URINE EXAMINATION

URINE EXAMINATIONUsually done on the mid stream urine

Fresh voided urine The container is clean and sterile (for culture )

The sample must be tested within 1hr

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION1-apperance :

When urine is clear that mean urine is free from WBC, RBC, Bacteria , epithelial cell.

If urine is turbid we can found WBC,RBC ,Bacteria.

2-color :Normal color for urine is straw ,pale yellow ,light yellowAbnormal in color colorless , dark

yellow ,red……

3-spacific gravity: Measure urine density or amount of solute in urineNormal SG for urine 1.025 Excessive water intake SG low

4-PH:Normal urine PH is (4.6-8.0) as averagen6.0

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION 1-protein:

Test protein in urine by:Urine strip

Sulfosalicylic acidHeating and cooling for bence jonce protein in multiple myeloma patients

2 -Glucose: Under normal condition all most all of glucose filtrated If blood glucose is increase up to 180 mg/dl glucose appear in urine ( threshold value )

3 -blood 4 -keton body

5-nitrite: Apositive nitrite test indicates that bacteria may be present in urine

6 -bilirubin:

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

1-RBC2-WBC

3-Bacteria4-Epithelial cell

5-Cast

The cast may be (RBC cast, wbc cast , Hyaline cast, Granular cast , waxy cast )

7 -crystal IN acidic urine ( ca oxalate , amorphous urate, uric acid )IN alkaline urine (ca phosphate , triple

phosphate, amorphous phosphate )

PARASITE IN URINE 1-ova of schistosoma hematobium

2 -Trichomonas vaginalis