The Cell Theory States that:

› 1) All living things are composed of cells› 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and

function in living things. (Building blocks)› 3) New cells are produced from existing

cells.

Cells

Definition: The smallest unit that can carry out all of the activities necessary for life.› 1) Metabolism› 2) Homeostasis› 3) Heredity› 4) Cells› 5) Reproduction

Two Categories of Cells

Prokaryotic cells› No true

nucleus › No membrane

bound organelles

› single celled

Eukaryotic cells› True nucleus › Membrane

bound organelles › Enclosed Genetic

info› Multicellular or

single celled

Parts of the Cell Organelles:

› Specialized structures that perform a specific function inside of a cell.

› Means “little organs”

Nucleus

Acts like the brain of the cell. Directs all of the cell’s activities. Stores DNA in the nucleolus.

Nucleus If your nucleus is broke what happens? Diseases: Pattows and Edwards Diseases.

› Die at the age of 2-5 years old or miscarriage.

Trisomy 21= Down’s syndrome. › 1/5000 chances› Extra genes

Nucleus

Diseases continued: Cancer: Your DNA in your nucleus is

broke your cells don’t stop dividing.

Cytoplasm – jellylike substance inside the cell

Holds organelles together to give shape

Made up of Salt & Water

Mitochondria Specialized part of the cell

that makes food into energy for the cell.

Energy is called ATP. Sprinters, weightlifters,

and athletes have more mitochondria than lazy people.

Mitochondria

If your mitochondria is broke what happens?

Diseases: › All mitochondria we get from our mothers.› If mom has a disease, all of her children

will get it.› Do not develop as well. › Have severe energy problems.

Chloroplast

Only found in plants!!! Makes plants green. Produces ATP energy from light, water

and air in a process called photosynthesis.

Cell wall – rigid structure to give support and protection

Only in plants Outside cell membrane

Structures of the Lipid Bilayer

Cell Membrane: Controls the flow of materials inside and outside of the cell.› Acts like the security guard for the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Allows food and waste to move within the

cell. Delivery system. Acts as the highway system for the cell. 2 types of (ER): Rough and Smooth. Rough ER has ribosomes on it. Smooth ER: GOOOOD! Detoxifies drugs

and poisons for us so they wont kill you. Makes steroids for our body.

Golgi Body:

Cell’s packaging and distribution center. Stores Lipids and packages proteins Labels molecules and tells them where in

the body to go.

Golgi Body:

If your Golgi is broke what happens? Disease: Lesch-Nyan: Kids are so mentally ill that

they have a mouth fetish. Bite their lips, fingers and tongue off.

Normally die at an early age.

Vacuole – to store materials: food, water, or enzymes

Found in plant an animal cells Store waste at times

Lysosome

Trash can for the cell. enzymes that break down sugars

and digest old cell parts Helps plants stand upright (vacuole)

Lysosome If your lysosome is broke what

happens? Disease: Tay Sacs:

› Kids have a large head.› Die by the age of 1› Toxins build up in the cell.› At 6 months you start regressing until

death.

Ribosome

Made in the nucleus. Makes proteins in the cell. Each ribosome has 2 parts. Links Amino acids together to form

proteins

Plant Cells & Animal CellsPlant Cells Animal Cells

Cell membrane AND Cell Wall

Cell membrane; NO cell wall

Chloroplasts AND mitochondria

Mitochondria; NO chloroplasts

Rigid, rectangular shape Irregular, spherical shape

Large central vacuole to hold water (for structure)

NO large central vacuole

Which cell will divide faster? Why did you pick that one?

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Division rates

Prokaryotic divide faster then Eukaryotic. › WHY???

› A: The more complex the cell, the longer it takes to divide

Why do cells divide?

A: Cells divide to fill your bodies needs!

Human cells spend 12 to complete S,G2 and M phases of the cell cycle

Cell Types Life Span

Red Blood cells 4 months

Skin cells 2 weeks

Brain cells Life time

Stomach cells 2 days

Bone cells 25-30 years

Colon cells 4 days

Muscle cells 15 years avg

Taste buds 10 days

Nails 6-10 months

Cell Cycle Regular pattern of growth, DNA replication,

and cell division of Eukaryotic cells

4 Main Stages1. G1 Phase: cells carry out normal

functions

2. S-Phase: cells synthesize DNA

3. G2-Phase: cells carry out normal functions and additional growth occurs

INTERPHASE makes up G1, 2, & G2 phases

4. Mitosis & Cytokinesis: division of cell nucleus and cytoplasm into two identical ‘daughter’ cells.

-There are 4 phases of Mitosis

MITOSIS Division of the cell nucleus and its

contents› DNA condenses into chromosomes and

duplicates Chromosomes are one LONG thread of

DNA One copy goes to each nucleus of the

‘daughter cell’

Phases of MitosisPROPHASE: Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope breaks down Centrioles move the poles Spindle fibers form

METAPHASE: Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Chromosomes align at the cell’s

equator

ANAPHASE: Chromatids separate to opposite sides

of the cell

TELOPHASE: Nuclear membranes start to form Spindle fibers fall apart Chromosomes uncoil

CYTOKINESIS

Separate from Mitosis Last stage of cell division in which the

cytoplasm of the cell divides