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Mr. Nelson – Global History & Geography 10Absolutism/The Scientific Revolution/The Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

1. The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of government is derived from1. divine right rulers 3. a strong military2. the middle class 4. those who are governed

2. A major concept promoted by philosophers of the Enlightenment was the need for1. a return to traditional medieval ideas 3. overseas expansion by western European nations2. the use of reason for rational and logical thinking 4. strengthening the power of the organized religions

3. One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they1. encouraged the spread of new ideas 3. led to the Protestant Reformation2. strengthened traditional institutions 4. rejected Renaissance individualism

4. ". . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. . . . "

--Declaration of the Rights of Man andof the Citizen, 1789

Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from the French Revolution?1. natural law 3. free trade2. nationalism 4. socialism

5. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by1. relying on faith and divine right 3. applying reason and the laws of nature2. borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome 4. studying the practices of successful leaders

6. Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment?1. The king is sacred and answers only to God. 3. Those who are the most fit will survive and

succeed.

2. History is a continuous struggle between social classes.

4. All individuals have natural rights.

7.) • The Chinese applied the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to their government.• The French embraced the divine right of kings.These statements show a similarity in the way these cultures(1) supported the same religious principles (2) justified the right to rule(3) created limited monarchies

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(4) promoted economic equality

8.) Which statement best expresses the ideas of the Scientific Revolution?(1) Religious authorities are responsible for understanding and interpreting new information.(2) Superstition and magic are important aspects of the natural world.(3) Scientific ideas should be made to conform with existing thought systems.(4) People should use reason and experimentation to draw scientific conclusions.

9.) The term “divine right” is best defined as a(1) revolution to gain political rights and freedoms (2) philosophy that encourages religious toleration (3) belief that a ruler’s authority comes from God (4) system in which a monarch has limited power

10.)The scientific theories developed by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton resulted in(1) challenges to the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church(2) support for the Earth-centered theory of the universe(3) confirmation of Darwin’s theory of evolution(4) a renewed interest in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

11.) Base your answer to question 11 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

“Diligent reader, in this work, which has just been created and published, you have the motions of the fixed stars and planets, as these motions have been reconstituted [reconstructed] on the basis of ancient as well as recent observations, and have moreover been embellished by new and marvelous hypotheses. You also have most convenient tables, from which you will be able to compute those motions with the utmost ease for any time whatever. Therefore buy, read, and enjoy [this work]. Let no one untrained in geometry enter here.” — Nicholas Copernicus of Torun, Six Books on the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

In this passage, Copernicus states that he accomplished his work by(1) excluding the teachings of ancient societies (2) combining old and new observations(3) questioning the principles of the scientific method (4) denying the importance of geometry

Answer the following questions (12-15) based on your reading of the document below:

12.) In this passage Galileo is describing how:

1.) His ideas were readily accepted by academics looking for new ideas on the world

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2.) He was thrown out of his university for espousing (saying) new ideas that they had never heard before3.) There was a lot of skepticism for the observations he made through his use of technology 4.) While most people rejected his new views of the world, many accepted them right away

13.) When he says, “. . .They seemed to forget that the increase of known truths stimulates the investigation, establishment, and growth of the arts; not their diminution. . .” He is referring to:

1.) The clergy of the Protestant Church2.) Academics and Professors of Universities3.) The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church4.) The absolute monarchs of Europe

14.) Using the same quote from question 13 (above), he is saying that

1.) People should understand the value in new ideas in helping the world2.) New ideas, such as Copernicus’ heliocentric theory would bring about an end to the Church as it was

known at the time3.) That heliocentrism was the incorrect way to look at the universe as we know it4.) That his ideas aren’t proven yet

15.) When he says, “. . .they sought to deny and disprove the new things which, if they had cared to look for themselves, their own senses would have demonstrated to them.” He is discussing:

1.) Laboratory tests that could have been used to prove this theories2.) The observation step of the Scientific Method that all scientists use to create hypotheses3.) The doubt he had that his own new theories, which challenged the Church, might not be true4.) The theories of Copernicus in detail

Answer questions 16-20 based on the following document, our class notes, and our class discussion:

16.) The philosopher listed in the document is most well known for:

1.) His belief in the separation of powers in government, in order to avoid absolute monarchs from having too much power

2.) His belief in the divine right of kings and queens3.) His belief in the equality between men and women at the time4.) His belief that men and women have the right to life, liberty, and property

17.) This philosopher also believed that:

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1.) Men are sometimes evil and sometimes not evil2.) Men are born basically good, and therefore don’t need a strong central government 3.) Men are born basically evil, and therefore need a strong government to control things4.) That men are not born either good or evil, but become one way or the other based on their environment

18.) The beliefs of this philosopher directly contradicted which existing philosophy at the time?1.) The divine right of kings2.) The separation of powers into branches of government3.) The taxation system of Europe in the 1700’s4.) The social class system of Europe in the 1700’s

19.) The last box in the document states “Governments are made by the consent of the people” This means that the philosopher would support:

1.) A ruler chosen by the citizens of a country or city-state to be their ruler2.) A divine right monarch, such as Phillip II of Spain, or Louis XIV of France

20.) As discussed in class and in your notes, the philosopher in the document:1.) Never supported the idea of political revolutions2.) Only supported revolutions against English monarchs because he was British3.) Only supported revolutions in which monarchs violated peoples natural rights 4.) Believe that all revolutions were justified if people wanted to revolt for any reason

21.) One previous historical era (time period) that led to the Scientific Revolution was:1.) European contact with Islamic civilizations, which were far more advanced at the time2.) The rise of civilizations in ancient river valley civilizations (such as Mesopotamia)3.) The conquest of the Mongol Empire over modern day China and Russia4.) The new iPhoneX

