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Transcript of The meeting in Philadelphia resulted in a new Constitution. Moving forward: The task ahead of...
A NEW NATION (1789-1800)
CHAPTER 6SECTIONS 2-4
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
The meeting in Philadelphia resulted in a new Constitution.
Moving forward: The task ahead of Washington and Congress was to build a government around the ideas of the Constitution
KEY CONCERNS
Establish federal laws, courts, & law enforcement officers
Solve financial problems, establish a federal treasury, & a method for collecting taxes
WASHINGTON
George Washington was elected the first U.S. President & served two terms
Was their a term limit established by the U.S. Constitution at this time?
John Adams became Vice President
PRESIDENT
Amendment 22 (1951) established the two-term limit of a president
What U.S. President was elected to the most terms prior to this Amendment?
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
INAUGURATION
Inauguration ceremonies were held in NYC on April 30th 1789
After this Presidential Inaugurations were held in March
Amendment 20 (1933), also known as the “Lame Duck” Amendment changed Presidential Inaugurations to January 20th
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
What is a Lame Duck?
Why may the framers of the Constitution have specified a
longer lame duck period?Hint: think technology and transportation
Transportation and Technology were less advanced causing information to travel
slower
Political office holder reaching the end of their
term either because of a lack of desire to run again, a loss in
re-election, term limits, or the
termination of their office. They often have less
political power at this time.
BUREAUCRACY
• In 1789, Congress recognized a need for a bureaucracy
Congress create the following Departments: The Department of State The Department of the
Treasury The Department of War The office of the Attorney
General
SELECTING LEADERS
Washington wanted men who were “disposed to measure matters on a continental scale” rather than their home states to head the departments.
What does this quote mean?-Disposition-inclination or a tendency
-Washington wanted men who acted in interest of the country rather than their own individual state.
THE CABINET Washington chose the following men to lead the
Departments: Secretary of State-Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton Secretary of war –General Henry Knox Attorney General –Edmund Randolph
These department heads became known as the cabinet
Cabinet- a group of advisers to the president
PRESIDENTIAL CABINET(INCUMBENTS)
State
Treasury
Defense
John Kerry Jack Lew Ashton Carter
IMPORTANT MEASURES TAKEN BY CONGRESS
Other Cabinet Posts: Attorney General –
heads the Department of Justice today & the first was Edmund Randolph
EricHolder
EdmundRandolph
FEDERAL JUDICIARY
Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 13 district courts 3 courts of appeal 1 Supreme Court
Washington selected five associate judges and one chief justice
Appointed John Jay to Chief Justice
Stressed the power of Judicial Review (constitutionality of legislation)
JUDICIAL STRUCTURE
(1) Supreme Court (1)
(3) Courts of Appeal (12)
(13) District Courts (94)
TODAY
President appoints Supreme Court justices if one retires or is removed from office
However, the Senate must approve the president’s choice
How many Supreme Court justices are their today?
http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx
BILL OF RIGHTS
James Madison- Pushed for the passage of a Bill of Rights
-Drafted the Bill of Rights• Congress agreed on 12 amendments
-States ratified ten of twelve• One through eight protect individuals from
certain government actions • Nine and ten limit the powers of the federal
government
Which two rights are the only ones unique to the American Bill of Rights, and why do you think that is?
1789
Problems solved: Federal courts (the Supreme Court, 3
courts of appeal, 13 district courts) Bill of Rights (ten amendments) Cabinet (to advise president)
Existing problems: Revenue -a source of income
THE PRICE OF FREEDOM
The American revolution cost the newly independent U.S. government about 50 million dollars $40 million to American citizens (Bonds)
Bonds-a piece of paper/document that promises to repay borrowed money by a certain time with interest
$11.7 million to France, Spain, and the Netherlands 21.5 million state debt the federal government
agreed to pay (gain trust) Note: There was an annual interest on these
debts
TARIFF OF 1789
Hamilton suggested taxing imports to raise money & protect American businesses from unfair foreign competition
Congress passed the Tariff of 1789 Required importers to pay a rate/percentage of
the total value of goods brought into the United States
Shippers paid tonnage –tax on amount their ships carried
• Also, levied an excise tax on distilled liquors, which led to the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania
RESPONSE TO TAXES
Southern planters were angry because: Tariff= raise prices of European and other goods
that Southerners either wanted or needed Tonnage tax= more expensive to ship their
rice, tobacco, and other common cash crops Western farmers were angry.
