INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY - · PDF file... Comparative Anatomy Comparative Anatomy Developmental...
Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY - · PDF file... Comparative Anatomy Comparative Anatomy Developmental...
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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO
ANATOMY ANATOMY
By. ParyonoBy. Paryono
ANATOMY IS TO PHYSIOLOGY AS GEOGRAPHY IS TO HISTORY(Fernel)
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES LEARNING OBJECTIVES
You are able to:You are able to:
Define the word anatomy.Define the word anatomy.
Describe the origin and meaning of anatomy.Describe the origin and meaning of anatomy.
Describe the historical views of anatomy.Describe the historical views of anatomy.
Describe the major subdivisions of anatomy.Describe the major subdivisions of anatomy.
Describe the major methods/approaches used Describe the major methods/approaches used
in studying anatomy.in studying anatomy.
Understand descriptive terms used in anatomy.Understand descriptive terms used in anatomy.
WHAT IS ANATOMY ?WHAT IS ANATOMY ?
Anatomy (Greek: Anatomy (Greek: anaana: apart; : apart; temmeintemmein: to : to
cut)cut)
Cutting up apart (Latin equivalent: Cutting up apart (Latin equivalent:
dissecare dissecare dissection)dissection)
AnatomyAnatomy(Discpline/field of (Discpline/field of
scientific study)scientific study)
DissectionDissection(One of the methods/ (One of the methods/
techniques used in techniques used in
studying the body)studying the body)
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WHAT IS ANATOMY ?WHAT IS ANATOMY ?
ANATOMYANATOMY
The part of biological science that deals The part of biological science that deals
primarily with structure and function of primarily with structure and function of
the bodythe body
The study of living human beingsThe study of living human beings
Cannot be learned completely by Cannot be learned completely by
studying the bodies of dead personsstudying the bodies of dead persons
The basis of medical languageThe basis of medical language
Studying Anatomy Studying Anatomy
The study of etymology (derivation of words) The study of etymology (derivation of words) Helps remember anatomy and find the process Helps remember anatomy and find the process
enjoyable enjoyable
Cecum Cecum caecuscaecus (Lat.): blind(Lat.): blind The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal portion of terminal portion of ileumileum (Lat.: roll up/twist)(Lat.: roll up/twist)
The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small intestinessmall intestines
MEMORISINGMEMORISING(New language:4500 (New language:4500
words)words)
UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGThe links between structure & The links between structure & functionfunctionIntellectually more satisfyingIntellectually more satisfyingIt makes its long term It makes its long term retention easierretention easier
vs
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MACROANATOMYMACROANATOMY
(Macroscopic/ (Macroscopic/
Gross Anatomy)Gross Anatomy)
Cadaver (dead body)/Cadaver (dead body)/
Descriptive AnatomyDescriptive AnatomyDissection: Dissection: -- demonstration of demonstration of
the part the bodythe part the body
-- 3D conception3D conception
Living human Living human (in vivo)/ (in vivo)/
(Living Anatomy)(Living Anatomy)Observation, palpation, Observation, palpation,
percussion, auscultationpercussion, auscultation
HISTORICAL REMARKS HISTORICAL REMARKS ANATOMYANATOMY
An old basic medical scienceAn old basic medical science
Anatomy originated in EgyptAnatomy originated in Egypt Greece (middle of 4th Century BC)Greece (middle of 4th Century BC)
Hippocrates: Hippocrates: Father of MedicineFather of MedicineHippocratic OathHippocratic Oath
The nature of the body is the beginning of The nature of the body is the beginning of
medical science medical science Anatomy is a field of scientific Anatomy is a field of scientific
studystudy
Aristotle (384Aristotle (384--322 BC):322 BC):Physician and scientistPhysician and scientist
The founder of: The founder of: Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
The word The word anatome anatome (to dissect)(to dissect)
Discovery of XDiscovery of X--ray ray Radiographic AnatomyRadiographic Anatomy
Discovery of radiant energy Discovery of radiant energy Organ ImagingOrgan Imaging
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GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF
ANATOMY ANATOMY
MACROANATOMYMACROANATOMY Naked eyesNaked eyes
(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)
Included: SURFACE Included: SURFACE Observation, Observation,
ANATOMY ANATOMY palpation, percussion,palpation, percussion,
auscultationauscultation
