), surrounded by major - Centre national de la recherche...
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Transcript of ), surrounded by major - Centre national de la recherche...
Semi-enclosed basin (2.5 millions km2), surrounded by major
rivers
High annual average total solar radiation flux = 168 Wm2 due to
weak cloud coverAveraged depth : 2200 m -Deep water temperature > 12°C
Evaporation exceeds Precipitation+Runoff, that is
compensated by an inflow of 0.5-1 106m3/s at Gibraltar
EBRO
RHONE PO
GREEK R.
Ebro
margin
Gulf
of Lions
Aegean Sea
Nile MarginTunisian
Lybian margin
Mediterranean Sea, main features
Thermohaline circulation is driven by
difference of density between Atlantic
Ocean and Med Sea. There are
significant differences between Atlantic
and Med Sea waters chemical
composition.
Different areas of dense water
formation that play a role on the general
circulation, transfer of carbon to deeper
layers and availability of nutrients for
marine organisms and ressources.
There is a "Conveyor Belt" system similar to those of global
Ocean
Physical Oceanography features
Dense water formation
Changes in temperature and salinity have
been already reported
Surface : 1.1°C / 27 years Temperature and salinity at 2000m
in the Gulf of Lions
(Béthoux et al.,1992; Salat and Pascual, 2002)
Impact of warming on stratification ->dense water
formation
For Biology : Shift in dominant species towards small sized
cells
Possible change that may affect winter convection in open
Mediterranean Sea
By using IPCC-A2-scenario (Surface T (+3.1°C ) and S (+ 0.48 psu))
Somot et al. (2006) indicated
Somot et al.Clim. Dyn. (2006)
Possibility of decrease of surface density and winter deep-water formation at
the end of the 21st century, the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation
(MTHC) weakening can be evaluated as −40% for the intermediate
waters and −80% for the deep circulation with respect to present-climate
conditions
Change in organic matter export in the mesopelagic waters of the Med
Sea? Decrease of nutrient uplift , Oxygen transfer and Ressources ?
Changes in water masses circulation
Occurrence of Extreme events
Sea subsurface Temperature (Banyuls Bay)
Dust deposit (Liguran Sea)
River daily discharge (Gulf of Lions)
Wave height (Banyuls Bay)
Current speed at Z = 1000 m (Canyon Lacaze-Duthiers)
Rhône
Tech
Corsica
Cap Ferrat
Heat waveMean over 10 years
SS
t (°
C)
Q (
m3s
-1)
Q (
m3s
-1)
H(m
)
Q (
mg
m-2
)(m
s-1
)
Cascading
N/P =
25
Rhône
Image SEAWIFS & NASA & GSFC
Nitrate = 100-150 µM/l
Phosphate = 1-2.5 µMSilicate =60-80 µM
Med Sea is generally oligotrophic system « Low Nutrient, Low
Chlorophyll », very stratified with high East-West gradient
Med Sea is often phosphate limited
Biogeochemistry
N/P =
20
Med Sea = 0.7% of global Ocean volume, but a
major reservoir of diversity (18%). Recently
introduction of many thermophilic species
=> disturbance of
ecological status,
changes in the trophic
chain and consequently
on the resources
Med Sea Biodiversity
Links with Biodivmex
Tourism :
158 millions in 1996 (1/4 of
world’ tourism!!)
=> 300 millions in 2025
Citizens:
450 millions in 2000 -
>550 millions in 2025
==> Pollution : metals, oil (1 million tons/year - i.e. 20%
of the global oil pollution in the world’ oceans), drugs,
hormones, several organic compounds and plastics.
==> Impact on exploited Resources
High concentration of people in coastal area:
The modern anthropic pressure in the
Mediterranean basin
MERMeXMERMeX Scientific ObjectivesScientific Objectives
Some Key questions for MERMeX:
• Impacts of temperature increase, on Oceanic circulation including generalcirculation, dense water formation, cascading
•Impact of acidification and Temperature increase on ecosystem functioning
•How diversity and resources will react to changing environment ?
