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...protecting unique estuaries and streams Weeks Bay Alabama Water Watch April 2001 Citizen Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring on Alabamas Coast

Transcript of  · reflects the drought cycle that has occurred in Alabama. Less flow of freshwater from...

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Cover photos: Top-left: Pitcher plants in a bog near the WBNERR; Top-right: Eve Brantley collecting a bacteriological (E. coli)sample on the Fish River; Bottom-left: Landsat Satellite photo of Weeks Bay; Bottom-right: Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), acommon fish of the Weeks Bay watershed.

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Alabama’s coast is priceless in terms of the ecological, economic and social benefits it provides.Our vast coastal wetlands serve to naturally filter and purify water, and they provide essential habitatfor a tremendous variety of plants and animals. Estuaries are where “the rivers meet the sea,” andthese brackish water environments are nursery areas for many fishes, shrimp, crabs and other organisms.Alabama’s beaches are the source of millions of tourist dollars as people seek the rich recreational,historical and aesthetic qualities of our coast.

The benefits of living near the coast have attracted many new people, and the rapid increase inpopulation and accompanying land use changes have resulted in major challenges for planners andcoastal resource managers. For example, Baldwin County grew from about 98,000 people in 1990 tomore than 120,000 in 2000. This rate of growth underscores the importance of understanding andprotecting our coastal environments before they are irreparably damaged.

Much of the scientific information that is essential for the protection and restoration of Alabama’scoast is incomplete or is in technical reports that are not readily accessible or understandable to thegeneral public and key decision makers. Since 1994, however, many citizen groups have beenvoluntarily collecting coastal water quality data as part of the AWW program. Their findings havealready begun to provide valuable trend data that have been used to correct local problems and establisha baseline for assessing change. The purpose of this report series is to feature citizen data, establishtheir validity, interpret their meaning, and move toward community-based action strategies of how tobest manage and protect our coastal environment.

Acronyms:AU (Auburn University) ACES (Alabama Cooperative Extension System)AWW (Alabama Water Watch) ADEM (Alabama Department of Environmental Management)DO (dissolved oxygen) AWWA (Alabama Water Watch Association)GSA (Geological Survey of Alabama) BMPs (Best Management Practices)USA (University of South Alabama) NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service)WBWW (Weeks Bay Water Watch) WBNERR (Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve)

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������������'��������'������ Weeks Bay is located in southwest Alabama inBaldwin County. The bay is connected to the greaterMobile Bay, and has two major tributaries: theFish River and the Magnolia River. Weeks Bay has asurface area of 1,700 acres and its watershed is about200 square miles (note: a watershed is the total land areawhich drains to a common point such as a bay, lake orlarger river).

� Weeks Bay is designated as an ‘Outstanding NationalResource Water’ or ONRW, because of its excellentcondition and ecological importance. Only two otherwater bodies in Alabama are classified ONRW: the SipseyRiver in the northwest, and the Little River in thenortheast. No permitted point source discharges of wastewater are allowed on ONRW waterbodies.

� The Weeks Bay National Estuarine ResearchReserve is located on the northwest side of the bay, andis a premiere facility for public education, research andoverall understanding of Weeks Bay. The WatershedCoordinators at the Reserve have been instrumental inestablishing a group of citizen volunteer water qualitymonitors for the watershed.

� The citizen monitors are members of a group calledWeeks Bay Water Watch. They formed in affiliationwith AWW in 1994, and have continuously monitoredabout 20 sites in the watershed (see map at left).

� About two dozen citizens of WBWW havesubmitted 1,920 chemical data records and 1,320bacteriological data records over the last seven years.They received an award in 1997 for collecting the mostsamples of all AWW groups statewide. Most of thisinformation, including site maps and data graphs, hasbeen entered into a statewide database and is posted onthe AWW website.

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� Eve Brantley (ACES) and Margaret Sedlecky(WBNERR) were recognized as Trainer and QA Officer ofthe Year, respectively, at the 2000 AWW Annual Meeting.Richard Coram (WBWW) received the “Second Mile”award at the 2001 ADEM Nonpoint Source Conference forhis work in preventing and controlling polluted runoff.

� The Weeks Bay Citizen Advisory Committee is a groupof concerned educators, business people, policy makers andother citizens who work to protect and restore the watershedand support the WBWW activities.

� Citizen volunteers in WBWW attend one or more AWW workshops to become certified monitors of waterquality. In the workshops, participants learn simple techniques for measuring various chemical, physical andbiological characteristics of water, such as dissolved oxygen and bacterial concentrations (Deutsch et al. 1998a).All monitors attend an annual refresher course to maintain good sampling techniques and replenish their testkits with fresh chemical reagents.

