.

(, , )

, 2015

. . . . 2

(, & -

)

__________ . ) 3-12

) ( , , ,

, , , .)

12-27

1. ( , , ,

, .. )

13-20

2. ( , ) 20-27

) , & 27-39

1. 27-29

2. 29-37

3. - 37-39

) (, , , ) 39-56

. . . . 3

( , , , , , ..)

(: ) Perlman, H., C. Makropoulos, and D. Koutsoyiannis, 2005- The water cycle, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclegreek.html, 19 pages, United States Geological Survey. ) ., . , 1999- , 3, , ,. . ) ., 1998- , , , , , , 188. ) Gleick, P. H., 1996- Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and

Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-823). -, , . , , , , . . ( , 500-428..) ( , 384-322 ..) . ( , 570-480 ..) , .......... , , , , . , , . , . . . , , , . , , ( ) . , . . . (USGS) 16 - : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , 95% , . , 97% ( ), 2,37% , 0,6% 0,03% , (, , , , , , , , ). , , 1386106m3, 1338106m3 ( 96,5%) . . , ,

. . . . 4

. . , 122 . , , , 50 .

, .

(%)

1.338.000.000 -- 96,5

, &

24.064.000 68,7 1,74

12.900 0,04 0,001

12.870.000 -- 0,94

10.530.000 30,1 0,76

23.400.000 -- 1,7

16.500 0,05 0,001

&

300.000 0,86 0,022

176.400 -- 0,013

----- 91.000 0,26 0,007

----- 85.400 -- 0,006

11.470 0,03 0,0008

2.120 0,006 0,0002

1.120 0,003 0,0001

1.386.000.000 - 100

: Gleick, P. H., 1996: Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-823.

, 1386 , 96% . , 68% . , 30% . 93.100 1/150 1% . , .

. . . . 5

( )

,

(%)

510,0

577.000 100,0

361,1 458.000 100,0

505.000 110,3

148,9 119.000 100,0

72.000 60,5

47.000 39,5

44.700 37,6

2.30999999999990 1,9

: . . , 1999- , 3, , ,. .

, , , , , . ( .. ), . , , . , , . , , . , . , ,. : 1) , , ( ) 39,5% ( 60,5% ). 2) (39,5%) , . 3) ,

. . . . 6

, ( 20 ).

, , " " , . , . , . , , , 12900 Km3. , 2,5cm. ( 70% ) . , , 90% , , 10%. , . , . , , . , , . , 10% . , , , 10 ,. , . , . ,

. . . . 7

, 2,5 , 1000 , 70 . . . , . , (.. , , , ) . . , , , .. - -, . . , , . . . , , . , . , . , , 50 , . ( ) , . , Waialeale , 11400 (11,4 ) . , Arica , , 14 . , , . , 90%, , 10% . 1.500 , 4300 . . , 100 , , 20000 . , , . 10-11% . , 70 (: ). 122 . , 125000 , ( ) 5,5 , , 50 . , .

. . . . 8

. , , . . . , . , , . , . , , , , . , . , . , . . , . , . , , . , , . . , . , , . , . , . , , 7.180.000 . - (.. , , ). , , . , , . , , ( ) . , ( ) ( ). , , , . , . , 3%

. . . . 9

. , 0,29% . 20% , . 20% (Huron, Michigan, Superior). , 0.006% . - , . , , . . , , , . . , . , , . , . () , . . , . . , . , , , . , , , . , () .

. . , , . . . . . "". , . , . , , . . , ( , ). ( ) (

. . . . 10

) . , . . , . , . , , . , , . .

. , " ", Colorado . , . , . . , . , . , . . ,

. . . . 11

, . , . , , , . . , , . , . , , , .

, . . ( ) . . , .

. . . . 12

"" ... "". , , . . , , . , . , : - -- ( , , , , , , -

, , - , .). , , , , . , , , , . , -, , .

__________

(, , , ,

, , , .)

, , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , 2000/60. , . : ) , , , , )

. . . . 13

, ) , ) , ) , . , , , , . , , , - , . , , . , , . , , . , . , 126 (.. , 2006), , 250 300 , (.. , ). 1. ( , , , , , .) , . , - , , (), . , , , . : , , , , , , , , , . , , , . , .

. . . . 14

, , , , . , , , , , , , - , . - , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , 2-5 , . , , , , , , . , , , , , , . . , Ramsar (1971), .. 191/74. , , , , -, . , Natura2000. , , 60 , . , , , , . , , . , , , , (, ). , , . - : , , , , , , , , , , ( ), , , , .. , ,

. . . . 15

, ( ). (.. , ), , . , , . , . O , , , , . , , , . , 1000 , . . , , . , . . , , . . , . . , . , , .., . , , , .. ( ) ( , ..). , . , , . . , . , , , . , .

. . . . 16

, , . , - . , , -, Secchi , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , ( ). , . , , . , . , , , , . , , , (.. , ) ( ). , . (.. , ) ( ), ( ) ( ). , , , , - , . , 2000/60 , . , , . , , (.. , , ..). , , ,

. . . . 17

. : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , . , , , . , ( ), , . , , . , , . , , . , 70% . , , . . , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , . . . . . , , , , pH. , .. , . .

. . . . 18

. , ( ), . , . , 3 ( = , = , = .

, , 2001).

()

-

-

( ), , , , Microcystis (Chroococcales), , (.. 1988, Tryfon et al. 1997, Vardaka et al. 2000). . , ) Anabaena flos-aquae (Nostocales), , ) Limnothrix redekei (Oscillatorialles), . , . (Chroococcales, Nostocale, Oscillatorialles ) , . ( , , 2001), ) Microcystis aeruginosa Aphanizomenon flos-aquae,

. . . . 19

, ) Aphanocapsa endophytica Aphanizomenon issatchenkoi , , ) Microcystis novacekii Pseudanabaena musicola, . , 7 . , Chroococcales Oscillatorialles, Nostocales. (.. Planktolyngbya contorta Planktolyngbya limnetica) () O 1 . , . , . ( , ) , , - (.. ). , , - , . . , , , , . , , , , , , , . (.. , , , , , ) (.. , , , , , ) , . (.. , , , , , , .) (.. , , ). , , (.. 1g ). , , , , , . , (: Vardaka et al., 2005): -Microcystis aeruginosa (, , , , , ),-Microcystis ichthyoblade (, , ),-Microcystis novacekii (, , , , ),-Microcystis viridis (, ),-Microcystis wesenbergii (, , , , , ),-Anabaena circinalis (),-Anabaena flos-aquae (, , , ), -Anabaena lemmermannii ( ),-Anabaena viguieri (,

. . . . 20

, ),-Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (, , , , ),-Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (, , ). : Kagalou, Kosmas, Papadimitriou et al., 2012 (Feder., Environ., Agen.,-Germany, 71-79pp., Greece- Occurrence, Monitoring and Risk Management of kcyanobacteria and cyanotoxins), , 2010 (., ., , 284., 13 ), Vareli et al., 2009 (Harmfull Algae, 8, 3, 447-453, Planktothrix rubescens bloom in lake Ziros), , 2001 (., ., , 265., ),

2. ( ) [ : , 2013 ( 2013/480/, , ), , 2013 (., ., ., , 368., , , ), , 2013 (., ., ., , 86., ), , 2012 (., ., , ), , 2012 (.,., , , , ), , 2010 (., ., , 97., CEN ), ., 2010 (., ., , ), ., 2010 (., ., , , ), , 2010 (., ., , 117., , ), , 2010 (., ., ., , 308., ), , 2010 (., ., , 79., ), Kagalou, Leonardos, 2009 (Envir., Monit., Assessm., 150, 469-484, Typology, classification and management issues of Greek lakes), , , 2009 (., ., , 53., ), , , 2006 (, , 128 ., , : , , , ), ., 2005 (., ., ., , 130., ), *Moss et al., 2003 (ECOFRAME, Aquat., Conserv., Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13,

507-550, Ecological quality in shallow lakes-a tested expert system)] (*49 ). , , . , , , , . , 2000/60 , , . , . , (.. , , ) , , , , - . , , , , , . , -, , (.. , , , , ), , . , .

