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University of New HavenUniversity of New HavenID 218 Interior Systems, Materials and CodesID 218 Interior Systems, Materials and Codesby: Denis R. Ouimette AIA, OAQ, NCARBby: Denis R. Ouimette AIA, OAQ, NCARB

Lecture 003:Lecture 003:Chapter 3 WoodChapter 3 WoodReview Chapter 2Review Chapter 2Questions 1- 8 on page 71Questions 1- 8 on page 71

Reading assignment:Reading assignment:““Fundamentals of Building Construction”Fundamentals of Building Construction”Chapter 4Chapter 4Heavy Timber Frame ConstructionHeavy Timber Frame ConstructionQuestion: 1 – 3 page 141Question: 1 – 3 page 141

ID 218 Interior System, Materials and CodesID 218 Interior System, Materials and CodesChapter 3, Wood:Chapter 3, Wood:

In this chapter, you will learn:In this chapter, you will learn: The trees that are commonly sawed into construction The trees that are commonly sawed into construction

lumber, and the characteristics of their wood lumber, and the characteristics of their wood The effects of moisture on wood The effects of moisture on wood How trees are processed into wood and wood How trees are processed into wood and wood

products products Nominal and actual dimensions of lumber Nominal and actual dimensions of lumber The types of wood products used in construction The types of wood products used in construction The many types of wood fasteners, and typical uses The many types of wood fasteners, and typical uses

for each for each Why wood decays, and how to prevent it Why wood decays, and how to prevent it Preservative and fire-retardent treatments for wood Preservative and fire-retardent treatments for wood Which species of wood are naturally resistant to Which species of wood are naturally resistant to

decay and insects decay and insects Typical prefabricated wood components for building Typical prefabricated wood components for building


3.1 Working With Wood—Part I 1. Name two wood species appropriate for each of

the following uses: a. Hardwood flooring:



the following uses: a. Hardwood flooring:

Red oak, sugar maple, and others listed under “Hardwoods, Used for Finish Flooring



the following uses: b. House framing:



the following uses: b. House framing:

Douglas fir, eastern hemlock, and others listed under “Softwoods, Used for Framing, Sheathing, Paneling”



the following uses: c. Window and door frames:



the following uses: c. Window and door frames:

Ponderosa pine, sugar pine, and others listed under either Softwoods, Used for Moldings, Finishes and Door Frames, or Hardwoods, Use for Moldings, Paneling, Furniture



the following uses: d. An outdoor deck:



the following uses: d. An outdoor deck:

California redwood, western red cedar, and others listed under Softwoods, Decay-Resistant Woods, Used for Shingles, Siding, Outdoor Structures.



the following uses: e. Softwood flooring:



the following uses: e. Softwood flooring:

Douglas fir, longleaf pine



the following uses:

f. Fine furniture and paneling:



the following uses:

f. Fine furniture and paneling: Cherry, mahogany, and others listed under Hardwood, Used for Moldings, Paneling, Furniture


2. Circle the end uses below for which quartersawn lumber is preferred:

framing members interior trim sheathing boards finish flooring outdoor decks tabletops


3. Give actual dimensions (in English and metric units) for each of the following pieces of lumber:

a. 2x4: b. 2x6: c. 2x8: d. 2x12: e. 1x4: f. 1x12: g. 4x6: h. 6x6:


3. Give actual dimensions (in English and metric units) for each of the following pieces of lumber:

a. 2x4: 1 1/2” x 3 1/2” b. 2x6: 1 1/2” x 5 1/2” c. 2x8: 1 1/2” x 7 1/4” d. 2x12: 1 1/2” x 11 1/4” e. 1x4: 3/4” x 3 1/2” f. 1x12: 3/4” x 11 1/4” g. 4x6: 3 1/2” x 5 1/2” h. 6x6: 5 1/2” x 5 1/2”


4. What is dimension "x" (in both English and metric units) in the detail below? Show calculations.


4. What is dimension "x" (in both English and metric units) in the detail below? Show calculations.

SI Units: a) 5/8” Plywood: 5/8” = 5/8” b) 2x10: 9 1/4” = 9 2/8” c) 2x6: 1 1/2” = 1 4/8”

Total: 10 11/8” = 11 3/8”Metric Units: Plywood thickness is calculated: 25.4 x 5/8” = 15.9

mm; say 16 mm Lumber thickness is taken from Figure 3.22. a) 5/8” Plywood: 16 mm b) 2x10: 235 mm c) 2x6: 38 mm

Total: 289 mm


5. A board exactly 12" (305 mm) wide was quartersawn from a green softwood log, then seasoned to a moisture content of 12%. How wide is it now? Show calculations.