in 1794, resistance to the whiskey tax boiled over in western Pennsylvania with attacks on tax collectors and the formation of several well-armed resistance movements.
WHISKEY REBELLION
Washington was alarmed by the Whiskey Rebellion, viewing it as a threat to the nation's existence.
In an extraordinary move designed to demonstrate the federal government's preeminence and power, the President ordered militia from several other states into Pennsylvania to keep order.
Washington then personally went to the site of the troubles to oversee the buildup of troops and to lend his encouragement to the enterprise.
The insurrection collapsed quickly with little violence, and the resistance movements disbanded.
Washington pardoned the men convicted of treason in the matter.
The federal government survived its first challenge.
FINANCES,1792
HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN
Pay off national debt ($50 million): Incurred by the Revolutionary
War & debts owed to private citizens
Pay off state debts ($21.5 million): Compromise between Hamilton
& Jefferson Nation’s capital was moved to
the banks of the Potomac River Washington, District of Columbia
HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN
Create a National Bank Hamilton argued to congress a national
bank was necessary to: Manage debts Establish a national currency - Bank
notes-paper money Promote trade Encourage investment Stimulate economic growth
OPPOSITION
Southerners opposed plan Felt Northern merchants
would own most of bank’s stock
James Madison argued congress could not create a national bank It was not among the
enumerated powers Powers specifically mentioned
in the Constitution
THE NATIONAL BANK
Hamilton argued that the elastic clause (AKA necessary and proper clause, art.1 sect.8 ) gave Congress this power
Washington knew his choice to veto or sign this bank bill set a precedent
Created implied powers
THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Group of people that share the same ideology (platform)
Two-party system-two main political parties of today (Democrats and Republicans)
Can we name some of today’s political parties?
Democratic, Republican, Boston Tea Party, Libertarian, Prohibition Party,
many others
CHOOSING SIDES
Washington’s first term in office Hamilton’s financial plan
Congress divided based on view of federal governments role
Nation’s first political parties Hamilton’s supporters-Federalists Madison and Jefferson –Democratic-
Republicans
HAMILTON AND THE FEDERALISTS
Favored strong national government “democracy was dangerous to liberty”
Distrust of “the people” Wanted government in hands of the elite (“rich,
well-born, and able”) Loose construction of Constitution
FEDERALISTS (ECONOMICS)
Manufacturing and trade = national wealth and power Federalists supporters- often artisans,
merchants, manufacturers, and bankers Some urban workers and eastern farmers
(trade benefit)
JEFFERSON AND THE REPUBLICANS
Jefferson led the Democratic-republicans Called Republicans (not the same as
today’s republican party) Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the
North Became party that protected right of states
vs. federal government
REPUBLICANS (ECONOMICS)
Believed strength of U.S. was independent farmers
Most people own land they would fight to keep preserve republic (agrarianism-favored rural farming over urban industry)
Believed North’s industries= sharply divide rich and poor And wealthy would corrupt government and
threaten ordinary people’s liberties Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the North
A GEOGRAPHIC DIVIDE
Rural South & West supported the Republicans
More Urban Northeast typically supported the Federalists
Conflict between France and Britain would widen the divide
DEVELOPING THE NATION’S FOREIGN POLICY
FRENCH REVOLUTION – FRANCE OR GREAT BRITAIN?
