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The Seventeenth Century World: Europe in Crisis
Religious Wars (Thirty Years War
Agricultural decline Rampant poverty Crisis for peasants Reoccurrence of
Plague Cottage industry in
decline Food riots were
common
Political Response to Crisis
Large problems—large government.
Frequent wars—larger armies
Larger armies—larger bureaucracy
Power centered in divine right rulers: Absolutists
Absolutism defined
A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority.
A forerunner to modern totalitarianism
Has its roots in France
Cardinal Richelieu
Absolutism in action
Subordination of all groups and institutions in France
Leveled castles Abolished local
institutions Limited rights of
nobility Mandatory military
service Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes
The Fronde
An uprising of nobles against these rigid political policies.
Many opposed centralization and new taxes
Louis XIV
Rose at age five Fronde story Use of art to glorify Versailles “Cult of personality” Mercantilist
economic policy: favorable balance of trade, acquisition of gold
The Wars of Louis XIV
33 of 54 years of reign were at war.
Modern army Louis XIV took personal
command Expansionist policy Looked to expand West War of Spanish
Succession Seven Years War Many losses-French
Bankruptcy
Elizabeth I
Excercised great personal power.
Victory over the Armada
Shakespeare Sole weakness?
Succession
James VI—James I
Cousin of Elizabeth I
Well educated with the 35 years of Monarchal experience.
“Breeches” Scotish
Accent/Lack of majesty
Belief in Divine Right of Kings
Role of Commons
Power of the purse
Exertion of strength
Desire to be sovereign from king James I.
Charles I—attempts to govern without it!
Charles I
Problems with “Puritans”
Puritan dominance in Parliament
“No Bishop No King” James I
Illegal levies without Parliamentary consent
Represented French style Abolutism
Long Parliament
Need for Charles to call Parliament and act.
“The Long Parliament 1640-1660”
Rebellion in Ireland 1641
Parliament unwilling to grant funds
Civil War!
English Civil War: 1642-9
Roundheads v. Cavaliers
Cromwell’s New Model Army
Where does power lie?
King Charles tried and executed for Treason.
Interregnum
Separation of two monarchal periods
Changes in power of Parliament
“Republican” government of Cromwell
Lord Protectorate
Restoration
Invitation by Parliament for Charles II (son) to come back from exile and rule.
Parliament was restored
Good relationships between Charles II and Parliament
Secret deal with Louis XIV
Glorious Revolution
Replacement of a king without blood
Destruction of Divine Right of Kings
William and Mary Sovereignty in
England is equally divided
Declaration of Rights: cornerstone of the British Constitution
Declaration of Rights
Law was to be made in Parliament
Couldn’t be suspended by crown
Parliament had to be summoned tri-annually.
Judicial independence
Rights of citizens
John Locke
Defender of the Glorious Revolution
People set up governments to protect inalienable rights
Those Gov’t’s that don’t protect these rights are tyrannical.
People have a natural right to rebel under a tyranny.
Consequences?
Formation of a Cabinet form of government
Crafting of the English Constitution
Clarification of Sovereignty
Robert Walpole first “Prime Minister”
DefinedAn intellectual and
cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas and acted as a link between the scientific revolution and political and cultural life.
Key IdeasNatural Science can
explain all aspects of life
The scientific method can be applied to laws of society
Progress the creation of better societies and better people—is possible.
CausesEmergence of
scientific genius and method to scientific inquiry
Political developments in Absolutism leading philosophers to question the most effective methods of governance.
Prominent AchievementsDiderot’s EncyclopediaLocke’s treatise on
Civil Government.Rousseau’s view on
Social ContractAdam Smith’s
formulation of Capitalism.
Locke’s “Tabula Rosa”Montesquie’s political
works.
Personalities: VoltaireChallenged Catholic
theology and exhibited a characteristic philopohy in a distant God who let human affairs take its course.
Opposed legal injustice and legal inequality—which he indentified with France.
Madame du ChateletSkeptical of economic
equalityCandideTravelsFrederick the Great
Personalities: LockeForemost Political
Philosopher in history?Narrated English
government during the Glorious Revolution
Advocated democracy as the highest form of governance
“Wherever Law ends, tyranny begins”
Tabula Rosa
Personalities: MontesquieuPersian Letters a
satire of religion, morals, and French society.
Traveled like VoltaireThe Spirit of the
LawsImpact on future
governmentsSeparation of PowersChecks and Balances
Personalities: David HumeSkepticism his
primary belief.Atheist—skepticism.Achievements:
Expanded DescartesCondemning attacks
on organized religion of the day. “Religion grows of out of hope or fear”.
Personalities: Jean-Jacques RousseauGreat work: The
Social ContractPhilosophized about
education and politicsHis version of a social
contract Formulated an
enlightened view of “Republican” government.
“General Will”