. . . . 21

, . , . , 1% ( ). . , , , , , , , , , , . , . , . , . , (.. , , , , , , , , , ,

), . . , , , . , , . , , . , , , , . , . (.. , , , , , , , , , ), .. , . , , (.. , , , , , ), (.. , , , , , , ,

), (.. , , , ).

, , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , ,

. . . . 22

, . ( , ), ( , , , , , , , , , , , ,

, , , , ).

, . , 24 , (agalou, Leonardos, 2009), , . , , ,

>800m

-

-

-

-

. . . . 23

. . pH 200-600S/cm. , , , , .

(MedGIG, )

(m)

(mm)

(oC)

(m)

(meq.l)

L-M5/7

, , .

0-800

15

>15

L-M5/7

, , .

0-800

>800,

15

L-M8

, , .

0-800

-

>15

>1meq/l

- -

. , , , . , , pH, , , .. . . , . , , . . . (.. , ) . , , : 1) (, , ), 2)

. . . . 24

(, , , ), 3) (, , , ). (cultural eutrophication) . , , . , . : , . , . . , , , . , . . . . , . , . , . ( ) , . , . , . . (.. , Secchi), (.. , ) (.. ) . . , - Secchi. , (Trophic State Indices) , . , (- ) . . )

. . . . 25

) , . , , , . : ) , ) , ) , ) , . . , , . , , , . , , . . , . , . . . , . . , , , . . - , . , , . , . , . , () . ,

. . . . 26

, , . . , . , , . , , : ) . . . ) . , . , , , . , ( ) . , () - ( ) (.. -) . , . , , , . , . , , , . ) , . , . , . , . multi-habitat, AQEM, . , .

. . . . 27

. , . . ) , . ( ), , . , , , . , , , BENTIX ( ), ( ) ISD ( ), . , - ( , ), . , (HES STAR_ICM), , . - . , , .

__________

, &

1. , , . - (GIG: Geographical Intercalibration Groups) -. 2003-2007 . , Ispra . ,

. . . . 28

(GIG, Geographical Intercalibration Groups). , , . . , , , , , . (EQR ratios). , ( ) . , , . (, data bases) - . , (LCB1, LCB2 LCB3), -, . .

( -, ,

, Lakes- Central GIG, 21.9.2005)

GIG

- -

chla (mg chl- a/l) chla (mg chl- a/l) (m) meq/l

LCB1 9.9- 11.7 21.0- 25.0 3- 15 > 1

LCB2 4.6- 7.0 8.0- 12.0 < 3 >1

LCB3 4.3- 6.5 8.0- 12.0 > 1

, , -, , -, . , , -. , , ..

. . . . 29

, , , , , , . - , ( ) . , . , , . , . , , , . , . , ( ) . 1. [ : , 2009 ( ., ., , 186., ), Solimini, Cardoso, Heiskanen, 2006 (Techn., report, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Indicators and Methods for the ecological status assessment under the Water Framework Directive. Linkages between chemical and biological quality of surface water), Solimini, Free, Donohue, Irvine, Pusch, Rossaro, Leonard Sandin , Cardoso, 2006 (Techn., report, European Commission. Joint Research Center, Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Assess Ecological Status of lakes. Current Knowledge and Way Forward to Support WFD implementation. Institute for Environment and Sustainability)]. 2000/60 , . , . (Med GIG) , , . (Med GIG), 1 (MedGIG Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 2 Chlorophyll a concentration, 2007). 1, (1. , 2. , 3. -EQR- , 4.