•Occurrence of extreme events including cascading, dust events, River floods, Heatwaves on coastal ecosystems
•Impact of urbanization of Med cities on marine coastal ecosystems,
Habitats and Ressources
Chemical Contaminants
Elemental stoichiometry and nutrient availability
Anthropogenic driversAnthropogenic driversClimatic driversClimatic drivers
Temperature andAcidification
Hydrodynamics
Solar radiations
Extreme events
Dissolved Organic matter
Bacteria/Virus
Nutrients
MammalsFish
Zoo-organisms Phyto-organisms
Ecosystem end to end
MERMeX White Book
• Synthesis scientific paper on current knowledge and key questions
• (95 authors,130 pages, 630 references)
• Document in press in Progress In Oceanography.
MERMeX Implementation Plan
Organisation in 5 workpackages including different actions
• WP1 Biogeochemical budgets
• WP2 Ecological processes: biogeochemistry and food web interactions
• WP3 Land-Sea interactions (in particular extreme events)
• WP4 Natural and anthropogenic air-sea interactions
• WP5 Ecosystem Based Description (Ecological clustering)
Strategy, Implementation
Real Mermex start : 2011
Endorsement
application
submitted
PI’s: Cécile Guieu (LOV, Villefranche), Xavier Durrieu de Madron (CEFREM,
Perpignan) and Richard Sempéré (COM/MIO, Marseille)
Governance
The Officers of the SC-MerMex are: MISTRALS representatives and
MerMex coordinators
• INSU/INEE/CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, IRSN, Meteo France, CNES
representatives
• Foreign scientists
Data bank
…..
Obj. 1 Establish budgets of major nutrients (C, N, P, Si) and fluxes at
sub-basin scale (ecoregions)
Consider regions characterized by similar trophic regimes: NEED OF
COLLABORATIONS : INTERNATIONAL (need of French IRD expertise)
Coastal: high biomass in
winter and a more reduced
biomass in spring.
bloom in late
winter-early
spring months
“Intermittently blooming” zones
with erratic regimes alterning
intense biomass accumulation
and oligotrophic conditions
Oligotrophic regions: higher and
quite constant biomasses in fall-
winter and lower and uniform
values in late spring-summer
D’Ortenzio and Ribera d’Alcalà, 2009
Obj. 2 Understand the structuration of ecosystems and interactions
at (sub)meso-scale
WP1 Biogeochemical budgets
Obj. 1 Sensitivity and response of key pelagic and benthic species to Global change
Heterotrophic
prokaryotes
Heterotrophic
flagellates
Higher
trophic levels
Phytoplankton
Zooplancton
Obj. 2 Responses of trophic food webs in term of community
structure, functioning
Heterotrophic
prokaryotes
Heterotrophic
flagellates
phytoplankton
ciliates
zooplancton
detritus
DOC
nutrients
CO2
Obj. 3 Feedback of marine ecosystemsequestration
refractorisation
transfert to higher trophic
levels
sedimentation
export
mineralisation
Links with IMBER/GLOBEC
Need of collaboration with IFREMER IRD
WP2. Ecological processes:
biogeochemistry and food web interactions
Obj. 1 Fate and transport of elements to the open sea
Gulf of Lions with a
Rhone Flood
Obj. 4 Transfer and impact of contaminants
through marine food webs
Obj. 3 Influence of Submarine
Groundwater discharges
Obj. 2 Impact of large cities
(activities and sewage)
=> Links with HYMEX, SICMED and LOICZ
WP3. Land-Sea interactions
Including Extreme Events
Objective 1:
Fate and transport to
the open sea
Objective 2:
Transfer and impact of
contaminants through
marine food webs
Objective 3:
Impact of large cities
1.1 Rhone delta
1.2.Tet Prodelta
1.3. Sete Coastal Area
2.1. Pelagic chain
2.2. Benthic chain
3.2. Toulon Bay
WP1
WP2
WP3
WP4
MOOSE
HYMEX
CHARME
X
ME
RM
EX
ActionsWP3 ObjectivesLinks Associated
funding
MISTRALS ANR FundedFunding
1.4. Cascading
SICMED
ANR-GIRAC
Objective 4:
Influence of submarine
groundwater discharges
3.1 Porous aquifer
3.2. Karstic aquifer
Submitted
MSITRALS
ANR- COSTAS
Metroc
EU-Perseus
EU-Hermione
3.1 Marseille Bay
Karst’eau
MESURHO, OSR
EU-Perseus
IBISCUS
MSITRALS
WP3 exemple
The first core project was submitted to MISTRALS in 2011
Financial support is requested to different funding sources such as MISTRALS, CNRS, UE, ANR, Regions, FRB..