5. A board exactly 12" (305 mm) wide was quartersawn from a green softwood log, then seasoned to a moisture content of 12%. How wide is it now? Show calculations.

a) In a quartersawn board, all width shrinkage is in the radial direction. From Figure 3.12, the radial shrinkage is about 2.7%.

b) 2.7% shrinkage: 12” x .027 = 0.324” c) Final size: 12” – 0.324” = 11.676” d) To find the nearest 8th of an inch: .676 x 8 = 5.4,

say 5/8ths

11.68” to the nearest 100th of an inch, or 11 5/8” to the nearest 8th


6. The platform frame shown in Figure 5.2 of the text contains a total of 33" (838 mm) of cross-grain wood between foundation and roof.

6.1 Assuming that plainsawed framing lumber shrinks across its grain at a rate that is an average of the shrinkage rates of tangential and radial shrinkage, how much will the roof drop if the lumber is installed at 19% moisture content and eventually dries to 15%?


6. The platform frame shown in Figure 5.2 of the text contains a total of 33" (838 mm) of cross-grain wood between foundation and roof.

6.1 Assuming that plainsawed framing lumber shrinks across its grain at a rate that is an average of the shrinkage rates of tangential and radial shrinkage, how much will the roof drop if the lumber is installed at 19% moisture content and eventually dries to 15%?

a) From Figure 3.12: the average shrinkage @ 15% moisture = 2.4% the average shrinkage @ 19” moisture = 1.5% the approximate net shrinkage = 0.9%

b) Roof drop: 33” x 0.009 = 0.29” Approximately 0.3”, or 5/16”


7. Considering the tendency of plainsawed lumber to cup during seasoning, which wayshould the boards on an outdoor deck be laid, so that they will not trap rainwater?

a. Circle the properly laid board.

ID 218 Interior System, Materials and CodesID 218 Interior System, Materials and CodesChapter 3, Wood: Part IIChapter 3, Wood: Part II

3.2 Working With Wood—Part IISee page 90 of the text. A board foot is a volume of wood 12 square inches in nominal cross section and 1 foot long. For example, a 1x12 8’ long is equal to 8 board feet. A 2x12 8’ long is equal to 16 board feet.

1. How many board feet are contained in a 2x4 stud 8' long? If the stud costs $1.33, what is the cost per board foot? Show calculations.


3.2 Working With Wood—Part IISee page 90 of the text. A board foot is a volume of wood 12 square inches in nominal cross section and 1 foot long. For example, a 1x12 8’ long is equal to 8 board feet. A 2x12 8’ long is equal to 16 board feet.

1. How many board feet are contained in a 2x4 stud 8' long? If the stud costs $1.33, what is the cost per board foot? Show calculations.(2"x 4” / 12 in2) x 8’ = 5.22 board feet$1.33/5.22 board feet = $0.25 per board foot


2. What will be the cost of 34 2x10 floor joists, each 12' long, if the price of lumber is $330.00 per thousand board feet? Show calculations.


2. What will be the cost of 34 2x10 floor joists, each 12' long, if the price of lumber is $330.00 per thousand board feet? Show calculations.

a) Each 2x10: (2” x 10”/12 in2) x 12’ = 20 board feet

b) 34 pieces: 20 board ft x 34 = 680 board feet c) Price: (680 board feet / 1000) x $330.00 per

thousand board feet = $224.40


3. List a softwood plywood veneer grade suitable and economical for each of the following uses:

See Figure 3.31, and accompanying text. a. Reverse side of a low-cost plywood panel

that will not be seen: b. Painted face of a storage cupboard: c. Smooth but low-cost floor surface over

which carpet will be laid:


3. List a softwood plywood veneer grade suitable and economical for each of the following uses:

See Figure 3.31, and accompanying text. a. Reverse side of a low-cost plywood panel

that will not be seen: D b. Painted face of a storage cupboard: A c. Smooth but low-cost floor surface over

which carpet will be laid: C plugged


4. List a softwood plywood exposure durability classification suitable for each of the following proposed uses:

a. Structural sheathing, subflooring: b. Exterior siding: c. Item c. in question 3 above, not to be installed

until the building is enclosed:


4. List a softwood plywood exposure durability classification suitable for each of the following proposed uses:

a. Structural sheathing, subflooring: Exposure 1 b. Exterior siding: Exterior c. Item c. in question 3 above, not to be installed

until the building is enclosed: Exposure 2


5. Explain a "32/16" span rating stamped on a sheet of plywood.


5. Explain a "32/16" span rating stamped on a sheet of plywood.

The panel may be used to span roof rafters spaced as much as 32” on center, and floor joists as much as 16” on center.


6. What size common nail (designated in pennies) will just reach completely through two thicknesses of nominal 2-inch lumber?


6. What size common nail (designated in pennies) will just reach completely through two thicknesses of nominal 2-inch lumber?See Figure 3.35 of the text.

2 x 1.5” = 3”; Use a 10d nail.


7. If 5/8" oriented strand board sheathing is nailed to the wood frame of a building with 8d common nails, how far does the point of the nail penetrate into the frame?


7. If 5/8" oriented strand board sheathing is nailed to the wood frame of a building with 8d common nails, how far does the point of the nail penetrate into the frame?

An 8d nail is 2 1/2” long; 2 1/2” – 5/8” = 1 7/8”


8. How far does a 16d nail end penetrate into a longitudinal piece of wood after it has been driven through a nominal 2-inch piece?


8. How far does a 16d nail end penetrate into a longitudinal piece of wood after it has been driven through a nominal 2-inch piece?

A 16d nail is 3 1/2” long; 3 1/2” – 1 1/2” = 2”


9. Match the following nails with their uses:See Figure 3.34 of the text.

a. Finish nail attaching wood shingles

b. Deformed shank nail attaching interior wood trim

c. Cut nail attaching gypsum wallboard

d. Box nail attaching asphalt shingles

e. Roofing nail attaching hardwood flooring


9. Match the following nails with their uses:See Figure 3.34 of the text.

a. Finish nail d. attaching wood shingles

b. Deformed shank nail a. attaching interior wood trim

c. Cut nail b. attaching gypsum wallboard

d. Box nail e. attaching asphalt shingles

e. Roofing nail c. attaching hardwood flooring


10. Match each of the following composite wood products with its description:

a. Laminated veneer Large flakes of wood compressed lumber and bonded into sheets

b. Parallel strand lumber Veneer sheets laminated into rectangular sections

c. Plywood Small wood particles, compressed and bonded without orientation into panels

d. Composite panel Thin wood veneers, glued into panels

e. Oriented strand board Two parallel face veneers bonded to a reconstituted wood fiber core

f. Waferboard Narrow veneer strands, oriented llongitudinally and pressed

into rectangular cross sections

g. Particleboard Long, strand-like wood particles, compressed and glued into

sheets


10. Match each of the following composite wood products with its description:

a. Laminated veneer f. Large flakes of wood compressed lumber and bonded into sheets

b. Parallel strand lumber a. Veneer sheets laminated into rectangular sections

c. Plywood g. Small wood particles, compressed and bonded without orientation into panels

d. Composite panel c. Thin wood veneers, glued into panels

e. Oriented strand board d. Two parallel face veneers bonded to a reconstituted wood fiber core

f. Waferboard b. Narrow veneer strands, oriented llongitudinally and pressed into rectangular cross sections

g. Particleboard e. Long, strand-like wood particles, compressed and glued into sheets


Review Questions:1. Discuss the changes in moisture content of the wood and their effects on a piece of dimension lumber, from the time the tree is cut, through its processing, until it has been in service in a building for an entire year.


Review Questions:1. Discuss the changes in moisture content of the wood and their effects on a piece of dimension lumber, from the time the tree is cut, through its processing, until it has been in service in a building for an entire year.

