1 4.B 3.9

Chlo%i,e 0 0 0.; 0.8 0

aolini,e '.1 1.' 0.9 0.6B 1.8

lli,e 1.3 '.6 0.8B 0.B6 1.9

mec,i,e 0 0 ,%ace 0 0

i#e%i,e 0 0.4 ,%ace 0.' 0

Calci,e 4.6 1.B 9.6 4.B 9.B

Dolom-ne%i,e 1.4 1.' 1.3 0.4 1.B

n,e%g%anula% i#e%i,e 0.' 0.4 0.' 0.' 0.3

ua%,z "e%g%o>,h 0.B 1.1 0.B 0.9 0.8

7&%i,e ,%ace 0 ,%ace ,%ace 0

)igure 4 uart8:feldspar:lithic grain ternary plot

sho'ing the composition of the detrital grains of

the sandstones under -c.rideFs 1GB% classification

scheme 5227

The a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ,he

)an#),one) i) ;6F1311 in ,he ue% in,e%"al an#

;'F1'16 in ,he lo>e% in,e%"al. i,hic g%ain) a%e

mo%e abun#an, in ,he lo>e% in,e%"al an# a%e

mainl& "olcanic li,hic) B1BH2 Table 12. The

)amle) o* >ell 7M';11 a%e cha%ac,e%ize# b&

chlo%i,e cemen,) 0.;H2( ca%bona,e cemen,) '

1BH2( an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h 0.B0.9H2.

The )amle) o* >ell 7M3311 a%e cla))i*ie# a)

li,hic )uba%o)e( >i,h a *e> )uba%o)e( ha"ing

an a"e%age *%ame>o% como)i,ion o* ;;F149.

The )an#),one) a%e *ine ,o me#iumg%aine# an#

oo%l& ,o mo#e%a,el& )o%,e#. i,hic) a%e mainl&

"olcanic 9.8H2 an# ),%ongl& )e%ici,iza,e#.

Cha%ac,e%ize# #iagene,ic comonen,) a%e ca%

bona,e B1BH2 an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h 0.B1H2

Table 12.

Diagenetic Processes

Compaction and Pressure Dissolution

The)e )an#),one) a%e mo#e%a,el& ,o ),%ongl&

a**ec,e# b& comac,ion #u%ing bu%ial. Du%ing

comac,ion( mica la,e) >e%e mo#e%a,el& ,o

),%ongl& #e*o%me#. The ),%onge% comac,ion

occu%%e# in lo>e% )amle) o* >ell 7M3311.

olcanic %oc *%agmen,) >e%e ),%ongl& #e*o%me#

an# )?ueeze# in in,e%g%anula% o%e )ace)

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( D

be,>een ?ua%,z g%ain) Figu%e Ba2( a) in#ica,e# b&

,he )amle) *%om ,he #e,h lo>e% ,han 3400m.

G%ain con,ac,) a%e mainl& line an# conca"e

con"e con,ac,). ino% %igi# ?ua%,z g%ain) >e%e

%ea%%ange# an# occa)ionall& *%ac,u%e#. 7%e))u%e

#i))olu,ion a%,icula%l& occu%) bo,h along in,e%

g%anula% con,ac,) an# ),&loli,e) be,>een ?ua%,z

g%ain). 7%e))u%e #i))olu,ion no, onl& %e#uce)

%ima%& o%o)i,&( bu, al)o %o"i#e) ,he )olu,e

>hich >ill %ecii,a,e a%oun# ,he g%ain) a)

)econ#a%& o"e%g%o>,h an# >ill #e),%o& in,e%

g%anula% o%e).

)igure 6 ;a< @ell P?%4:1:2 ;H60< %%4G/B m =%28h

strongly compacted sandstones/ #uctile lithic grains

'ere strongly deformed and sIuee8ed into pore

spaces ;9< @ell P?%4:1:2 ;H100< %%1/G1 m =%28h

ferro:dolomite fills intragranular pores and replaces

Iuart8 grains ;c< @ell P?2D:1:1 ;H26< %2%G/B2 m

=%28h Iuart8 o,ergro'th 'ith dust lines 9et'een

them ;d< @ell P?2D:2:1 ;H60< %14%/D6 m =%28h

dissol,ed pores generated 9y dissolution of ,olcanic

de9ris/

Carbonate Cementation

Siderite

i#e%i,e i) ,&icall& le)) common in ,he)e

)an#),one)( bu, i, )igni*ican,l& )ho>) #iagene,ic

*ea,u%e). , occu%) commonl& a) )ca,,e%e#

c%&),al) an# conc%e,ion) in *ine ,o coa%)e

g%aine# )an#),one) Figu%e 6b2( >hich a%e oo%l&

)o%,e# an# mo#e%a,el& comac,e#. ca,,e%e#

c%&),al) a%e #e"eloe# a) cemen,) in *illing

in,e%g%anula% o%e) an# )econ#a%& o%e) *o%me#

b& ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%)(

gene%all& in#ica,ing ,ha, )i#e%i,e %e#a,e)

#i))olu,ion). -l)o( )i#e%i,e c%&),al) a%e a%,icu

la%l& embe##e# in ane%i,e conc%e,ion)( )ho>ing

,ha, )i#e%i,e %ecii,a,e# be*o%e ,he #e"elo

men, o* ane%i,e. i#e%i,e )ligh,l& %elace)

?ua%,z g%ain) in ,he )amle ,aen *%om ,he

#e,h o* 3'38.' m in >ell 7M';11 an# no

?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h can be )een a%oun# ,he

?ua%,z g%ain) >%ae# b& )i#e%i,e cemen,).