). 1 . 1 , . ,

. . . . 30

( ), (EQRs) . . (Med GIG) , , (, 2006), . : (mg/m3), (mm3/lt), (%) , (General Algal Index, GAI, Catalan et al., 2003), MedPTI (Mediterranean Phytoplankton Trophic Index, Marchetto et al,2007) , . (%) , MedPTI . (Med GIG) , 2005. (, 2006): - - . - (2.5* Secchi), , ( ). - 90%, fiber glass Lorenzen (1967) Jeffrey & Humphrey (1975). - Utermohl . , , ( Secchi, , , , 2, pH, , , ). , (2.5 * Secchi) , . ( ) , , (MedGIG Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 3 Phytoplankton Composition, 2007): - / . . - (blooms) , . - taxa, . , , . -, . , :

Iga = [1+0.1Cr+Cc+2(Dc+Chc) + 3Vc +4Cia]/[1+ 2(D+Cnc) + Chnc+Dnc],

. . . . 31

(, Iga -Group of algae composition index: , Cr: Cryptomonads, Cc: Colonial Chrysophyte, Dc: Colonial Diatoms, Chc: Colonial Chlorococcales, Vc: Colonial Volvocales, Cia: Cyanobacteria, D:

Dinoflagellates, Cnc: Chrysophyte not colonial, Chnc: Chlorococcales not colonial, Dnc: Diatoms not colonial). MedPTI . MedPTI : - , MedPTI . 46 taxa , (trophic values) (indicator values). MedPTI , . - MedPTI , 15 m 2.5 mS cm-1. - 70% (MedGIG Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 3 Phytoplankton Composition, 2007). . . , . (, 2006).

(mm3/l)

%

.

.

.

.

.

1 8

0 76

0

0 61

3 09 : MedGIG, 2007 (Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 2 Chlorophylla concentration & Section 3 Phytoplankton Composition),

(mm3/l)

%

6.7

1.9

9.2

10.6

2.32

. . . . 32

4.2

2.1

28.5

7.73

2.38 : MedGIG, 2007 (Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 2 Chlorophyll a concentration & Section 3 Phytoplankton Composition),

EQRs . (EQR) . , (EQRs) (MedGIG Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 3 Phytoplankton Composition, 2007): - (MedPTI), (EQRs) . EQR = / . - 100, (EQR) : EQR = (100 )/(100 ). - 0.005 400, o (EQR) : EQR = (400 )/(400 ). , . . . , (MedGIG Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 2 Chlorophyll a concentration, 2007). , .

EQR

(mg/m3)

MedPTI

0.43

0.36

0.72

0.98

0.77 : MedGIG, 2007 (Intercalibration technical report Part 2 Lakes, Section 3 Phytoplankton Composition),

. . . . 33

. , , , , ( ). , , . , (Solimini et al., 2006). ( ) , () . , 1980 , . . , , ( ) . , . , . (Solimini, Cardoso, Heiskanen, 2006): , (P) / (N), , . . , , (.. ) . . , , . , , . , .

. . . . 34

. , (Brinkhurst, 1974, Rosenberg & Resh, 1993). , . , . , , . , , . , , . . (Rossaro et al., 2006), , , . , , . , , , , , . , -, - (Solimini et al., 2006) , , ( ). -, . , , . . . . . . . , , . . , . . (HMWB, Heavily Modified Water Body) , . , . .

. . . . 35

, . , , , . - . , -. , , . , , . , . - . , - . , . , - , , , . . , -, . , -. , . . , . , (Solimini et al., 2006). . , taxa , . , taxa . , taxa taxa. taxa . , taxa / taxa /. , . ,

. . . . 36

taxa (assemblages), . Nijboer et al. (2005) taxa taxa , . - . , , .

- .

+ +++ +++ +++/?

++/? +/? ++/? ++/? +++ 0 ? ++/?

+: , ++: , +++: , 0:

?: /

, , , . , - , . , , -, , , , . - , . . , . taxa taxa . . . , (riffles), ( ). , AQEM . (metrics) taxa . , , , ( ) . ,

. . . . 37

- (Solimini et al., 2006). - , . 3. . , : - . . . - -. , , , ( ) . , , ( ) , . , - . , . - . , . , . , , . (.. ) . , , . , , ( ) . , . , . - . , . , , , . , (

. . . . 38

) . , () ( ) (.. -) . , . , , , . , . , . - , . , . , . , . multi-habitat, AQEM, . , . . , . . - , . ( ) . , , , . - , , BENTIX ( ), ( ) ISD ( ), . , ( ), .