REVOLUTION
1789, the French Revolution began At first most Americans supported the
cause 1793, more radical group seized
power Took property from wealthy, executed
1000’s(including king and queen ) Federalist-horrified by chaos and violence Republicans-many still supported revolutionaries
because it seemed to be for freedom and liberty
FRANCE VS. ENGLAND
In 1789, the French people revolted against their King, England attacked France, and France asked for assistance from the United States.
What is Britain concerned about?At this time, Britain and France were both monarchs and the British Crown hoped to prevent any future rebellions within their own borders.
OPPOSING AMERICAN VIEWS
North (Hamilton) favored England because both were industrial and had strong economic ties
South (Jefferson and Madison) favored France because both were agricultural, and also to repay the help they lent during the American Revolution (Yorktown)
NEUTRALITY Washington issued the Proclamation
of Neutrality of 1793. Washington was leery of any foreign
entanglements, considering his country too weak and unstable to fight another war with a major European power.
His insistence on neutrality in foreign quarrels set another key precedent, as did his insistence that the power to make such a determination be lodged in the presidency.
Why would someone (in this case Washington) choose to be neutral?Both Britain and France traded with the United
States (economic interests)
JAY’S TREATY (1794-95)
Congress had reasons to declare war against Britain: The British were once again inciting Native Americans to
attack settlers in the West, hoping to destabilize the fledgling Republic.
The British had begun seizing American ships at sea, confiscating their cargo, & impressing their sailors.
In an effort to avoid war Washington sent John Jay to negotiate with Britain to end this disagreement diplomatically.
JAY’S TREATY
Cons: Jay had to agree that Britain had the right to seize American
Ships bound for France The then-common practice of impressment was not resolved. Britain did not have to compensate U.S. Merchants whose
goods were seized Pros:
Britain gave up forts in American territory Granted U.S. most-favored nation status
Meant American merchants could trade without being subjected to British discrimination
Note: Many Americans were angered by the conditions
JAY’S TREATY
For the first time, members of the government openly criticized Washington, which was also a milestone. The fledgling government chose partisan sides, verbally attacked their President, everyone was heard, the public hurled angry rhetoric—and the government remained standing.
It was the first example of the partisan give-and-take that has been essential to the survival of American democracy for over two centuries.
PINCKNEY’S TREATY (1795)
Fear of an alliance between the U.S. & Britain as well as a possible attack led to an agreement with Spain.
Spanish-controlled Florida agreed to stop inciting Native American attacks on settlers.
Spain conceded unrestricted access of the entire Mississippi River to Americans, opening much of the Ohio River Valley for settlement and trade.
PINCKNEY’S TREATY
WASHINGTON RETIRES
Although it was his for the taking, Washington never considered running for a third term.
By ceding office after two terms, Washington helped ensure a regular and orderly transfer of executive power. His two-term limit set a custom that would stand for a century and a half
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
In his farewell address, Washington warned his fellow citizens against "the baneful spirit of faction," referring to the party spirit that had disrupted his administration, and he warned against "foreign entanglements."
He could not prevent the formation of parties, nor did his warning against "foreign entanglements" prevent his successors from engaging in active diplomacy with European nations,
PRECEDENTS ESTABLISHED UNDER WASHINGTON
His reliance on department heads for advice included the cabinet as part of the President's office.
He established the President’s ability to choose his or her own cabinet.
He set the standard for two presidential terms,
He selected John Jay’s successor as a supreme court judge from outside the judiciary and thus allowing future Presidents to draw from a diverse pool of talent beyond the Court's aging incumbents.
He invoked what became known as executive privilege.
Washington presented a clear show of federal authority, established the principle that federal law is the supreme law of the land, and demonstrated that the federal government is empowered to levy and collect taxes.
PRECEDENTS ESTABLISHED UNDER WASHINGTON
He carefully avoided trying to dictate or unduly influence the judicial and legislative branches of the government.
He set the tradition by which the vice president's role is largely ceremonial.
He tolerated dissent, vicious attacks on his reputation and name, and a divisive press—all in the interest of freedom.