)igure B S=- images of sandstones;a< @ell P?%4:1:

2 %%4/B% m =%28h 'ell P?2D:1:1 crystalli8ed

calcite cement ;9< @ell P?2D:1:1 2D1/12 m =%28h

siderite occurs as scattered crystals in intragranular

pores ;c< @ell P?%4:1:2 %%B/%2 m =%2

8hauthigenic Iuart8 cements that fill intragranular

space ;d< @ell P?2D:1:1 %221/D m =%28h authigenic

aolinite and partly filling pores/

i#e%i,e i) c%ea,e# in mino% amoun,) an# i)

al>a&) embe##e# in ane%i,e conc%e,ion). The

13

C "alue o* )i#e%i,e cemen, i) ;.'R an# ,he

18

"alue i) 11.4R Table '2. The %ela,i"el&

ligh, "alue in#ica,e) ,ha, ,he )ou%ce o* )i#e%i,e

cemen, >a) %ecii,a,e# *%om ,he a##i,ion o*

o%ganic ma,,e% #eca%bo&la,ion. , >a) %ecii

,a,e# %ela,i"el& la,e in #iagene,ic hi),o%& an#

%e#a,e# #i))olu,ion an# a%,) o* ane%i,e. The

%ecii,a,ion o* )i#e%i,e >a) a, a %e)e%"oi%

,eme%a,u%e o* 80 QC.

Calcite

Calci,e cemen,) ha"e a he,e%ogeneou)l& #i),%i

bu,ion an# ,en# ,o ha"e a ,>o),age #e"elo

men, in ,hi) ),u#&.

a b

c #

a b

#c

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( G

cemen,). -l)o( ha"ing ca%bon #ioi#e ga) been

inu, in,o *lui#( ,he en"i%onmen, >a) ,%an)

*o%me# in,o an aci#ic en"i%onmen,. Khen ,he

aci# en,e%e# ,he %e)e%"oi% )an#),one)( i, >ill

#i))ol"e ,he *el#)a%( li,hic g%ain)( an# ea%l&

ca%bona,e cemen,) ,o gene%a,e )econ#a%& o%e)

)ee Figu%e B#2 I'0J. Calci,e cemen, >a) %ecii

,a,e# a, ,eme%a,u%e) %anging *%om 64 QC ,o 106

QC calcula,e# b& ,he *o%mula li),e# b& Ahang I6J(

)ho>ing bo,h ea%l& an# la,e %ecii,a,ion) in

#iagene,ic hi),o%& I'6J. n #ee bu%ie#( )ou%ce

%oc) %eache# a high ma,u%i,& ),age >i,h high

,eme%a,u%e an# %e))u%e. The%e*o%e( h&#%o

ca%bon gene%a,ion *%om )ou%ce %oc) %eache# i,)

ea "olume. a%ge "olume o* h&#%oca%bon in*illing ,he )an#),one %e)e%"oi% cau)e# ,he *o%me%

aci#ic en"i%onmen, ,%an)*o%me# in,o an alaline

en"i%onmen, an# ligh,e%13

C#ele,e# ma,e%ial)

>e%e a##e# *o% calci,e %ecii,a,ion.

Anerite

-ne%i,e cemen, i) e,en)i"el& #e"eloe# in ,he

)an#),one) >i,h i,) con,en, le)) ,han calci,e. ,

commonl& occu%) a) o%e*illing) an# cemen,)

%elacing *%ame>o% g%ain). 7o%e*illing cemen,)

,&icall& occu% a*,e% e**ec,i"e comac,ion.

ua%,z g%ain)( ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h( an# li,hic

g%ain) a%e %elace# b& ane%i,e c%&),al) in ,he

)an#),one) Figu%e Bb2( in#ica,ing ,ha, ,hi)

ane%i,e )ho>) a cha%ac,e%i),ic o* la,e% #e"elo

men, ,han ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h). mall ane%i,e

c%&),al) al)o occu% a) cemen,) *illing in )econ#

a%& o%e) *o%me# b& ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an#

*el#)a%)( cha%ac,e%izing ,ha, i, %ecii,a,e#

la,e% ,han ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%) in

,hi) ),u#&.

Th%ee ane%i,ecemen,e# )amle) >e%e ice#

,o anal&ze ca%bon an# o&gen i)o,oe como)i

,ion). The 13

C "alue) o* calci,e cemen,) %ange)

*%om 6.' ,o 10.4R an# 18

"a%ie) *%om 6.8 ,o

1'.3R Table '2. -ne%i,e >a) *o%me# a,

%e)e%"oi% ,eme%a,u%e) %anging *%om B0 QC ,o

86 QC calcula,e# b& ,he *o%mula li),e# b& Ahang

I6J( in#ica,ing bo,h ea%l& an# la,e %ecii,a,ion)

I'6J.

Quartz cements

The %ecii,a,ion o* ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) occu%)

a*,e% e**ec,i"e bu%ial an# comac,ion. ua%,z

cemen,) in ,he )an#),one) occu% mainl& a)

?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) a%oun# ?ua%,z g%ain) an#

i)ola,e# a,che) an# a%e como)e# o* )mall

c%&),al) an# ,%ace amoun,) o* i)ola,e# ?ua%,z

c%&),al) >hich *ill in,e%g%anula% o%e )ace)

Figu%e 6c2 o% )econ#a%& #i))ol"e# o%e).

Di)con,inuou) o"e%g%o>,h i) common. , occu%)

on ?ua%,z )u%*ace >i,h a oo%l& #e*ine# boun#

a%&. ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) ,en# ,o be much mo%e

abun#an, in ,he #eee% bu%ie# )an#),one) a,,he #e,h o* lo>e% ,han 3'00 m. 7a%,icula%l&(

,he amoun, o* ?ua%,z cemen, i) g%ea,l& limi,e#

in )amle) ,ha, ha"e a high con,en, o* #uc,ile

li,hic g%ain). Duc,ileli,hic con,en,) in >ell 7M34

1' an# ,he lo>e% )amle# in,e%"al o* >ell 7M';

11 a%e 613.B "ol.H an# B1; "ol.H %e)ec,i"el&(

>i,h ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h o* ,%ace ,o 1.4 "ol.H an#

1.B "ol.H %e)ec,i"el&. Duc,ileli,hic g%ain) a%e 3

B "ol.H an# much lo>e% in ,he )amle) o* >ell

7M3311( bu, ,he& ,en# ,o ha"e much highe%

?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h o* '.3 ,o B "ol.H . Duc,ile

con,en,) aea% ,o con,%ol ,he amoun, o* ?ua%,z

cemen, becau)e #uc,ile li,hic g%ain) a%e #e*o%m

e# an# become clo)el& con,ac,e# >i,h ,he

)u%*ace o* %igi# g%ain) a) comac,ion inc%ea)e).

n )ome ca)e)( #uc,ile g%ain) a%e )?ueeze# in,o

in,e%g%anula% o%e )ace).

Gene%all&( ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h on #e,%i,al ?ua%,z

g%ain) i) inhibi,e# b& >ell #e"eloe# chlo%i,ecemen,) Figu%e ;a2. ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h) a%e

%e)en, >hen ?ua%,z g%ain) a%e no, coa,e# b&

chlo%i,e %im o% chlo%i,e %im i) ,hin o% #i)con,inuou).

Kell #e"eloe# chlo%i,e %im) la& ,he %ole o*

e**ec,i"e ba%%ie%) ,o inhibi, ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h I';J.

The )ou%ce) o* )ilica ma& ha"e been *%om ,h%ee

)ou%ce)( inclu#ing 12 ,he %e))u%e #i))olu,ion o*

#e,%i,al ?ua%,z along in,e%g%anula% con,ac,) an#

#i)c%e,e ),&loli,e) Figu%e Ba2( '2 ,he #i))olu,ion

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10 (

o% al,e%a,ion o* #e,%i,al )ilica,e)( mainl& "olcanic

%oc *%agmen,) Figu%e B#2( an# 32 ,he illi,iza

,ion o* #e,%i,al an# au,higenic aolini,e Figu%e

8a2.

)igure D ;a< @ell P?2D:1:1 ;H60< %4%2/14 m =%28h

chlorite rims and intergranular pores grain contact

and point:line contact ;9< @ell P?2D:2:1 ;H26<

%02/0 m =%28h intergranular and intragranular

pores rather open pore:structures for sandstonesof delta facies/

n common( ,he in,e%g%o>,h o* ?ua%,z i)

occu%%e# b& *ib%ou) illi,e( aolini,e( an# chlo%i,e

Figu%e 8c2. o%eo"e%( )iliceou) cemen,) )ou%ce#

*%om ,he #i))olu,ion o* *el#)a% a%e in#ica,e# b&

,he common occu%%ence o* in,e%g%o>,h o*

?ua%,z >i,h *ib%ou) illi,e( aolini,e( an# chlo%i,e

Figu%e 8c2.

Clay Minerals

Cla& mine%al) i#en,i*ie# in ,he )an#),one) o* ,he

),u#ie# a%ea inclu#e illi,e( aolini,e( chlo%i,e( an#

)mec,i,e. -) #e,e%mine# b& ,hin )ec,ion ob)e%

"a,ion)( E an# !D anal&)i)( lli,e an#

aolini,e a%e ,he mo), common cla& mine%al)

an# ,he& a%e %e)en, in almo), all ,he anal&ze#

)amle). The %e)ence o* chlo%i,e an# )mec,i,e

i) limi,e#.

aolini,e occu%) a) agg%ega,e) ),ace# b& )eu#o

heagonal c%&),al) %elacing *el#)a% g%ain). , *ill)

,he #i))ol"e# o%e) an# occu%) a#jacen, ,o

?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h. aolini,e al)o occu%) a)

boole,) 1B Um ac%o))2 in *illing in,e%g%anula%

o%e )ace) an# a))ocia,e) >i,h ?ua%,z o"e%

g%o>,h Figu%e 6#2. -l,hough ,he%e i) no clea%

e"i#ence on ,he ma,e%ial )ou%ce *o% i,) %ecii,a

,ion( i, %e*e%en,iall& occu%) a))ocia,e# >i,h

?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h. n )ome ca)e)( aolini,e

occu%) a) i)ola,e# an# #i)o%#e%e# c%&),al) B Um2

engul*e# b& illi,e c%&),al). aolini,e ha) a highl&

i%%egula% #i),%ibu,ion an# i,) amoun, "a%ie) *%om

)amle ,o )amle. , como)e) u ,o abou, 4H

o* ,he %oc) an# occuie) u ,o abou, 4BH o*,he cla& mine%al).

)igure S=- images of sandstones;a< @ell P?2D:2:

1 %B%0/26 m =%28h fi9rous illite crystals in deep

9uried sandstones ;9< @ell P?2D:1:1 %244/D m

=%28h fine:crystalline chlorite rims co,ering detrital

Iuart8 grains ;c< @ell P?2D:1:1 %2%G/B2 m =%28h

Iuart8 o,ergro'th and chlorite coat co,ering Iuart8

grains ;d< @ell P?%%:1:1 %2GG/6 m =%28h

dissolution of feldspar generates a9undant second:

ary pores/

lli,e i) *oun# mo),l& in o%e )ace) an# a%,l&

>i,hin ,he ma,%i. , i) %e%e)en,e# b& ,h%ee

#i**e%en, ,e,u%e ,&e)( namel& 12 hai%lie(

%a#icall& #i)o)e# c%&),al) Figu%e 8a2 >hich occu%

a) o%e*illing an# o%elining cemen,N '2 *ib%ou)

c%&),al)N an# 32 memb%anou) ),%uc,u%e)( >hich

occu% a) o%e*illing an# o%elining cemen,).

lli,e *o%m) u ,o abou, BH o* ,he %oc) an#*o%m) u ,o B0H o* ,he cla& mine%al). ou%ce) o*

illi,e cemen, a%e mo),l& *%om ,he al,e%a,ion o*

*el#)a% an# !F an# )mec,i,e).

