Facial and oral malformations that occur very early in pregnancy Results when there is not enough...
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Clinical Disorders and Diseases of the Skeletal
System
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Cleft Lip/Palate Facial and oral malformations that occur very
early in pregnancy Results when there is not enough tissue in the
mouth or lip area, and the tissue that is available does not join together properly
Cleft lip – split or separation of the two sides of the upper lip
Cleft palate – split or opening in the roof of the mouth (hard or soft palate)
1 in 700 babies; 4th most common birth defect in the US
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Cleft lip/palate cont.
The cause is unknown May be linked to genetic and
environmental factors (drugs, exposure to viruses or chemicals)
Eating, speech, and dental problems could result
Often requires multiple surgeries to treat
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Cleft Palate
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Vertebral Column: Curvatures
Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (occurs most often in the thoracic region)
Caused by a bone abnormality present at birth, abnormal muscles or nerves, trauma, or genetic
2-3% of Americans at age 16 (girls are more prone to developing the condition)
Diagnosed by screening exams, bone exam, and X-ray
Treatments include braces or surgery (spinal fusion)
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Scoliosis
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Osteomalacia Softening of the bones due to a lack
of Vitamin D or a problem with the body’s ability to break down and use Vitamin D
Rickets - Children's form of osteomalacia
Causes – not enough Vitamin D; not enough exposure to sunlight or malabsortption of Vitamin D by the intestines
Symptoms - bone weakness, fractures that occur without real injury, and numbness
Treatments – Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplements
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Bone loss outpaces bone regeneration
Bones weaken and lose mass
Bones become brittle and fractures occur more often
Found most often in women
Treatment may include; medication, diet changes, exercise
Osteoporosis
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Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease Most common type of arthritis (21
million) Breakdown of cartilage in joints Mostly occurs in the weight bearing
joints, but it can occur anywhere Causes cartilage to become stiff and lose
its elasticity As cartilage deteriorates, tendons and
ligaments stretch, causing pain
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OsteoarthritisSymptoms:•Joint aching and soreness•Pain after overuse or long periods of inactivity•Joint swelling•Fluid accumulation
Treatment: medication, physical therapy, surgery
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Knee Replacement surgery
Generally reserved for people over the age of 50 with severe osteoarthritis
Helps relieve pain & restore function in severely diseased knee joints
During surgery; a surgeon cuts away damaged bone and cartilage from your femur, patella, and tibia and replaces it with an artificial joint made of metal alloys, high-grade plastics, and polymers
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Fractures A crack or break in a
bone
Despite its mineral strength, bone can crack or even break if subjected to extreme loads, sudden impacts, or stresses from unusual directions
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Types of Fractures
Named according to their external appearance, their location, and the nature of the crack or break in the bone.
Two general categories:1. Closed (simple) – fracture is internal2. Open (compound) – fracture projects
through the skin
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Common fracture types (cont’d)
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Common fracture types
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Comminuted fractures
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Spiral fractures
Figure 6–16 (4 of 9)
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Figure 6–16 (7 of 9)
Greenstick fracture
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Figure 6–16 (9 of 9)
Compression fractures
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Depression fracture of the skull
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Treatment of a Fracture
Initial treatment for fractures of arms, legs, hands, and feet include splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation, and ice.
Edema (or swelling)What does this have to do with splinting
and casting? Closed Reduction – manual realignment Open Reduction – surgically realignment
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Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 1 – Immediately after the fracture, extensive
bleeding occurs (blood vessels are broken).
A large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, soon closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area.
The disruption of the circulation kills osteocytes (mature bone cells) around the fracture.
Dead bone soon extends along the shaft.
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Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 2 – The cells of the endosteum (cellular
layer) and periosteum undergo cell division and the daughter cells migrate into the fracture zone.
An external callus (hard skin) forms and encircles fracture
An internal callus organizes within the cavity and between the broken ends of the shaft
The broken ends have been temporarily stabilized
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Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 3 – Osteoblasts (bone building cells) replace
the central cartilage of the external callus with spongy bone
Calluses form a brace at the fracture site Spongy bone now unites the broken ends Fragments of dead bone are removed and
replaced If the fracture required a cast, it can be
removed at this stage
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Steps in the Repair of a Fracture
Step 4 – Osteoclasts (remove and recycle bone
matrix) and osteoblasts continue to remodel the region of the fracture (4 months to 1 year)
When remodeling is complete, the bone of the calluses is gone and only living compact bone remains.
The bone could be slightly thicker and stronger than normal at the fracture site
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Fracture repair
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Fracture repair (cont’d)
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Casts
Holds a broken bone in place as it heals Help to prevent or decrease muscle
contractions Provide immobilization (the joints above
and below the area) Casts are made of plaster and fiberglass Typically worn for 6-8 weeks
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Dislocation
Separation of two bones where they meet at a joint (no longer in normal position)
Caused by a sudden impact to the joint May be hard to tell a dislocated bone
from a broken bone Generally take 3-6 weeks to heal Possible ligament damage can occur