MICROANATOMYMICROANATOMY MicroscopeMicroscopeCYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY cells cells
HISTOLOGY HISTOLOGY tissuestissues
EMBRYOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY Development of theDevelopment of the
structuresstructures
COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE ExamineExamine
ANATOMYANATOMY the structures the structures
of other animalsof other animals
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NN
AA
TT
OO
MM
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
ACCORDING TO THEIR ACCORDING TO THEIR
APPROACHES APPROACHES
MACROANATOMYMACROANATOMY
(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy)(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy) Macroscopic/DissectionMacroscopic/Dissection
MICROANATOMYMICROANATOMY Microscopic structure andMicroscopic structure and
(Microscopic Anatomy)(Microscopic Anatomy) functionfunction
CytologyCytology The cellsThe cells
HistologyHistology The make up of the tissues/The make up of the tissues/
organsorgans
--TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMYTOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMYLocation of the body structures Location of the body structures ---- REGIONAL ANATOMYREGIONAL ANATOMY Structures in the regionsStructures in the regions
of the bodyof the body
--SYSTEMIC ANATOMYSYSTEMIC ANATOMY Systems of the bodySystems of the body
--FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYFUNCTIONAL ANATOMY Interrelation of the body systemsInterrelation of the body systems
(structures (structures functions)functions)
ANATOMY ANATOMY
continuecontinue
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
ACCORDING TO THEIR ACCORDING TO THEIR
APPROACHES APPROACHES
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMYDEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMYGrowth and developmentGrowth and development
(changes of developing(changes of developing
structures)structures)
(Embryology (Embryology Prenatal life (embryonic period 4Prenatal life (embryonic period 4--8 wks)8 wks)
NEUROANATOMYNEUROANATOMY Structure and function of the Structure and function of the
Nervous system (Gross,Nervous system (Gross,
microscopic, developmental,microscopic, developmental,
radiological)radiological)
RADIOLOGICAL/RADIOLOGICAL/ Using radiographic techniqueUsing radiographic technique
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMYRADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
COMPARATIVE ANATOMYCOMPARATIVE ANATOMY Comparing the structures ofComparing the structures of
various animals various animals
ANATOMY ANATOMY
(continued)(continued)
Functional Functional
standpoints standpoints
1.1. Integumentary System (skin and appendiges)Integumentary System (skin and appendiges)
2.2. Skeletal System (bones and cartilages)Skeletal System (bones and cartilages)
3.3. Muscular System (skeletal muscles, move the joints) Muscular System (skeletal muscles, move the joints) (Musculoskeletal System (2+3+4, function: Locomotion) (Musculoskeletal System (2+3+4, function: Locomotion)
4.4. Articular System (joints/articulations, its associated bones Articular System (joints/articulations, its associated bones and ligaments)and ligaments)
5.5. Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia)Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia)
6.6. Circulatory System /Cardiovascular System (heart, blood Circulatory System /Cardiovascular System (heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system: nodes and vessels)vessels, lymphatic system: nodes and vessels)
7.7. Digestive System (from mouth to anus, and glands)Digestive System (from mouth to anus, and glands)
8.8. Respiratory System (from nose to lungs: O2 Respiratory System (from nose to lungs: O2 CO2 CO2 exchange)exchange)
9.9. Urinary System (kidney, urinary bladder, excretory Urinary System (kidney, urinary bladder, excretory passages)/elimination of waste productspassages)/elimination of waste products
10.10. Reproductive System (perpetuation of the human species)Reproductive System (perpetuation of the human species)
11.11. Endocrine System (ductless glands : produce hormones)Endocrine System (ductless glands : produce hormones)
THE SYSTEMSTHE SYSTEMS
OF THE BODYOF THE BODY
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INTEGUMENTAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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NERVOUS SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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* Nuclear MRI (NMRI): PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
SPECT (Single Proton Computed Tomography)
METHODS OF METHODS OF
STUDYING STUDYING
ANATOMY ANATOMY
DISSECTION (Cadaver)
SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body)
(observation, palpation, percussion,auscultatio