Chlo%i,e cemen, i) onl& *oun# in ,he )amle) o*

>ell 7M';11 an# ,he amoun, "a%ie) *o%m 0.B

'H. - %ela,ion)hi be,>een chlo%i,e cemen, an#

highe% o%o)i,& in ,he )amle) i) ob)e%"e# in ,hi)

),u#&. Chlo%i,e i) %e)en, in ,h%ee *o%m)( namel&

o%e*illing an# o%elining cemen,) PB Um2(

8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0





( 11

c%&),al agg%ega,e) *illing >i,hin ,he o%e) an#

g%o>ing on ,he )u%*ace o* #e,%i,al g%ain) Figu%e

8b an# 8c( Figu%e ;a2( an# chlo%i,e coa,ing)

>hich in#ica,e a %ecomac,ional %ecii,a,ion

an# a%e #e*o%me# be,>een a#jacen, %igi# g%ain)

a) comac,ion inc%ea)e). , i) ,he mo), imo%

,an, ,&e o* cla& mine%al). ince o,he% cemen,)

a%e inhibi,e# b& chlo%i,e cemen,)( #e,%i,al g%ain)

coa,e# b& chlo%i,e a%e clean. i,,le o% no ?ua%,z

o"e%g%o>,h) a%e #e"eloe# in )amle) >hen

#e,%i,al g%ain) a%e coa,e#N i, i) onl& #e"eloe# in

)ace) >he%e chlo%i,e %im) a%e ,hin o% #i)con,in

uou) a) )ho>n in E image). !F an# *el#)a%

g%ain) a%e a%,iall& ,o comle,el& #i))ol"e# in

,he )amle) >i,hou, chlo%i,e coa,ing). ence,he #e"elomen, o* chlo%i,e %im) a%oun# #e,%i,al

g%ain) aea%) ,o ha"e hele# ,he %e"en,ion o*

,he #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a% g%ain) b&

o%e >a,e%. The #e"elomen, o* chlo%i,e %im)

ha) al)o hele# ,he %e)e%"a,ion o* o%o)i,& b&

enhancing ,he mechanical ),%eng,h o* ,he

#e,%i,al g%ain) again), mechanical comac,ion

an# %e))u%e #i))olu,ion. -l,hough no #i%ec,

e"i#ence *o% con*i%ming ,he )ou%ce o* chlo%i,e

cemen, i) )ho>n( ,he #i))olu,ion o* !F mu),

%o"i#e abun#an, Fe'+

an# g'+

in,o o%e

>a,e%) ,o hel ,he ,%an)*o%ma,ion o* chlo%i,e

cemen,).

mec,i,e cemen,) a%e mino% in ,he ),u#ie#

)an#),one) acco%#ing ,o ,he E e"i#ence an#

!D #a,a an# a%e mo),l& #e"eloe# a, ,he

#e,h) lo>e% ,han 3000 m. ,) con,en, i) in ,he

o%#e% o* ,%ace) in ,he mo), ,e),e# )amle) an# i)

lo>e% ,han 1H in ,he )amle) ,aen *%om ,he#e,h) o* ';6B m an# ';68 m. The cu%%en, >o%

)ho>) ,ha, )mec,i,e *o%m) ea%l& in eo#iagene)i)

an# ee%ience) illi,iza,ion o% #i))olu,ion. The

illi,iza,ion o* )mec,i,e cemen,) occu%) >hen -l3+

an# + a%e a##e# in,o o%e *lui#). Thi) %eac,ion

al)o %elea)e) abun#an, i4+

a) one o))ible

)ou%ce o* ?ua%,z cemen,.

Diagenetic Sequence

Diagene,ic %oce)) i) clo)el& %ela,e# ,o o%o)i,&

e"olu,ion( bu, ,he ,iming o* #i**e%en, %oce))e)

an# ,hei% e**ec,) on o%o)i,& "a%& g%ea,l& #u%ing

,he bu%ial hi),o%& o* %e)e%"oi% )an#),one).

The%e*o%e( #e,aile# un#e%),an#ing o* #iagene,ic

)e?uence i) hel*ul *o% *in#ing ,he majo%

con,%olling *ac,o%) o* %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& an#

%e#ic,ing %e)e%"oi% ?uali,ie). =a)e# on ,he

abo"e ob)e%"a,ion) o* #iagene,ic cha%ac,e%i),ic)(

,he )e?uence o* au,higenic mine%al)( *ab%ic

*ea,u%e) con,ac, o* #e,%i,al g%ain) an# o%e

,&e)( e,c2( e"olu,ion( coei),ing %ela,ion)hi o*au,higenic mine%al)( h&#%oca%bon mig%a,ion an#

emlacemen,( ,&omo%hic mine%al) %ecii

,a,e# in aci# an# alaline en"i%onmen,( ,he

#iagene,ic en"i%onmen,( #iagene,ic ha)e)( an#

#iagene,ic )e?uence o* ,he %e)e%"oi% )an#),one)

ha"e been con),%uc,e#.

an#),one) bu%ie# a, ,he #e,h o* le)) ,han

3000 m in ,he Ahuhai *o%ma,ion a%e mainl& in

,he -1 ),age o* me)o#iagene)i)( >hile ,ho)e

bu%ie# a, ,he #e,h o* g%ea,e% ,han 3000 m a%e

in ,he -' ),age o* me)o#iagene)i). Diagene,ic

en"i%onmen, in ,he *i%), ),age i) ),%ongl& aci#ic

an# g%a#uall& )>i,che# ,o >eal& aci#ic an#

*inall& >eal& alaline in ,he la,e ),age. Diagen

e,ic )e?uence in ,he %e)e%"oi% )an#),one) i)

)chema,icall& illu),%a,e# in Figu%e 9. n )umma%&(

,he #iagene,ic g%a#a,ion o* #el,aic )an#),one) can

gene%all& be a%%ange# a):

Comac,ionV ea%l& cla& coaWng) V ea%l&

ca%bona,e cemen,) V o%ganic aci#) in"a#ing V

,he #i))olu,ion o* "olcanic %oc *%agmen,) an#

*el#)a%) V aolini,e an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h V

me,aha)e ca%bona,e cemen,) V h&#%oca%bon

a,e emlacemen, V ,he #i)lacemen, o* ?ua%,z

g%ain) b& la,e ca%bona,e cemen,).