His presidential restraint, solemnity, judiciousness, and nonpartisan stance created an image of presidential greatness, or dignity, that dominates the office even today.
ELECTION OF 1796
The 1st contested election (Feds vs. Reps)
The Federalists nominate John Adams despite Alexander Hamilton trying to gain the nomination for Thomas Pinckney
The Dem-Reps nominate Thomas Jefferson
Adams wins! But his Vice President is Thomas Jefferson
QUASI-WAR
Jay’s treaty had improved U.S.-British relations. France though interpreted the treaty as a newly formed alliance between the United States and an old enemy,
The French retaliated by ordering the seizure of American ships carrying British goods. This plunged Adams into a foreign crisis that lasted for the duration of his administration.
VS.
QUASI-WAR – “XYZ” AFFAIR
Three U.S. commissioners identified as X, Y, & Z (Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, & Elbridge Gerry) were sent by Adams to secure a treaty with France thus avoiding war.
VS.
“XYZ” AFFAIR
French Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand first refused to receive them then requested a bribe of $250,000 and a 10 million dollar loan to initiate talks to end the war.
Americans were insulted & called for war with the rallying cry of “Millions for defense but not 1 cent for tribute”. Adams responded by asking Congress to appropriate funds for defensive measures.
In retaliation, U.S. Congress banned trade with France & the U.S. Navy began capturing French ships.
QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE
U.S. & France began Quasi-War (undeclared) as a result of France undermining U.S. neutrality.
This war lasted from 1798-1800
A pro-war faction within the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton that called for a full-scale war was resisted by Adams who instead favored diplomacy.
CONVENTION OF 1800
Napoleon seized power in France and quickly reached an agreement with Adams.
The Convention of 1800 released the U.S. from its 1778 defensive alliance with France & in return the U.S. gave up its claims to French seizures of ships & cargo
ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
4 laws passed in 1798 by a Federalist (dominated) Congress for the purpose of reducing the power of the Democratic-Republicans. 1st – Naturalization Act – extended the # of years required to
become a citizen. 2nd – Alien Act – Gave the President the power to kick out of
the country any alien regarded as dangerous to public peace & safety.
3rd – Alien Enemies Act - made it a crime to attack the government with "false, scandalous, or malicious" statements or writings.
4th – Sedition Act – made it illegal print anything “false, scandalous, or malicious” about the federal government.
Many immigrants were French and Irish (both anti-British and voted for the Republicans)
OBJECTIONS TO THE ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
Democratic-Republicans responded with the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions Both secretly written by Jefferson and Madison Both said that since the states formed the
Constitution they had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional (introduced the idea of nullification & states right theory of government)
The states threatened secession if the Acts were not revoked.
KEY TERMS
The Virginia Resolutions interposition ; if the federal government did
something unconstitutional the state could intervene for the people and stop the illegal action
The Kentucky Resolution nullification; if the federal government passes an
unconstitutional law the states could declare the law invalid
Neither resolution is successful in 1800, however, states used both of these to “defend regional interests” in the future (i.e. Civil War)
ELECTION OF 1800
In 1800, Federalists controlled the army, presidency, and the Congress
For Adams, the Alien and Sedition Acts angered too many Americans
With a tie vote in the Electoral College (Jefferson & Burr), the House of Representatives with help from Alexander Hamilton(Federalist), chose Jefferson over Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot
12th amendment (1804) – directed electors to vote separately for pres and vice pres rather than the same ballot. This solved the problems that resulted from the elections of 1796 & 1800.
What made the election of 1800 so significant in American political history
& referred to as a revolution?
The second contested election in U.S. history went through a peaceful transition of power: the losing party accepted the choice of the people despite often strongly opposing ideologies (views) between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.
WEBSITE
http://www.glencoe.com/video_library/index_with_mods.php?PROGRAM=9780078745218&VIDEO=2839&CHAPTER=4
FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES