Geography of Africa Second largest continent on Earth Mountain Ranges Atlas Mtns in the far...
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Transcript of Geography of Africa Second largest continent on Earth Mountain Ranges Atlas Mtns in the far...
![Page 1: Geography of Africa Second largest continent on Earth Mountain Ranges Atlas Mtns in the far northwest Drakensberg Mtns in the far southwest.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082612/5697bf741a28abf838c7fe71/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AfricanCivilizations
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSGeography of Africa
Second largest continent on EarthMountain Ranges
Atlas Mtns in the far northwestDrakensberg Mtns in the far southwest corner
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSNorthern (Saharan) Africa
Sahara Desert is the world’s largest desertArea has few fresh water sourcesArabian and Nubian Deserts lie east of the Nile River
Nile River is the world’s longest river
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSSub-Saharan Africa
Area south of the Saharan DesertWest Africa (Arm pit and west)
Dominated by the Niger River, lands suitable for farming and grazing
Traditionally they produce dates, kola nuts, and grains
ResourcesGold, salt, fresh water sources, plenty of wood, and food sources, especially fish
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSWest African Early Life
Extended familyIncluded mother, father, children and close relatives in the household
Stressed loyalty to the family and to people in the community their age
Men hunted, farmed, and raised livestock
Women farmed, collected firewood, ground grain, and cared for children
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSReligion
Ancestor worshipCarved statues and offered food
AnimismWorshiped spirits of water, animals, trees and other natural objects
Technological developmentUsed iron for tools and weapons
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSEconomic trade
As the advanced, they began to trade with other areas of the world
Traded gold, ivory, slaves, salt, cloth, to North Africa and the Islamic world
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS1. What are the two groups to which a
person in early West Africa may have owed loyalty?
2. How did the use of iron change farming practices?
3. How did geography have an impact on the lives of early Africans?
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSGhana Empire
Trading empire in West Africa (in Senegal and Mali) that lasted from around 800AD until 1200sAD
Soninke people dominated the Ghana Empire trading salt and gold with each other
Silent barter – exchanged goods without contacting each other directly
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSGhana became more powerful as trade grew
Traded with Northern Africa for wheat, Southern Africa for sheep, wheat, and honey
Military started to use iron weaponsControlled West Africa’s trade routes
Taxed traders who passed through
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSGhana rulers would not allow anyone to own gold nuggets, but hoarded it for themselves
They used their wealth to expand their empire and reached their height under Tunka Manin
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSDecline
North Africa group called the Almoravids shortly invaded and weakened the empire
They overgrazed the pastures of Ghana and the soil was blown away
Conquered areas rebelled and took over, but Ghana then fell apart
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS1. What were the two major resources
traded in Ghana?2. How did the silent barter system
work?3. What group invaded Mali, and why
do you think they did?4. How did overgrazing help cause the
fall of Ghana
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSOther Civilizations
MaliLocated on the Senegal River and upper Niger River
After Ghana fell, Sundiata rose up an army and overthrew a harsh local ruler
Then conquered GhanaCleared new farmlands for growing beans, onions, and rice and started growing cotton for the first time
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSSundiata made himself the sole political and religious ruler, or mansa
Mansa Musa, a later Muslim Mali ruler, spread Islam throughout West Africa taking over Timbuktu
On his hajj pilgrimage, he became famousWould start schools in Mali and build mosques all over West Africa
Mansa Musa’s son was weak and the empire was lost to invaders including the Tuareg nomads from the Sahara
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSSonghai
Empire in the western part of Ghana/Mali grewWas conquered by Mansa Musa
Grew rich from trade with the Berbers of N. Africa because they were both Muslim
Sunni AliOrganized the empire and after the fall of Mali, incorporated most of it
Allowed freedom of religion participating in both local and Muslim religions
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSAskia the Great
Took Songhai from Sunni Ali’s son to ensure Muslim trade
The cities of Timbuktu and Djenne grew due to their schools, libraries, universities and mosques
Morocco invaded Songhai in 1591 bringing cannons and early guns
They destroyed Timbuktu and the capital Gao; and the empire.
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONSGreat Zimbabwe
Southern African kingdom of Zimbabwe grew to be great because of the gold mines there
But because of a decline in the gold trade it disappeared
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AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS1. What major river was important to
the people of Mali? Why?2. What effects did the rule of Mansa
Musa have on Mali and West Africa?3. How did Askia the Great’s support
of education affect Timbuktu?4. What made Great Zimbabwe great
and led to its decline?