. . . . 39

(HES STAR_ICM), ), . -, , . , , . , , , , , . , ( ) . , . , , . , . , , . , . , ( ) . : , 2009 (., ., , 186., ), Solimini, Cardoso, Heiskanen, 2006 (European Commission, Joint Research Center, Indicators and Methods for the ecological status assessment under the Water Framework Directive- Linkages between chemical and biological quality of surface water), Solimini, Free, Donohue, Irvine, Pusch, Rossaro, Leonard Sandin, Cardoso, 2006 (European Commission. Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Assess Ecological Status of lakes- Current Knowledge and Way Forward to Support WFD implementation), , 2006 ( , 168., . , . , . , . , 2000/60/- ), Illies, 1978 (Limnofauna Europaea. 2nd edn,.Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, A checklist of the animals inhabiting European Inland Waters, with account to their distribution and ecology), Hutchinson, 1975 (Limnological Botany. J. Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, A treatise of limnology: Volume III), , Vollenweider 1968, OECD 1982, Wetzel 1983, Henderson-Sellers 1984, Thomann and Mueller 1987, Landner and Wahlgren 1988, Stefan,1994, Dinar et al. 1995, Chapra 1997, Carlson 1997, USEPA 2000, Padisak 2006, Willen 2000, ..

__________

(, , , .)

. , (Ecotones=

. . . . 40

). wetland . , , , . , . ( Ramsar, 1971) (marsh), (fen), . , , , , . , , , , . . , , , , , . , . , , , , , (.., , , , ..), , (.., , , , ..), , , . , . , , , . , . , , , . , . , . , 138 - , (Numenius tenuirostris), (Anser erythropus), (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), (Pelecanus crispus), (Hoplopterus spinosus). , 110 , 30% . , , (Barbus prespensis), (Pungitius hellenicus), (Vimba melanops). (Lutra lutra), (Citellus

. . . . 41

citellus) (Canis aureus), . , . , (Rana ridibunda), (Natrix natrix) ( Emydidae), (www.wwf.gr). . , , , . , , . , , . , 1920 60% . , ' , . : ) (.., , ). 1992-1997 50% , . ) (.., , , , / , , ). , 1930, . ) (.., , , , ). 30% , . ) , , .. '70, , , . . . , , . . , , , , . , . . . .

. . . . 42

, . , , , , , , , , , , , .. , , , , , , , . (I.W.R.B.), . , , , , , ... , , , , , , - .. . , . Ramsar ( 1990 1996) Cowardin et al., (1979) . , , , Ramsar . Ramsar : / : A - , . . , . - . D - . , . E . , - . F . . G - , . H - . , , . I - . , nipah . J - / . K - . Zk () -Karst , . : L - . M , , . - / / . O - , 8 . oxbow. P - , 8 . . Q - / / . R - , , . Sp - , . Ss -

. . . . 43

, . Tp - , . , 8 , . Ts , . , , , . U - . , , . Va - . , . Vt -T , . W . . , carr, . Xf , . , , . Xp - . . Y - . Zg - . Zk () -Karst . (: , R, Ss, Ts, W, Xf, Xp, . , , , . ). . 1 . 2 , , , , 8 . 3 - . , . 4 - , . 5 . 6 - . , , , .., 8 . 7 . -, -, , .. 8 - . , , , . 9 - , , . Zk () -Karst , . Cowardin (1979) :

. . . . 44

(11) , Ramsar. 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. - - , 6. , 7. , 8. , 9. - -, 10. & , 11. . , 20, , , ...