22.) Rationalism was the idea that1.) Information comes mostly from Church teachings, but not entirely2.) That on what is written in scientific texts and papers is true3.) That information has to come from what’s logical and can be proven4.) That all information makes sense all the time

23.) The Spanish Inquisition in Europe was an attempt to:1.) Allow the free flow of new ideas discovered by scientists of the time2.) Seek out heresies that contradicted the teachings of the church and destroy them3.) Allow for scientists to explain their ideas to a high council, located in Spain4.) Torture people for no reason

24.) In general, we can say that the Enlightenment, as an historical period was:1.) A time when brand new scientific theories were accepted as true2.) A time when certain philosophers questioned the nature of types of government3.) A time when revolutions were promoted, and most kings were overthrown4.) A time when the beliefs of Ancient Rome were brought back to Europe after years of them being lost

25.) Baron de Montesquieu would be most in favor of which modern example in government:1.) The president using just his own power to suspend immigration from certain countries2.) Congress voting on a law and passing it for the country3.) The Supreme Court ruling on a controversial case that’s been argued in front of them4.) The Supreme Court overturning a decision of the president and declaring it unconstitutional

26.) As opposed to John Locke, the Enlightenment philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed:1.) That Revolution was almost always justified2.) That men are born good, and therefore can be trusted to govern themselves

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3.) That Revolution is only justified if natural rights are violated4.) That men are born evil, and therefore need a strong government (such as an absolute monarch) to control

the chaos

27.) The term ‘social contract’ refers to:1.) An agreement among citizens as to whether or not they’re going to revolt 2.) A series of discussions between kings, queens, and other monarchs3.) Another term of the state of nature 4.) The agreement between the governed and rulers at to what role each will play

28) One way in which Suleiman the Magnificent and Louis XIV are similar is that they both(1) centralized political power(2) introduced a new national religion(3) strengthened the authority of the nobility (4) freed peasants from feudal obligations

29.) In the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the centerpiece for debate between(1) capitalism and communism (2) science and religion(3) colonialism and nationalism (4) isolationism and globalism

30.) In which way did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?(1) Superstition and ignorance were promoted.(2) The principles of mercantilism were glorified.(3) The divine right theory of kings was challenged.(4) Punishments for criminal acts were rooted in vengeance.

Answer questions 31-32 based on the document below:

31.) One way in which the author argues that the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread is:

1.) Ideas were spread by word of mouth and gradually spread over all of Europe2.) The use of the printing press allowed books to be printed that more people can read3.) People were more likely to believe the new ideas because they were tired of the control of the Catholic

Church4.) It diffused from the Americas to Europe

32.) A primary argument of the document is that:

1.) Scientific knowledge came from a variety of cultures around the world 2.) Scientific knowledge came exclusively from other places such as China and India3.) Scientific knowledge was unique to Europeans, who came up with most of the theories4.) Scientific knowledge came from academics and philosophers at universities only

33.) Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it?(1) Karl Marx (2) John Locke

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(3) Thomas Hobbes (4) Niccolo Machiavelli

34.) One scientific belief held by both Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton is that(1) reasoned thought is the way to discover truth (2) new theories should be made to fit existingtraditional ideas (3) the method by which discoveries are made is unimportant (4) difficult problems should be solved by reading religious texts

35.) Louis XIV strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by(1) centralizing control (2) granting democratic reforms (3) practicing religious toleration (4) reducing the size of the bureaucracy

36.)• Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe • Newton’s law of gravitation • Descartes’ belief in truth through reason:This set of ideas from the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to(1) view humankind’s place in the universe (2) support the core beliefs of the church (3) authenticate historical facts(4) verify civil liberties

37.) Which characteristic is associated with the rule of both Akbar the Great and Suleiman the Magnificent?(1) promoting equal rights for women(2) expanding the role of legislative bodies(3) forcing the conversion of citizens to Christianity (4) practicing tolerance toward religious members of society

38.) Historians frequently portray Louis XIV’s construction of the palace of Versailles and Peter the Great’s building of the city of Saint Petersburg as(1) shrines to religious beliefs(2) monuments to personal rule(3) examples of colonial architectural influences (4) efforts to isolate and protect the ruler

39.) One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both(1) led to increased power for royal families in Europe(2) sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science(3) questioned traditional values and past practices(4) promoted nationalistic revolutions in Eastern Europe

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40.)

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41.) At the top of the hierarchy in colonial Latin America were which social class?1.) Creoles 2.) African Slaves 3.) Penninsulares 4.) Mestizos

42.) The region known as “Latin America” is called such because:1.) Different languages spoken in these countries are all based on Latin 2.) the area borders Canada, and is thus close to the Americas 3.) It was a name giving by the French 4.) The people in those areas speak primarily Latin

43.) Touissant L’Overture led which country to independence:1.) Columbia 2.) Haiti 3.) Trinidad 4.) Mexica

44.) Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, were inspired by successful revolutions in

1.)United States 2.) the Soviet Union and China 3.) Columbia and Venezuela 4.) Cuba and Costa Rica

45.) “I will never allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains laid upon us by Spain.” This statement was most likely made by a

1.)Latin American nationalist 2.) Portuguese explorer 3.) Roman Catholic bishop 4.)Spanish conquistador

46.) Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?1.) nations of Latin America won independence 2.) revolutions occurred in North America and France 3.) the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power 4.) creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule

47.) Spaniards who were born in the “New World” (the Americas) were known as:1.) Penninsulares 2.) Creoles 3.) Mulattos 4.) Mestizos