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12 (

)igure G Paragenetic seIuence for the main diagenetic processes occurring in the sandstones as interpreted

from petrographic relationships #= #iagenetic temperature Tem Temperature Strata temperature 'as

modified after Pang et al/ 57/

echanical comac,ion an# #i))olu,ion a%e ,he

mo), imo%,an, #iagene,ic *ea,u%e) in ,he

#el,aic )an#),one) o* Ahuhai *o%ma,ion. The)an#),one) ee%ience ,&icall& me#ium me

chanical comac,ion ,h%ough bu%ial hi),o%& an#

mul,iha)e #i))olu,ion b& aci# *lui# #i)cha%ge#

b& mul,ile )e, o* )ou%ce %oc). The -1 ),age o*

me)o#iagene)i) )eci*icall& ha) a ),%ong aci#

en"i%onmen, >i,h abun#an, o%ganic aci# in o%e

>a,e%). Gene%all&( in ,hi) ),age( ,he comlica,e#

*lui#%oc in,e%ac,ion i) >i#el& #e"eloe#. -bun

#an, )econ#a%& o%e) a%e gene%a,e# b& ,he

),%ong #i))olu,ion o* !F an# *el#)a%)( an# ,he

*o%me# )econ#a%& o%e zone im%o"e) ,he

connec,i"i,& o* o%e) in ,hi) ),age.

Petrophysical Properties

Pore Types

7o%e ,&e) in ,he )an#),one) o* Ahuhai *o%ma

,ion inclu#e %e)i#ual in,e%g%anula% o%e( in,e%

g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e( in,%ag%anula% #i)

)ol"e# o%e( in,e%c%&),alline o%e *%ac,u%e( an#

mino% mic%oo%e) in in,e%),i,ial ma,e%ial) Table

32. The mo), )igni*ican, o%e ,&e) a%e in,e%g%anula% o%e( in,e%g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e(

an# in,%ag%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e. The a"e%age

"olume o* in,e%g%anula% o%e "a%ie) *%om 14

"ol.H ,o 4' "ol.H a"e%age '3 "ol.H2 o* ,he ,o,al

o%o)i,&. The )econ#a%& o%e) inclu#ing in,e%

g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e an# in,%ag%anula%

o%e2 %ange) *%om BB "ol.H ,o 84 "ol.H a"e%age

;B "ol.H2 o* ,he ,o,al o%o)i,&. ic%oo%e(

in,e%c%&),alline o%e( an# *%ac,u%e o%e a%e

"olume,%icall& limi,e# ,o a "olume o* 13H o* ,he

,o,al o%o)i,&.

Porosity and Permeability

The %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& anal&)i) o* )an#),one)

ob,aine# *%om ,he *ou% >ell) )ho>) ,ha,

o%o)i,& %ange) *%om '.3H'B.4H a"e%age

13.9H2 an# e%meabili,& "a%ie) *%om 0.0;L103

m# ,o 1310L103

m# a"e%age 133.9L103

m#2.

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( 1%

Ta9le % A,erage ,alues of sandstone pore types Pore data are from thin:section data9ase/

@ell

Pore types

P?%4:1:2 P?2D:2:1 P?%%:1:1 P?2D:1:1Ea P?2D:1:1E9

n,e%g%anula% o%e 14H 1BH 'BH 19H 4'H

n,e%g%anula% Di))olu,ion o%e ;3H 46H 64H 34H 48H

n,%ag%anula% 7o%e 11H 3;H 9H 4BH 9H

n,e%c%&),alline X*%ac,u%eXmic%oo%e 'H 3H 'H 'H 1H

)igure 10 The relationship 9et'een measured porosity and permea9ility for the samples from Panyu lo':

uplift

F%om ,he ,o,al o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,& #a,a

*%om Ahuhai *o%ma,ion( 16.BH o* )an#),one)

ha"e a o%o)i,& )malle% ,han 10H( 31.BH be,

>een 10H an# 1BH( 4B.'H be,>een 1BH an#

'0H( an# 6.8H be,>een '0H an# 'BH. The "alue

o* e%meabili,& lo>e% ,han 10L103

Um' %eache)

4'.4HN '3.3H o* e%meabili,& "alue) lie be,>een10L10

3 Um

' an# 100L10

3Um

'N 19.'H o* ,he

"alue) a%e be,>een 100L103

Um' an# 300L10

3

Um' an# 1B.1H a%e g%ea,e% ,han 300L10

3Um

'

Figu%e 102.

Porosity Evolution

=a)e# on ,he e,%og%ahic ob)e%"a,ion)( #iagen

e)i) )eci*icall& con,%ol) %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&(

inclu#ing mechanical comac,ion( #i))olu,ion(

cemen,a,ion( au,higenic mine%al *illing( e,c.

Gene%all&( mechanical comac,ion occu%)

,h%ough ,he en,i%e bu%ial hi),o%& o* )an#),one)

an# la&) a majo% %ole in o%o)i,& %e#uc,ion.

Di))olu,ion c%ea,e) )econ#a%& o%o)i,& an#

e%meabili,&. , g%ea,l& im%o"e) )an#),one %e

)e%"oi% ?uali,& in ,he ),u#ie# a%ea. -##i,ionall&(

cemen,a,ion ca%bona,e an# ?ua%,z2 cau)e# ,he

%og%e))i"e lo)) o* o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,&

#u%ing bu%ial. Con)i#e%ing ,he #i**e%en, e**ec,)

o* majo% #iagene,ic %oce))e) on %e)e%"oi%

?uali,&( o%o)i,& e"olu,ion can be #i"i#e# in,o

,h%ee ),age) a) *ollo>) Figu%e 92:

12 - ),age o* eo#iagene)i)N ,he bu%ial #e,h o*

)an#),one) i) lo>e% ,han 1B00m an# i) mainl& in

a >ea alaline #iagene,ic en"i%onmen,). n ,hi)

),age( a**ec,e# b& o"e%l&ing ),a,ic %e))u%e(

o%o)i,& i) )ha%l& %e#uce# becau)e o* ,he

7e%meabili,& L103 Ym'2

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14 (

%ea%%angemen, o* #e,%i,al g%ain) an# ,he #i)

cha%ge o* o%e >a,e%). De,%i,al g%ain) become

oin, con,ac,. 7o%e ,&e i) mainl& %ima%& o%e.