� The volunteer monitors help the AWW program keepaccurate water quality data, and present the information towatershed residents, regulatory agencies, policy makers andother interested citizens. The citizen data set has become oneof the most important sources of water quality information forWeeks Bay.

� Staff of the WBNERR have become certified AWWTrainers and Quality Assurance Officers, and they regularlyconduct workshops for the WBWW and citizens in the MobileBay and Coastal Plains watersheds.

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�����4�.������������'���1� After several years of monitoring a site, a valuable record of waterquality trends is established. The WBWW graphs on pages 6-9document seasonal changes in water quality in the Fish and MagnoliaRivers and Weeks Bay over the last four to six years. Sources ofthese data come from AWW Annual Reports (see References). Thegray, dashed line on the dissolved oxygen graphs represents theminimum (5 ppm) for waterbodies classified as ‘Fish and Wildlife’.The dashed line on the pH graphs represents the neutral value of 7.0.This important information reflects the dedication and concern ofthe WBWW volunteers who did all the testing!

In the Bay…

� The water temperature ofWeeks Bay varied from about32 C (90 F) in summer (July) toabout 12-14 C (54 to 58 F)in winter. Dissolved oxygenconcentrations fluctuatedinversely with temperature (asexpected) and ranged from4-6 ppm (parts per million) insummer to about 11 ppm inwinter. Except for a brief periodin the summer of 1999, DOconcentrations were above the5 ppm minimum for waterbodies classified as ‘Fish andWildlife’.

� The pH of Weeks Bay was relatively stable and variedfrom 5.5 to 9. Most of the time, it was in the “mildly alkaline”range (slightly above 7).

� Alkalinity is a measure of the “bufferingcapacity” of water, primarily influenced bythe concentration of carbonates andbicarbonates. The alkalinity of Weeks Baysteadily increased over a four-year period,from a low of 10 mg/L to a high of 80 mg/L.

This interesting trend detected bythe citizen monitors probablyreflects the drought cycle that hasoccurred in Alabama. Less flowof freshwater from tributaries andgroundwater resulted in aconcentration of dissolvedsubstances in the bay, includingcarbonates and bicarbonates, thusraising alkalinity.

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In the Magnolia River…

� The temperature of the Magnolia River was more stableand cooler in the summertime than in Weeks Bay. This wasalmost certainly because of large springs which create the river,and the riparian (streamside) tree canopy which shades theriver. The DO of the river usually ranged from 6-8 ppm andonly occasionally fell below the minimum standard for ‘Fishand Wildlife’.

� The pH of the Magnolia River was very consistent at about6, indicating a “mildly acidic” environment that ischaracteristic of freshwater coastal wetlands. Decomposingvegetation produces organic acids which typically depress pHbelow neutral.

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� The alkalinity of the riverwas much lower than thebay because the acidity of theriver “consumes” its bufferingcapacity. Although alkalinityusually ranged from 10-20 mg/Lduring the six years it has beenmonitored, it rose to above30 mg/L during the severe droughtof 2000.

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In the Fish River…

� Seasonal patterns of water quality at a site inthe upper watershed of the Fish River were generallysimilar to those in the Magnolia River, althoughwater temperature was usually lower and DO wasusually higher in the Fish River. DO ranged fromabout 7-9 ppm and was consistently above theminimum standard.

� Alkalinity and pH in theFish River were virtually thesame as in the Magnolia Riverexcept that alkalinity did notseem to be affected as much bythe drought of 2000. The goodwater quality at site 25 on theFish River is attributed to itsposition in the upper, moreforested, part of the watershed,with proportionately greaterinfluence from springs and ashaded streamside zone.

� Although water qualityat the three WBWW sitesillustrated on pages 6-8indicated that the bay and thetwo main rivers weregenerally healthy, certaintributaries of both rivers hadpoorer water quality thatsuggested subwatersheddegradation. Page 9 explainsthese sites.

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�����*��������#3�������!��1� The graph and map on this page depict thedissolved oxygen patterns at tributary and baysites monitored by WBWW. The numbers onthe graph correspond to the site locationson the map. This information reflects aconsiderable sampling effort, totaling about830 readings on each of the Fish River andMagnolia River subwatersheds from 1994 to2000!

� Bars are color-coded to represent streamoxygen levels in terms of a traffic light (see key).The bar length is the average DO reading at thesite, and the line within a bar is the range ofvalues. Bars are green if the average DO wasabove 5 ppm and the minimum was at least3 ppm; yellow if the average DO was above5 ppm and the minimum was below 3 ppm; andred if the average DO was below 5 ppm.

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� Six of the 10 sites monitored in the Fish River andthree of the four sites on the Magnolia River had DOsthat were sometimes or usually below standard.

