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Energy is never created or destroyed, only transformed Entropy (disorder) increases
Laws of thermodynamics
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Convert energy source to ATP: usable cellular energyTransforming energy
light food
ATP
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ATP: Energy Currency for the cell Phosphate bonds are highly unstable.
H2O Pi
G = -7.3 kcal/mol
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ATP powers many reactions in cells
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ATP powers many reactions in cells
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Active transport Specific transport protein required Energy required! Any kind of molecules Either direction
Can move against gradient Can transport all molecules
No equilibrium
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Simple active transport Energy from ATP
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Simple active transport Energy from ATP Directional transport One kind of molecule
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Simple active transport PMCA transporter removes Ca2+ from cytoplasm
Very low [Ca2+] required for signaling
Ca2+
ATP
ADP
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How do we get ATP from Glucose? Transfer energy stored in glucose to a storage molecule
ATP NADH
Glycolysis- Oxidizing glucose to pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle – Oxidizing pyruvate to CO2 Election Transport – Collecting electrons from NADH and
transferring this energy towards making ATP.
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H-C-OH units Often used for energy by cells Glucose is a simple 6C sugar
Carbohydrates
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Polymer: polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) starch cellulose glycogen chitin peptidoglycan
Carbohydrates
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Gain of electrons Increased number of bonds to O
O pulls e– from C
Oxidation
H – C – H
H
––
H
mostreduced
H – C – H
OH–
–
H
H – C – H
O
– –
H – C – OH
O
– –
O = C = O
mostoxidized
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When one molecule is oxidized, another is reduced Electron carriers (“coenzymes”): NAD+, FAD
Oxidation reactions
H – C – H
OH–
–
H
H – C – H
O
– –oxidation
2 e–
reductionNAD+ NADH
oxidation
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Glucose → CO2 is highly exergonic Same reaction as burning paper or wood Oxidation
“Burning” sugars
freeenergy
(G)
reaction progress →
glucose
CO2
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Glucose → CO2 is highly exergonic Same reaction as burning paper or wood Oxidation
“Burning” sugars
O = C = O
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Glucose → CO2 is highly exergonic Same reaction as burning paper or wood Oxidation
“Burning” sugars
freeenergy
(G)
reaction progress →
glucose
CO2
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Glucose → CO2 is highly exergonic Same reaction as burning paper or wood Oxidation
“Burning” sugars
freeenergy
(G)
reaction progress →
glucose
CO2
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Biochemical pathway Enzymes catalyze steps Energy captured in ATP
“Burning” sugars
freeenergy
(G)
reaction progress →
glucose
CO2
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higherenergy
lowerenergy
Oxidized molecules have less chemical energy Energetic electrons transferred to carriers
“Burning” sugars
freeenergy
(G)
reaction progress →
glucose
CO2
H – C – H
OH
––
H
H – C – H
O
– –oxidation
2 e–
reductionNAD+ NADH
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Complete oxidation of glucose
4 stages: Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport Chemiosmosis
Aerobic cell respiration
6 CO2
oxidationglucose
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Partial oxidation of glucose in cytosol1. Glycolysis
2 pyruvateoxidationglucose
2 ATP, 2 NADHYum!gluT
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First step: phosphorylation catalyzed by hexokinase Energy invested Allows facilitated transport
1. Glycolysis
glucose 6-phosphatehexokinaseglucose
ADPATP
P
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hexokinase
Another phosphorylation step 6C molecule split into two 3C molecules
1. Glycolysis
glucose6-phosphate
glucose
ADPATP
P
ADPATP
PP
P
P
PFK
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hexokinase
Oxidation Energy stored as high-energy e– on NADH
1. Glycolysis
glucose6-phosphate
glucose
ADPATP
P
ADPATP
PP
P
P
NADHNAD+
NADHNAD+
P
P
P
P
PFK
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ATP
hexokinase
2 ATP synthesis steps Net gain of 2 ATP per glucose 6C glucose → 2 3C pyruvates
1. Glycolysis
glucose6-phosphate
glucose
ADPATP
P
ADPATP
PP
P
P
NADHNAD+
NADHNAD+
P
P
P
P
ATPADP
ATPADP
ADP
ATPADP
P
P
pyruvatePFK
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AKA tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), AKA Krebs cycle Occurs in matrix of mitochondria (or cytosol in prokaryotes)
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
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“Transition step” Transport into matrix Connects glycolysis to CAC
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
cytosol
i.m.o.m.
matrix
acetylCoA
pyruvate
CO2
Coenzyme A
NADH
NAD+
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“Transition step” Large protein complex spans o.m. and i.m. Transporter and enzyme Oxidation of one carbon to CO2
Attachment of coenzyme A
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
cytosol
i.m.o.m.
matrix
acetylCoA
pyruvate
CO2
Coenzyme A
NADH
NAD+
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2C acetyl CoA + 4C = 6C citric acid2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
acetylCoA CoA
citric acid
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2 oxidation reactions complete the oxidation of glucose2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
acetylCoA
CO2
CoA
NADH
NAD+
citric acid
NADH
NAD+
CO2
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One GTP synthesized and converted to ATP2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
acetylCoA
CO2
CoA
NADH
NAD+
citric acid
NADH
NAD+
CO2
ATP
GDP
GTP ADP
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Two more oxidation steps regenerate original 4C molecule2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
acetylCoA
CO2
CoA
NADH
NAD+
citric acid
NADH
NAD+
CO2
ATP
GDP
GTP ADP
FADH2
FAD
NADHNAD+
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Where’s the carbon from glucose?2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
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Where’s the carbon from glucose? 6 CO2
Where’s the energy from glucose?
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
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Where’s the carbon from glucose? 6 CO2
Where’s the energy from glucose? 4 net ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 for each pyruvate in CAC)
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
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Where’s the carbon from glucose? 6 CO2
Where’s the energy from glucose? 4 net ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 for each pyruvate in CAC) 10 NADH (2 glycolysis, 2 transition, 6 CAC)
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
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Where’s the carbon from glucose? 6 CO2
Where’s the energy from glucose? 4 net ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 for each pyruvate in CAC) 10 NADH (2 glycolysis, 2 transition, 6 CAC) 2 FADH2 (CAC)
2. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)