Funding
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For the period 2011-2013, total needs average 2.56 M€/year
which is very likely the MerMex baseline funding
Our projections indicate that an announced MISTRALS financial
support of 200 k€ will cover 8% of the total needs of MerMex
CHARMEX
Chemistry-Aerosol
HYMEX
Hydrological Cycle
MERMEX
Marine Ecosystems
Response
MISTRALS
Impact of physics on
biogeochemistry
Atmospheric impact
on biogeochemistry
scientific
projects, time
scale 10 yearsMOOSE:
Long term
observations
A large OBSERVATION NETWORK to fulfill
the long-term objectives of those projects
Strong synergy between
MOOSE and 3 MISTRALS projects
MOOSE: The observation programme :The MOOSE: The observation programme :The implementationimplementation planplan
MOOSE MOOSE mapmap: : whatwhat isis plannedplanned in in thethe nextnext 4 4 yearsyears
Actually on-going
Monthly sampling at 3 offshore sites
Nutrients, DIC, oxygen, pigments
Sediment traps, Glider transect, atmospheric sites..
3 coastal sites sampled in collaboration with SOMLIT
WP3- Biogeochemical cycle, acidification and contaminants
WP4- Biodiversity and biological ressources
International Mermex should not stay a national initiative. We encourage
international collaboration to foster a common research strategy
for the entire Mediterranean basin !
Links have been established with scientists from different
Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Greece, Libanon, Israel,
Marocco, Algeria) during different international meeting including
MerMex international meeting (Marseille, 2010)
Several actions proposed in MerMex are part of the UE Perseus
proposal (under FP7 evaluation)
Objectives: To establish the sensitivity of , atmospheric deposition, particle cycling,
SGD, hydrology, sediment remobilization to changing environmental conditions by
using Trace elements and isotopes
Strategy:
Combination of a large cruise transect from west to east with baseline stations (time
series) and dedicated sites for process studies (as well as labs/mesocosms)
Collaboration with PaleoMex
Time: focus on 2014 with 2 ships (one from NIOZ and one from UAB)
L. Coppola, P. Masqué, J. Garcia-Orellana, A. Hannides, C. Guieu, C. Jeandel
GEOTRACES in the Mediterranean Sea collaborations with MerMex
Study of the convection areas and their impact onbiogeochemical budgets in the eastern and western basins,assess the recent changes
Some propositions…Some propositions…
Transfert of nutrients and contaminants and impact on ecosystems inkey area:
continuum from coast to open and deep sea (Gulf of Lions, GabesGulf ? …)
megacities (ie Marseille, Napoli, Athens, Beyruth)
EBRO
RHONE PO
NILE
GREEK R.
Nile margin
Tunisian
lybian margin
Some propositions…Some propositions…
?