At the time a tree is cut, depending on the species of tree, the season of the year, and the amount of water present in the ground around the roots of the tree, its cells will contain a weight of water that is 30% to 300% of the dry weight of the cellulose and lignin. Assuming that the tree is immediately sawed into green lumber, each piece of lumber will then be seasoned by air drying or kiln drying. During this seasoning process, the free water contained in the hollow spaces of the cells is evaporated first, bringing the moisture in the lumber into the range of 26% to 32%. After the free water has evaporated, the bound water in the cell walls starts to evaporate, and the piece of lumber begins to shrink. Because radial shrinkage is not as pronounced as tangential shrinkage, each piece of lumber will also distort somewhat, the nature and degree of distortion depending largely on the portion of the log from which the piece was sawed and the orientation of the piece in the log. At a moisture content somewhere between 13% and 19% the piece is considered seasoned and can be installed in a building. After it is in place in the building, it will continue to lose water under very dry atmospheric conditions, and reabsorb water when the air is humid. This is usually best observed on a seasonal basis, with wood members of a building shrinking noticeably during a prolonged heating season, and swelling during a humid summer.


Review Questions:

2. Give the actual cross-sectional dimensions of the following pieces of kiln-dried lumber: 1x4, 2x4, 2x6, 2x8, 4x4, 4x12.


Review Questions:

2. Give the actual cross-sectional dimensions of the following pieces of kiln-dried lumber: 1x4, 2x4, 2x6, 2x8, 4x4, 4x12.

If surfaced dry: 3/4” by 1 1/2”; 1 1/2” by 3 1/2”; 1 1/2” by 5 1/2”; 1 1/2” by 7 1/4”; 3 1/2” by 3 1/2”; 3 1/2” by 11 1/4”.


Review Questions:

3. Why is wood laminated?


Review Questions:

3. Why is wood laminated?

Wood is laminated to achieve a size, shape, or quality of piece that would otherwise be impossible. Like other forms of engineered lumber manufacturer, laminating can also contribute to the more efficient use of wood resources.


Review Questions:

4. What is meant by a span rating of 32/16? What types of wood products are rated in this way?


Review Questions:

4. What is meant by a span rating of 32/16? What types of wood products are rated in this way?

Structural wood panel products, such as plywood and oriented strand board, are span rated; the first number in the rating (32) is the allowable span in inches between centers of rafters when used as roof sheathing, and the second number (16) is the allowable span when used as subflooring.


Review Questions:

5. For what reasons might you specify preservative-treated wood?


Review Questions:

5. For what reasons might you specify preservative-treated wood?

Preservative-treated wood might be specified for applications required increased resistance to decay or insects.


Review Questions:

6. Which common species of wood have decay- and insect-resistant heartwood?


Review Questions:

6. Which common species of wood have decay- and insect-resistant heartwood?

Redwood, Cypress, and various Cedars are the resistant species most common in North America.


Review Questions:

7. Why are nails the fasteners of choice in wood construction?


Review Questions:

7. Why are nails the fasteners of choice in wood construction?

Nails are inexpensive and versatile, they usually do not require advance drilling of holes, and they are quickly driven by hammer or nailgun.


Chapter 3 Web Links www.apawood.org APA–The Engineered Wood Associationwww.certificationcanada.org Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalitionwww.cwc.ca Canadian Wood Councilwww.csa-international.org/certification/forestry/Canada’s National Sustainable Forest Management

Standardwww.aboutsfi.org-Sustainable Forestry Initiativewww.trusjoist.com Trus Joistwww.wwpa.org Western Wood Products Associationwww.woodtruss.com Wood Truss Council of Americawww.fsccanada.org/index.shtml Forest Stewardship Council of Canada

http://www.apawood.org/

http://www.certificationcanada.org/

http://www.cwc.ca/

http://www.csa-international.org/certification/forestry/

http://www.trusjoist.com/

http://www.wwpa.org/

http://www.woodtruss.com/

http://www.fsccanada.org/index.shtml

University of New HavenUniversity of New HavenID 218 Interior Systems, Materials and CodesID 218 Interior Systems, Materials and Codesby: Denis R. Ouimette AIA, OAQ, NCARBby: Denis R. Ouimette AIA, OAQ, NCARB

To do for next class:To do for next class:

Reading assignment:Reading assignment:Chapter 4Chapter 4Heavy Timber Frame Construction 4Heavy Timber Frame Construction 4Question: 1 – 3 page 141Question: 1 – 3 page 141

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