� Some of these sites may have naturally low DObecause of their proximity to wetlands with a high degreeof vegetative decomposition and relatively hightemperatures. In addition, a monitor reported that WeeksBranch (Site 11) was a free flowing stream until a naturalimpoundment by beavers altered its characteristics to ashallow, stagnant pool.

� Citizen data indicated that Turkey Branch (Fish Rivertributary, Site 9), on the northwest side of the bay, wasstressed with low DO. A “stream walk” and land useanalysis are warranted to determine the cause of thisunusually low oxygen level before the problem becomesmore serious.

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� It is important to compare the citizen data of AWWvolunteers with research data of universities andgovernmental agencies in order to determine theirreliability. The graphs to the left compare WBWWdata with data from ADEM and GSA at similar sitesand times.

� Citizen data compared favorably with research data.For example, all data sources indicated that watertemperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and pHwere slightly higher at the Fish River site than at theMagnolia River site.

� These results are not intended to makegeneralizations about the water quality of the rivers asa whole, but to underscore the reliability of citizen datafor use by coastal managers and regulatory agencies.

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� In 2000, Scott Phipps, the ResearchCoordinator of the WBNERR, installeda Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI)electronic data logger near the site of aWBWW monitor on the Fish River nearthe Highway 98 bridge. This was animportant “blind test” to determine thevalidity of citizen data.

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� The graphs compare the citizendata with those collected by theexpensive, YSI equipment for threeparameters over eight samplingdates, and they reveal the strikingsimilarity between the two sourcesof water quality information.

� When citizens are serious about goodtraining, careful monitoring and qualityassurance protocols, they producecredible and cost-efficient data. It’s timeto bring WBWW data into full use byresource conservationists and managers!

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The graph above documents the rapid population growth ofBaldwin County, AL, including projections to 2020. The mapsbelow are of the upper Weeks Bay area and document thesignificant conversion of natural land cover to agricultureand urban development. What will this area look like in 2020?

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The issues presented on pages 12 and 13 are being addressedby WBWW volunteers and are meant to be points ofdiscussion for all stakeholders in the watershed.

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soil be implemented to prevent erosion andsedimentation of the streams and bay?

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conversion be planned and managed toprotect the watershed?

� What is “sustainable development”within the Weeks Bay watershed?

� Who plans watershed development andwhat additional information is needed?

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several tributaries of Weeks Bay?

� What are the sources of excessnutrients and organic matter thatdegrade water quality?

� How can degraded streams berestored?

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animals be controlled in thewatershed?

� How can threatened or endangered speciesbe monitored and protected?

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protected and expanded?

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the condition and changes in Weeks Bay?� What is the role of the citizen in protection and

management of the bay?

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� large number of sampling sites

� frequent and consistent sampling

� ‘eyes and ears’ for waterbody changes andpollution... early warning system or first alert

����#�����������!������#�������1Several watershed residents want to be personallyinvolved with monitoring and protection, todetermine water quality near their homes or favoriteswimming and fishing sites, and be a part ofdevelopment decisions...

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� neighbor-to-neighbor persuasion of polluters

� local awareness and public outreach

� fast response time to detect and measure pollutedrunoff, invasive aquatic weeds and other changes

� important data supplement to agencyand research studies

� leads to science-based, citizen-involved action plans

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/�3������Deutsch, W. G., A. L. Busby, W. S. Winter, M. Mullen and

P. Hurley. 1998a. Alabama Water Watch, The First FiveYears 1992-1997 (second edition). Alabama Water Watch,Auburn University, AL. 24 pp.

Deutsch, et al. 1996, 1998b, 1998c, 1999, 2000, 2001.Alabama Water Watch Annual Reports for October 1994through September 2000. Alabama Water Watch,Auburn University, AL.

GSA. 1998. Results of Surface-Water Sampling in the WeeksBay Watershed, Alabama, Open File Report. GeologicalSurvey of Alabama.

Miller-Way, T., M. Dardeau and G. Crozier. 1996. Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve: An EstuarineProfile and Bibliography. Dauphin Island Sea Lab Technical Report 96-01. 127 pp.

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��������:Alabama Water Watch Association860 Alford AvenueHoover, AL 35226

Executive Director: Allison Newell ([email protected])President: Dan Murchison ([email protected])

+������:Alabama Water WatchDepartment of Fisheries203 Swingle HallAuburn University, AL 36849

Toll Free: 1-888-844-4785Fax: (334) 844-9208Email: [email protected]: http://www.alabamawaterwatch.org

Program Manager: Dr. Bill DeutschData Quality Coordinator: Allison BusbyMonitor Coordinator: Kim JohnsonSpecial Projects Coordinator: Wendi Hartup

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11300 U.S. Hwy 98Fairhope, AL 36532Phone: (251) 928-9792Fax: (251) 928-1792Email: [email protected]

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