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MerMex : Executive Commitee
WP1
Claude Estournel ([email protected]), LA/OMP Toulouse
Fabrizio d’Ortenzio ([email protected]), LOV/OSU Villefranche/Mer
Pascal Conan ([email protected]), LOMIC/OSU Banyuls
WP2
Capucine Mellon ([email protected]), EME/CRH Sète, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier 2
France Van-Wambeke ([email protected]), LMGEM/COM, Marseille
François Carlotti ([email protected]), LOPB/COM, Marseille
WP3
Christophe Rabouille ([email protected]), LSCE/IPSL, Gif/Yvette
Olivier Radakovitch ([email protected]), CEREGE, Aix en Prov.
WP4
Frédéric Gazeau ([email protected]), LOV/OSU VIllefranche/Mer
Karine Desboeufs ([email protected]), LISA/IPSL Paris
Marc Mallet ([email protected]), LA/OMP Toulouse
WP5
Philippe Koubbi ([email protected]), LOV/ OSU Villefranche/Mer
Stéphane Gasparini ([email protected]), LOV/ Villefranche/Mer
AknowledgementsAknowledgements
ITALIAN COMMITMENT
?•Past
•Present
•Future
Recent Past ITALIAN COMMITMENT
VulnErability of the Italian coastal area and
marine Ecosystems to Climatic changes and
Their rOle in the Mediterranean caRbon
cycles
Temporal Coverage
Start Date: 2006-07-07
Stop Date: 2010-10-19
July 2010
Funded by:
Ministry of Education, University and Research
Ministry of Economy and Finance
Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Natural
Resources
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Recent past
The project aimed to
study the most significant
impacts of climate
change on the
Mediterranean marine
environment and the role
of this basin in the global
Carbon cycle.
It involved the main Italian research institutes:
Conisma, CNR, ENEA, ICRAM, CMCC, OGS and
SZN
ITALIAN COMMITMENT
http://vector.conismamibi.it/
Recent Past Italian Commitment→Vector project
WP4 DIVCOST
Climate variability, Biodiversity and marine coastal ecosystems
WP8 CARPEL
Role of the pelagic regions of the Mediterranean Sea on the carbon
cycle (Tyrrhenian Sea, Adriatic Sea and a
TransMediterranean sea cruise)
The 3 years-project ended last year but the italian research community is
strongly motivated in continuing its scientific involvment and sampling
effort into the “post-vector era”
29 cruises were conducted for more than 209 days at
sea, using a remarkable effort both of men, scientifical
and economical resources
10 Work Packages
PRESENT
Many research institutes participate into the European IP SESAME Project (FP6)
The general scientific objectives of SESAME IP were to assess
and predict changes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
ecosystems as well as changes in the ability of these
ecosystems to provide goods and services.
ITALIAN COMMITMENT
http://www.sesame-ip.eu/
PRESENT ITALIAN COMMITMENT
2 key questions strictly linked to MERMEX
• Functioning of the biogeochemical cycles
in the Mediterranean Sea and climate
change
• Coastal-open sea exchanges and
contaminants dynamics
IN SITU
observationSatellite
Models
PRESENT
Tyrrhenian Sea
• LTER station in the
Gulf of Naples
• Offshore Mooring
and probes
• “Vector” station
cruises
Adriatic SeaMooring
Cruises
February, August,
November 2010
cruises to study the land-
Sea interaction
PRESENT
Key areas to study common processes
1. Dense water formation
2. Shelf cascading3. Coastal-open sea
exchanges
• Was successful in the VECTOR Project, and highlights the importance to continue the efforts for studying the Med sea in an international and integrated way and for a long period;
• Is looking for financial support in order to improve the work started with the VECTOR Project;
• Is highly interested in collaborating with MERMEX community in order to build common initiatives aimed to study the Mediterranean Sea (climate change effect on the biogeochemistry and food web functioning of this basin);
• Is participating in PERSEUS proposal.
FUTURE
The Italian marine community
ITALIAN COMMITMENT
The Mediterranean Sea a natural laboratory
Only a long-term joint effort in terms
of human, scientific and economic
resources will allow to get insight
into the functioning of the
Mediterranean Sea preserving this
natural laboratory.