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .. , , , , . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .. : - . . , . , . - . . . . , , , , , , . , .. , , , . (.., , , ..). -. , . . ,

. . . . 45

, . , . , , , , . . . . (.., , ) . . - . . , . , , . , , . , ( ), , ( ), , , , , , . , , , . , , . . , . . , . - . , , . . , . , , , . , , , . - , , . : , . , . . . , , . . (

. . . . 46

). , , , . - ( ). 1920 . , . . (). . (), Salicornia. . - . , , . , , . . , . . -. . . . - (Vernal pools or Temporary ponds) , . , , , . , , . - . , 2 . . , , . , .. - . , .

. . . . 47

. . , . - . , . , . , , , , , , . - . , . , , , . . . , , , , , .. , . , . , , , , , , Bogs, Fens .., . -, . , "" (mires, moors, peatlands). , , . , . , ( ) . , ( ), , . , , , , , " " ( , , .. ). , , , , , , , , , , . -. ( 30 ). ( 80 Km2, 5.5 Km2 )

. . . . 48

, . , , , , . ( ) , , , , . , , , , , .. , , . , , , - . . , , . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .. - ( Natura2000, 4090). , (.. , , , ). , , , (Erica sp.,), (Calluna sp.,) ., . Calluna vulgaris , , . , , . . , , , . . , . . , . Rhododendron. - . . , . , . , ,

. . . . 49

, , , , , , . , , . , , . ) (.. -Marshes, -Swamps) ) (.. -Bogs, -Fens). . - (Marsh). , . , , , . , . , . , , , . , .

, , , ,

.

, . , . , , , , , , ..

. . . . 50

, . pH , , .

.

. , , , . , , , , . , , , , .

. . . . 51

- (Swamp). - , (.., Acer sp.,), (Populus sp.,) (Platanus sp.,) .. , , . , . , . . - . , . , . , . , . ( ). . . , . . "" ( ). - Bogs and Fens , . - (Bogs)- -, , , , Sphagnum, Chamaedaphne. , (.., ). , . ( sphagnum moss) . Bogs . , , Bogs . Bogs , (.., , , , , ) . , Fens. . . . . , -, . , , , . Bogs (). , Fens

. . . . 52

, . , g , Fens .

Bog (Picea mariana)

(Larix laricina). , . , , . , . , , Sphagnum. , , . -- . , . , . , , , . , , , , . - (Fens): -, , , . , Bogs, .

. . . . 53

. Fens, Bogs, . , Fens ( ). (. Spartina, Distichlis, Panicum) (sedges) (. Carex, Cyperus, Eleocharis, Eriophorum, Scirpus, Schoenoplectus, Schoenus, Boblboschoenus, Ascolepis ) ( , , ). Fens, Bogs, Sphagnum (.., Ditrichum pusillum, Polytrichum commune var. perigoniale, and Sphagnum angustifolium ). Fens .

, , . gs , . , . Fens . , (. ). ogs Fens . , , . Bogs Sphagnum sp., Chamaedaphne sp. , ( Sphagnum sp.) .

. . . . 54

, , . , 50-80 . , , , 700 . , , , , , Potamogeton sp., Myrioplyllum sp., Nymphaea sp., , , , , , , , 4,9-5,2.

, ( 39 , 1470 ), Sphagnum palustre, Sph.contortum, Mnium affine, Carex echinata, C.rostrata, Scirpus sylvaticus, Eriophorum angustifollium, Geum coccineum, G.rivale, Potentilla erecta, Orchis latifolia, Luzula sudetica, Filipendula ulmaria, Agrostis alba, Galium palustris, Ranunculus acer, rifolium spadiceum, yosotis palustris, . -Swale, . , . , . Swale , . . -Seep. , . -Moor Moorland. E , (.. , , , , ) . Moorland , (.. , Erica sp., Galluna vulgaris, Ulex). , , eath ( , , ..). - (Mires): ( ). , . , . , , , . Bogs Fens (ires).

. . . . 55

swamp, , ( Bogs ) . , marsh, ( , ), ( ).

(11) , Ramsar. 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. - - , 6. , 7. , 8. , 9. - -, 10. & , 11. . , 20, , , ...

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