n >eal& alaline #iagene,ic en"i%onmen,)(

ea%l& calci,e an# ane%i,e begin ,o %ecii,a,ean# *ill in,e%g%anula% o%e). The %e%e)en,a,i"e

)amle i) )amle *%om ,he #e,h o* ';;1.68 m

an# 3433.3 m %e)ec,i"el& *%om >ell 7M';11

an# 7M341'. The con,en,) o* ca%bona,e

cemen,) a%e '030 "ol.H >i,h a %ecemen,e#

o%o)i,& o* 404BH un#e% ,hin)ec,ion. Ea%l&

chlo%i,e) begin ,o %ecii,a,e >hen #iagene,ic

,eme%a,u%e i) le)) ,han B0 QC an# be*o%e e**ec,

,i"e comac,ion ),a%,). n,e%g%anula% o%e) a%e

e**ec,i"el& %e)e%"e# in )an#),one) >i,h >ell

#e"eloe# chlo%i,e coa,ing). Gene%all&( ea%l&

mechanical comac,ion %e#uce) o%o)i,& b& B

10H an# ea%l& ca%bona,e cemen,) #ec%ea)e)

o%o)i,& b& B10H.

'2 = ),age o* eo#iagene)i)Zan ea%l& -1 ),age o*

me)o#iagene)i)N ,he bu%ial #e,h o* )an#),one)

%ange) *%om 1B00 ,o 'B00 m. De,%i,al g%ain) a%e

mainl& oin, an# oin,line con,ac,. 7o%e) a, ,hi)

),age a%e mainl& %ima%& o%e). Di))olu,iono%e) begin ,o #e"elo >i,h #iagene,ic en"i%on

men, g%a#uall& change# *%om a >eal& alaline

,o a >eal& aci#ic en"i%onmen,. echanical

comac,ion i) enhance# b& o"e%bu%#en )e#i

men,) an# g%ea,l& %e#uce) o%o)i,& ,h%ough

bu%ial. Ca%bona,e cemen,) con,inue ,o %ecii

,a,e an# *ill in,e%g%anula% o%e) an# e**ec,i"el&

%e#uce in,e%g%anula% o%o)i,&. -, ,hi) ),age( cla&

mine%al) an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h begin ,o

%ecii,a,e an# a%e >i#el& #e"eloe# in ,he

),u#ie# a%ea( bu, >i,h a limi,e# e**ec, on o%o

)i,& %e#uc,ion. Kea #i))olu,ion ,&icall& begin)

,o occu% a) aci# *lui# en,e%e# ,he o%e >a,e%).

Gene%all&( mechanical comac,ion %e#uce) o%

o)i,& b& B1BH an# ca%bona,e cemen,) #e

c%ea)e) o%o)i,& b& B'BH.

32 -1 ),age-' ),age o* me)o#iagene)i)N ,he

bu%ial #e,h o* )an#),one) %ange) *%om 'B00 ,o

3B00 m. De,%i,al g%ain) a%e oin,line an# line

con,ac,. Diagene,ic en"i%onmen,) ha"e )>i,che#

*%om >eal& aci#ic ,o ),%ongl& aci#ic. -, ,hi)

),age( ,he mo), cha%ac,e%izing *ea,u%e i) ,ha,

o%ganic aci# #i)cha%ge# *%om lo> ma,u%e ,o

ma,u%e o%ganic ma,,e% i) a##e# in,o o%e>a,e%). The& ),%ongl& #i))ol"e !F( *el#)a%( an#

ea%l& ca%bona,e cemen,). Gene%all&( mechanical

comac,ion %e#uce) o%o)i,& b& B1BH an#

cemen,a,ion b& '10H. Khile( ),%ong #i))olu,ion

g%ea,l& im%o"e) an# inc%ea)e) o%o)i,& b& B

1'H. - )econ#a%& o%o)i,& zone i) #e"eloe# in

,he #e,h) in,e%"al be,>een ';B0 an# 3B00 m.

Thi) i) ,he %ea)on >h& %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& in

)an#),one) o* Ahuhai *o%ma,ion i) g%ea,l&

im%o"e#.

Major Factors Controlling Reservoir

Quality

Compaction and Porosity

echanical comac,ion i) )imle bu, la&) a

majo% %ole in %e#ucing o%o)i,& Figu%e 112.

b"iou) e"i#ence o* mechanical comac,ion in

%e#ucing o%o)i,& i) )ho>n. Co%%e)on#ingl&(

o%o)i,& i) lo), #u%ing ,he %oce))e) o* in,e%

g%anula% %ea%%angemen,( #e*o%ma,ion o* #uc,ile

g%ain)( e,c. Thin )ec,ion ),u#ie) )ho> ,ha, g%ain

con,ac, e"ol"e) *%om )ea%a,ion ,o oin, ,o

oin,line an# ,o line con,ac, becau)e o* ),%ong

comac,ion *%om )hallo> ,o #ee bu%ial. Thi)

cha%ac,e%i),ic al)o in#ica,e) ,he %ela,ion)hi o*

o%o)i,& >i,h bu%ial #e,h. Thu) o%o)i,& %e

#uce# b& comac,ion can be #i"i#e# in,o ,>o

),age)( namel& eo#iagene)i) P'000 m2 an#

me)o#iagene)i) '0003B00 m2. -"e%age %i

ma%& o%o)i,& in #el,aic )an#),one) >a)

a))ume# ,o be 40H imme#ia,el& a*,e% #eo)i

,ion I'8J. , ,en#e# ,o #ec%ea)e in,en)i"el& >i,h

inc%ea)ing ,he #e,h o* bu%ial an# %ela,i"el&

#ec%ea)e# *%om 40H ,o le)) ,han 'BH in

eo#iagene)i). The %a,e o* %e#uc,ion in o%o)i,&

b& comac,ion >a) )lo>e% in me)o#iagene)i)

,han in eo#iagene)i) an# became le)) ,han '0H.