Les objectifs scientifiques MERMeX Regions characterized by similar
trophic regimes
Coastal: high biomass in
winter and a more reduced
biomass in spring.
bloom in late
winter-early
spring months
“Intermittently blooming” zones with
erratic regimes alterning intense
biomass accumulation and
oligotrophic conditions
Oligotrophic regions: higher and quite
constant biomasses in fall-winter and
lower and uniform values in late
spring-summer
D’Ortenzio and Ribera d’Alcalà, 2009
Time
2010 2020 2030
MOOSE: Long term
multidisciplinary ocean
observatories network
MERMeX: Marine
Ecosystems Response
in the Mediterranean
Experiment
Existing
time series
Lab and In Situ
Experiments
Short term
(1 month)
observations
Long term
observations
MO
DE
LL
ING
Medium term
(2-3 yrs)
observations
GIS
Time frames and strategy
Obj. 1 Impacts of gas fluxes
and acidification
Obj. 2 - Impacts of atmospheric inputs Obj. 3 - Influence of solar radiations
=> Links with CHARMEX and SOLAS
Impacts on ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles
WP4. Natural and anthropogenic air-
sea interactions
Social and Human Sciences
data layers (WP5)
Processes data layers
(WP2 / WP3)
Taxonomic data layers
(WP1 / WP2 / WP5)
Physico-chemical data layers
( WP1 / WP4 ) GIS
ECOREGIONALISATION
Habitats definition
Functional attributes
Services evaluation
Conservation / Ressources
MANAGEMENT
Geographic Information System
WP5: Ecosystem Based Description
For the 2012-2014 period
ANR : ~1.5 Meuros (expected fundings)
Two projects submitted to ANR-Blanc in early 2011
Another project is expected to be submitted in 2011 (CEPS call)
Europe-Medsea : 0.2 Meuros (confirmed funding)
Europe-Perseus : 1.7 Meuros (expected fundings CNRS/Univ: 0.9, IFREMER: 0.8)
ESF ?
Mistrals-MERMeX : Initiate or supplement specific objectives
In 2010
Mistrals-MERMeX : 85 Keuros + 50 Keuros (coordination & intl workshop)
In 2011Europe-HERMIONE + ANR : ~ 400 Keuros
Mistrals-MERMeX : 400 Keuros (estimated budget)
Funding
Bacteria/Virus
Organic matter
Zoo-organisms Phyto-organisms
Fishes Mammals
Ecosystem biodiversity and
functioning
Hydrodynamics
Solar radiations
Temperature/
acidification
Chemical
contaminants Ele
men
tal
stoch
iom
etry
and
nutr
ient
avai
labil
ity
Extr
eme
even
ts
Descriptive and prognostic
modeling Modifications of Mediterranean
habitats and ecosystem servicesRef
eren
ce
Time
Scientific objectives
High annual average total solar radiation
flux = 168 Wm2 due to weak cloud cover
high Seawater penetration.
Increasing water column thermal stratification through warming might
increase the exposure of organisms and organic compounds to solar
radiation.
pH decrease -> Shift in dominant species towards small sized cells
0 25 50 75 100 m
UV-A Penetration Depth (Sept 2001)
UV-A Penetration Depth (March 2001)
Solar radiations, pH decrease
Phytoplankton dominate the light attenuation
in the PAR in Pacific, whereas in the Med. Sea,
additional substances compete with algae for
PAR photons. (CDOM, dusts?)
2012 2013 2014 2015
WP5
WP1
WP4
WP3
WP2
(EUROPE)
(EUROPE + MISTRALS)
(EUROPE + ANR)
(EUROPE + ANR + MISTRALS)
(EUROPE + ANR + MISTRALS)
Schedule First MERMEX project
submitted to MISTRALS in 2011
The first core project was submitted to MISTRALS in 2011
Funding is requested to different funding sources such as MISTRALS, CNRS, UE, ANR, Region, FRB..
