0. Introduction to Anatomy
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Transcript of 0. Introduction to Anatomy
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Desy PurwidyastutiDept Anatomy and Histology
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga
What is anatomy? ‘Anatomy’ - from the Greek words meaning ‘to cut apart’Anatomy is the study of the form and function of the human
body What components of the body should be included in this
course?Muscle, Bone, Skeleton, JointsDescribing movement, position and directionIdentifying structures used in movement
Branches of anatomy
–Gross anatomy we’re studying now–Microscopic anatomy• Cytology• Histology
–Developmental anatomy• Embryology
–Comparative anatomy
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane
(also called XS – cross section)
(also called coronal)
Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane
(also called XS – cross section)
(also called coronal)
• Gross Anatomy– The anatomical position (see right)– Directional and regional terms
– Body planes and sections
AnteriorPosteriorSuperiorInferiorMedialLateralProximalDistal
SuperficialDeepCephalicVertebralThoracicAppendicularBrachialLumbar
Which side is right and which is left?
Anatomical Directions
• Directions relative to front and back of body– anterior: in front of,
toward front surface– posterior: in back of;
toward back surface– dorsal: at the back
side of the human body
– ventral: at the belly side of the human body
Anatomical Directions• Directions relative to
head and tail of the body– superior: closer to the
head– inferior: closer to the
feet– caudal: at the rear or
tail end– cranial: at the head
end
Anatomical Directions• Directions relative to
midline or center of body– medial: toward the
midline of the body– lateral: away from the
midline– Intermediate: in between
two lateral parts– deep: on the inside or
underneath another structure
– superficial: on the outside or nearer to surface
Anatomical Directions• Directions relative to
point of attachment of appendages– proximal: closest to
the point of attachment to the trunk of the body
– distal: farther from point of attachment to trunk of body.
Regional Terminology• abdominal: inferior to thorax and superior to hip • antebrachial: forearm; between elbow and wrist • antecubital: anterior to elbow• auricular: ear
Regional Terminology• axillary: armpit• brachial: arm; between shoulder and elbow • buccal: cheek• calcaneal: heel of the foot
Regional Terminology
• carpal: wrist • cephalic: head• cervical: neck • coxal: hip
Regional Terminology• cranial: skull • crural: leg (between knee and ankle)• deltoid: shoulder • digital (phalangeal): fingers or toes• dorsal: back
Regional Terminology
• femoral: thigh • fibular: lateral aspect of leg• frontal: forehead• gluteal: buttock; hallux: great toe
Regional Terminologyinguinal: groinlumbar: lower back between ribs and pelvismammary: breastmanus: hand
Regional Terminology• mental: chin • nasal: nose • occipital: posterior aspect of head • olecranal: posterior aspect of elbow; oral: mouth
Regional Terminology• orbital: eye • palmar: palm of the hand • patellar: kneecap• pelvic: pelvis
Regional Terminology• perineal: diamond shaped area between thighs
containing anus and select ext. reprod.organs• pes: foot • plantar: sole of foot; pollex: thumb
Regional Terminology• popliteal: area posterior to knee • pubic: anterior region of pelvis• radial: lateral aspect of forearm • sacral: posterior region between hip • scapular: shoulder blade
Regional Terminology
sternal: anterior middle region of the thoraxsural: calf (posterior aspect of leg)tarsal: anklethoracic: chest
Regional Terminology• tibial: medial aspect of leg• ulnar: medial aspect of the forearm • umbilical: navel• vertebral: spinal column
– Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral– Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs)
divided into two main cavities• Thoracic cavity pleural cav, mediastinum (pericardial
cavity)• Abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
• Serous cavities : slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa): • Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity• Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ
– Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints
Body cavities and membranes
Posterior Body Cavities
• Cranial cavity: – Cavity of the skull– houses brain
• Vertebral canal: – formed by vertebrae– houses spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavities• Abdominopelvic cavity– abdominal cavity:
superior to hip bones• contains: digestive
system organs, kidney and ureters
– pelvic cavity: inferior to hip bones• contains: bladder,
urethra, internal reproductive organs
Serous membranes
Abdominal-Pelvic Regions
• epigastric region: superior region of middle column– contains: parts of liver,
stomach, pancreas; contains duodenum and adrenal gland
• umbilical region: middle region of middle column– contains: transverse
colon, part of small intestine
• hypogastric region: inferior region of middle column– contains: part of small
intestine, bladder, sigmoid colon
Abdominal-Pelvic Regions• right hypochondriac
region: superior region to the right of epigastric region– contains part of liver,
gallbladder and part of kidney
• left hypochondriac region: superior region to the left of epigastric region– contains part of
stomach, part of left kidney, spleen
Abdominal-Pelvic Regions• right lumbar region:
middle region to the right of the umbilical region– contains: ascending colon,
part of right kidney, part of small intestine
• left lumbar region: middle region to the left of the umbilical region– contains: descending
colon, part of left kidney, part of small intestine
Abdominal-Pelvic Regions
• right iliac region: inferior region to the right of the hypogastric region– contains: inferior end of
cecum, appendix, part of small intestine
• left iliac region: inferior regions to the left of the hypogastric region– contains: junction of colon
and small intestine
Abdomino-Pelvic Quadrants• Transverse and
Midsagittal planes through the umbilicus form large quadrants– right upper quadrant– left upper quadrant– right lower quadrant– left lower quadrant