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( 16

)igure 11 Plot of cement ,olume percent ,s/ intergranular ,olume percent of Panyu lo':uplift sandstones

;cf/ >ousenecht 527</ Compaction and cementation had a similar importance in the destruction of porosity

in the deltaic sandstones of Panyu lo':uplift/

Dissolution and Porosity

Di))olu,ion i) ,he main *ac,o% gene%a,ing

)econ#a%& o%o)i,&( >hich la&) a e& %ole in

o%o)i,& e"olu,ion. Thin )ec,ion an# E

ob)e%"a,ion) )ho> ,ha, ,he con,en, o* un),able

comonen,) i) "olume,%icall& high an# can be

cla))i*ie# in,o ,h%ee ca,ego%ie) inclu#ing !F B

30H2( *el#)a% 'BH2( an# ea%l& ca%bona,e

cemen,) B30H2. n ,he ),u#ie# a%ea( #i))olu,ion begin) in ,he = ),age o* eo#iagene)i)(

an# un),able con),i,uen,) a%e #i))ol"e# >hen

o%ganic aci# en,e%) in,o o%e >a,e%. n ,he -1

),age o* me)o#iagene)i)( abun#an, o%ganic aci#

i) #i)cha%ge# b& ,he e"olu,ion o* )ou%ce %oc

an# i) a##e# in,o o%e >a,e%). The un),able

con),i,uen,) a%e ),%ongl& #i))ol"e# in ,he aci#

en"i%onmen,. The %ela,ion)hi be,>een o%o)i,&

an# #e,h )ho>) ,ha, a )econ#a%& o%o)i,& zone

i) #e"eloe# in ,he #e,h in,e%"al be,>een ';B0

an# 3B00 m. n ,hi) in,e%"al( in,e%g%anula%

#i))olu,ion o%e an# in,%ag%anula% #i))olu,ion

o%e a%e abun#an,l& gene%a,e#. econ#a%&

o%o)i,& gene%a,e# b& #i))olu,ion ma& %each B

1BH acco%#ing ,o ,hin )ec,ion #a,aba)e.

Carbonate Cementation and Porosity

Ca%bona,e cemen, i) a main *ac,o% in con,%olling

)an#),one %e)e%"oi% %oe%,ie) Figu%e 112 an#

ma& ha"e a ),%ong in*luence on *lui# *lo>

I''('9J. Ca%bona,e cemen,) a%e >i#el& #e"el

oe# in )an#),one) *%om ,he *ou% >ell) Figu%e

1'2. The e**ec,) o* ca%bona,e cemen,) on

o%o)i,& a%e e"i#en,l& ob)e%"e# b& ,he %ela,ion

be,>een ,he amoun,) o* ,he cemen, an# ,he

mea)u%e# o%o)i,& an# e%meabili,& Figu%e 132.

Khen ,he con,en, o* ca%bona,e cemen, i) highe%

,han 1BH( ,he o%o)i,& i) no%mall& lo>e% ,han

10H.

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1B (

)igure 12 Sampled inter,als from 'ell P?2D:2:1 P?2D:1:1 P?%4:1:2 and P?%%:1:1 Lithology and macro:

sedimentary facies are interpreted 9ased on log response and core samples taen from the inter,als/

n ,he o,he% han#( >hen i,) con,en, i) le)) ,han10H( ,he o%o)i,& ma& %each 'BH. -n in"e%)e

%ela,ion)hi i) al)o )een be,>een ca%bona,e

con,en, an# e%meabili,& Figu%e 13b2. Ca%bon

a,e cemen,) occu% in ,he ,hicne)) %ange o* 0.B

m ,o lo>e% ,han 4 m an# ac, a) a main o%o)i,&

%e#ucing *ac,o% coma%e# >i,h ,he o,he%

cemen,) Figu%e 1'2. Fineg%aine# )an#),one)

a%e gene%all& mo%e *a"o%able *o% ,he #e"elo

men, o* ca%bona,e cemen,) ,han ,he coa%)e

g%aine# )an#),one). Thin )an#),one) ha"ehighe% ca%bona,e cemen,) ,han ,hic )an#

),one). Fu%,he%( ,hic )an#),one) ,en# ,o ha"e

ca%bona,e cemen,) in ,he ue% an# lo>e%

%ange) o* ,he in,e%"al). 7oo% ?uali,& i) ,&icall&

%ela,e# ,o ca%bona,e cemen,) in ,he ),u#ie#

)an#),one) *%om ,he ,>o >ell)( >hich a%e

#e"eloe# a, ,he #e,h) be,>een ';69 ,o ';;1

m an# ';;B ,o ';80.B m. o#e%a,el& ,o ),%ongl&

comac,e# )amle) ,aen *%om ,he #e,h o*

';69.B8 m *%om ,he *i%), in,e%"al a%e mo),l&

cha%ac,e%ize# b& ,he high amoun, o* ane%i,e

an# 0.'H o* )i#e%i,e cemen,. -ne%i,e an#

)i#e%i,e cemen,) *ill in in,e%g%anula% o%e) an#

#i))ol"e# o%e) an# g%ea,l& #e),%o& o%o)i,&.

The lo>e% a%, ';;B ,o ';80.B m2 i) mo),l&

cha%ac,e%ize# b& ,he high con,en, o* calci,e

cemen,( g%ea,l& #e),%o&ing o%o)i,&. Thi) e"i

#ence ei),) in )amle) lie ,he )amle o* ,he

#e,h o* ';;9 m >i,h i,) con,en, o* 30H "e%)u)

,he o%o)i,& o* 9H. an#),one) *%om ,he)amle# in,e%"al in >ell 7M3311 a%e

cha%ac,e%ize# b& lo> o%o)i,& an# lo> e%mea

bili,& mean "alue o* o%o)i,& i) 1'H an# ,he

e%meabili,& i) 33 Um'2.

