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© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.

Biochemistry

Introduction of Macromolecules

© Laying the FoundationTM 2007 AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.

Organic Substances

Organic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things.

The four groups of substances arecarbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids

Organic Substances

PolymersPolymers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomersmonomers.

Monomers are joined through a process known as dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis, the removal of water.

monomer + monomer polymer + H2O

Organic Substances

Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding water. This process is necessary in digestion so that molecules can be small enough to be absorbed and transported into the cell.

polymer + H2O monomer + monomer

Organic SubstancesStructure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

1). Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 (Pasta, Bread)

The main source of energy for living things.

Carbohydrates are STARCHES. Your body breaks down starches to make sugars that it can use for energy. This sugar is called glucose.

C6H12O6

• Carbon ring• C6H12O 6

Carbohydrate

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104


• Carbon ringCarbon ring• CC66HH1212O O 66

• Fuel for Fuel for RespirationRespiration

MonosaccharidEs-A single sugar molecule


Polysaccharides


Polysaccharides

A storage molecule found in animals.

Animals store sugars in the form of glycogen in the liver for later use.


Chemical TestsBenedict’s reagent is used to test for simple sugars (mono-saccharides) like glucose and fructose. When heated, Benedict’s reagent changes color from light blue to red/orangeif a simple sugar is present.

+ - +

Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of polysaccharides (starch). If starch is present, a color change from amber to purple/black occurs.

Starch No starch


Carbohydrate

Monosaccharides

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Quick Energy

Delayed energyCell components

GlucoseFructose

CelluloseGlycogen

Starch

Benedict’s Reagent

Iodine

A central carbon atom Is bonded to:

•Amino group•Hydrogen atom•Carboxyl group•R group (varies)

Proteins

Proteins are macromolecules

comprised of chains of amino acids.



4). Proteins– contain Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms. Polymers of amino acids

a). Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids (building blocks of proteins)

b). Found in meat, eggs, chicken

Function of proteins:

a). Controls the rate of reactions

b.) regulate cell processes

c.) form bones and muscles

d.) fight diseases

e.) transports materials into or out of cells

Proteins



Amino GroupCarboyxl Group

R Group



Chemical TestsBiuret reagent is used to test for the presence of protein.When protein is present, biuret reagent changes from lightblue to purple.

- + -


Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Amino acids

Nucleic Acid

Many typesBiuret’s Reagent

MeatsHormones

MuscleHairNails

EnzymesBlood Cells

catalysts transport

movement protectionimmune growth

Glycerol+

Fatty Acid tails

Lipids

• Made mostly of C and H, some

O.• Lipids are insoluble in

water(they do not dissolve). • Lipids include phospholipids,

and fats (AKA triglycerides).



Lipids– fats, oils, and waxes

• Long-term energy storage

• Some are chemical messengers (ie. Steroids)

Ex.) oils on your skin keep you from soaking up water in the tub.

Glycerol+

Fatty Acid tails

Lipids

Glycerol Fatty Acid tails

What do these all have in common?A

B

C

DE

F

Saturated• Animal fats• Solid at room temp• Lacks double bond

in Carbon chain

Unsaturated• Plant fats• Remain liquid at

room temp.• Has a double bond

in Carbon chain

Lipids

LIPIDS

“PHOSPHO”LIPID

LIPIDSMajor Food Sources of Trans Fat for American

Adults

Tests for LipidsSudan III is a chemical test for the presence of lipids. If lipids are present,this indicator will turn orange-pink.

+

Brown paper may also be used to test for the presence of lipids. Lipidssoak into the paper, causing it to have a translucent appearance.

+ -


Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

•Cholesterol•Phospholipids•Fats: Saturated Unsaturated

Stored energyInsulationCell Components

FatsOils Waxes

Sudan IIIBrown paper

Glycerol +Fatty acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique

ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of

the cell’s activities.

The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES.nitrogen base

phosphate

sugar(Pentose- 5

Carbon)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or

deoxyribose (DNA).

NUCLEIC ACIDS

PHOSPHATE GROUP

NUCLEIC ACIDS

The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families:

• 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring.

• ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G)

• 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen

atoms.

• CYTOSINE (C)

• THYMINE (T) – DNA

• URACIL (U) - RNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS

ATP

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

An individual nucleotide that

functions in energy transfer

(acts like a battery) in the cell.

adenine

ribose

triphosphate

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Polynucleotides:DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid is made up of 2 polynucleotide

chains twisted around a central axis. The nitrogen

bases that make up DNA are A, G, C, and T.

RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is a single stranded chain made up of the nitrogen bases A, G, C,

and U.


Carbohydrate

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Direct cell processesProtein SynthesisCellular energy

DNA RNAATP

None DNA RNAATP

Nucleotides

CARBOHYDRATES

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Who wants to be a biochemist? (Practice)

• Protein

Who wants to be a biochemist?

• Carbohydrate


• Lipids


• Carbohydrates and Lipids


• Nucleic Acid


• Protein and Lipids


• Carbohydrate


• Protein and Lipid


• Lipids, protein and carbohydrates


• Carbohydrate, protein and lipids


• Carbohydrate


• Protein and Lipids


• Protein


• Carbohydrates and Lipid

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