)igure 1% +eser,oir Iuality data from the

sandstones in Panyu lo':uplift ;a< porosity ,s/

car9onate content ;9< permea9ility ,s/ car9onate

content/

an#),one) *%om ,he #e,h o* lo>e% ,han 3434

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Porosity(%)

C a r b o n

a t e c o n t e n t ( % )

0

2

46

8

10

12

14

16

0 100 200 300 400Permeability（10

-3µm

2）

C a r b o n a t e c o n t e n t ( % )

a

9

7o%o)i,& H2

7e%meabili,& L103 Ym

'2

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( 1D

m a%e mo#e%a,el& ,o ),%ongl& ca%bona,e

cemen,e# a%,icula%l& calci,e an# ane%i,e

cemen,2. -ne%i,e cemen,) a%e highl& #e"eloe#

in ,he )an#),one) loca,e# a, ,he #e,h) mo%e

,han 3434 m an# mo#e%a,el& #i)lace #e,%i,al

g%ain). =o,h o* ,hem la& an imo%,an, %ole in

%e#ucing o%o)i,& in ,he ),u#ie# in,e%"al).

CONCLUSIONS

1 The )hel*ma%gin #el,aic )an#),one %e)e%"oi% o*

Ahuhai *o%ma,ion *%om 7an&u lo>uli*, i) *ine

,o me#iumg%aine# li,hic )uba%o)e( )ub

li,ha%eni,e( an# )uba%o)e. ajo% #iagene)i)

conclu#e) comac,ion( #i))olu,ion !F(

*el#)a%( an# ca%bona,e cemen,)2( cemen,a,ionca%bona,e an# ?ua%,z o"e%g%o>,h2( an#

au,higenic mine%al *illing) aolini,e( chlo%i,e(

illi,e( an# )mec,i,e2.

' Comac,ion occu%%e# ,h%ough all ,he en,i%e

bu%ial hi),o%& an# la&e# a majo% %ole in

o%o)i,& %e#uc,ion. The e**ec, o* comac,ion

on o%o)i,& %e#uc,ion can be #i"i#e# in,o ,>o

),age)( namel& eo#iagene)i) an# me)o

#iagene)i). n eo#iagene)i)( o%o)i,& >a)

)ha%l& %e#uce# becau)e o* ,he %ea%%angemen,

o* #e,%i,al g%ain) an# #i)cha%ge o* o%e >a,e%)

a) comac,ion inc%ea)e#. n me)o#iagene)i)(

o%o)i,& >a) ),abl& %e#uce# b& comac,ion bu,

much )lo>e% ,han ,he *i%), ),age.

3 Di))olu,ion >a) ,he e& *ac,o% ,ha, im%o"e#

,he %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& o* ,he )hel*ma%gin

)an#),one). Di))olu,ion began in ,he = ),age

o* eo#iagene)i) an# con,inue# ,o #e"elo in

,he -' ),age o* me)o#iagene)i). -ci#ic o%e*lui#) #i))ol"e# !F( *el#)a%( an# ca%bona,e

cemen,) an# gene%a,e# )econ#a%& o%e).

n,e%g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e an# in,%a

g%anula% #i))olu,ion o%e >e%e ,he main o%e

,&e) in ,he ),u#ie# a%ea. ,%ong an# e,en

)i"el& #i))olu,ion in Ahuhai *o%ma,ion c%ea,e#

a )econ#a%& o%o)i,& zone in ,he #e,h

in,e%"al be,>een ';B0 an# 3B00 m. , g%ea,l&

im%o"e# %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& in ,he ),u#ie#

a%ea.

4 Ca%bona,e cemen,) calci,e( )i#e%i,e( an#

ane%i,e2 >e%e *o%me# ea%l& in ,he - ),age o*

eo#iagene)i) an# con,inue# ,o ,he -' ),age

o* me)o#iagene)i). The& la&e# an imo%

,an, %ole in ,he %e)e%"oi% ?uali,& e"olu,ion o*

)hel*ma%gin )an#),one). n eo#iagene)i)(

ca%bona,e cemen,) >e%e mainl& *o%me#

>hich e**ec,i"el& %e"en,e# comac,ion an#

,he occuie# o%e )ace) ,%an)*o%me# in,o

#i))olu,ion o%e )ace) >hen ,he& >e%e

#i))ol"e# la,e% in me)o#iagene)i). o%e

o"e%( ca%bona,e cemen,) *o%me# in me)o

#iagene)i)( e)eciall& in ,he -' ),age( *ille# in

in,e%g%anula% o%e) an# #i))olu,ion o%e) o%

#i)lace# #e,%i,al g%ain) an# g%ea,l&#e),%o&e# %e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. Ca%bona,e

cemen,) ha# an in"e%)e %ela,ion)hi >i,h

%e)e%"oi% ?uali,&. Gene%all&( o%o)i,& an#

e%meabili,& >e%e highe% *o% ,he )amle)

con,aining a )malle% amoun, o* ca%bona,e

cemen,).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thi) ),u#& >a) join,l& *un#e# b& ,he China

/a,ional cienceTechnolog& 7%ojec, '011

A0B0'B0062 an# China 9;3 e& Foun#a,ion

!e)ea%ch De"elomen, 7%ojec, '009C='194002.

Ke al)o e%e)) ou% g%a,i,u#e ,o hu,ong i

*%om The e& abo%a,o%& o* 7e,%oleum !e

)ou%ce) !e)ea%ch( n),i,u,e o* Geolog& an# Geo

h&)ic)( an# Chine)e -ca#em& o* cience)N

C/C !e)ea%ch Cen,e% %o"i#e# all ,he ),u#ie#

)amle).

NOMENCLATURE

= =ai&un )ag

C/C China /a,ional **)ho%e il

Co%o%a,ion

C/7C China /a,ional 7e,%oleum

Co%o%a,ion

C<= Cen,%al uli*, bel,

a illion &ea%)

/<= /o%,he%n uli*, bel,

7D= 7ee#ee =elemni,e

8/11/2019 01 1010 rev. 5 ver. 2.0.0






1 (

7!= 7ea%l !i"e% ou,h =a)in

D/= iong#ongnan ba)in

E canning elec,%on mic%o)coe

<= ou,he%n uli*, bel,

!F olcanic %oc *%agmen,)!D %a& #i**%ac,ion

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