Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy...

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Transcript of Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy...

Page 1: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 2: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Energy:

• All living things must obtain and use energy E

• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

• Energy can be transformed

Page 3: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Energy (cont).

• The only constant source of energy for the earth is the sun

• Almost all living cells depend on the sun for energy either directly or indirectly.

Page 4: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Glucose and the cell:• C6H12O6

• Glucose is the final product of photosynthesis

• Glucose is used by most living cells as the primary food molecule.

Page 5: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Photosynthesis

Page 6: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Chemical Reaction of Photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Page 7: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Photosynthetic Organisms:

• Autotrophs or Producers convert the E in sunlight to chemical E in food (sugar)

Page 8: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Autotrophs:• Examples of autotrophs include: Plants, algae, and some bacteria.

algaePlantb/g

algae

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Autotroph•Auto ---- “self”•Troph ---- “feeder”•Autotrophs produce their own food, and are the basis for the food chain.

Page 10: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Photosynthesis:

•Stores light E in the chem bonds of sugar:

6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Page 11: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Photosynthesis• The in the reaction represents

many intermediate steps.• Two main categories:

–light reactions- trapping E from sunlight

–dark reactions- storing E in sugars

Page 12: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Chlorophyll• Chlorophyll- the material that allows plants to trap the E from sunlight.

• Chlorophyll absorbs blue and UV light, and red light.

• Chlorophyll reflects green, and most yellow light

Page 13: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 14: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Photosynthesis

• Takes place in the chloroplasts

• Light Reactions occur in the thylakoids

• Dark Reactions occur in the stroma

Page 15: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 16: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Light Reactions

Dark Reactions

Glucose O2

CO2 H2O Light

Page 17: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Light Reactions

• Process by which the energy from sunlight is captured by chlorophyll. (in the thylakoid membrane)

• O2 is given off as a byproduct

Page 18: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Dark Reactions (aka Calvin

Cycle)• Process by which energy from the light reactions and CO2 are used to build glucose molecules.

• C6H12O6

Page 19: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Cellular Respiration

Page 20: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

TO PRODUCE ATP FOR USE WITHIN THE

CELL!

THE GOAL:

Page 21: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Energy Storing Compounds•Starches, sugars, even gasoline are E-storing compounds

•Principle E-storing compound for the cell is ATP

Page 22: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

ATP• “Adenosine Triphosphate“•Made up of –Adenine (nitrogenous base)

–Ribose (5-C sugar)–Three phosphates

Page 23: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

ATP• Energy is stored when phosphates are added– ADP + P (+ energy) ATP

• Energy is released when phosphates are removed – ATP ADP + P (+ energy)

Page 24: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Cellular Respiration• Catabolism is breaking down chemicals into their parts

• Cellular Respiration is catabolism that releases energy for use in the cell (ATP)

• Can be Aerobic (with O2), or Anaerobic (without O2)

Page 25: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Aerobic Respiration

C6H12O6+O2CO2+H20 + (E)

Energy is released from the sugar in the form of ATP for use within the cell.

Page 26: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

• Requires the presence of O2

• Extremely efficient – produces approx. 36 ATP per glucose molecule

Aerobic Respiration

Page 27: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Steps of Aerobic Respiration:

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Page 28: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 29: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Glycolysis• Takes place in the cytoplasm• “Glyco” meaning “sugar”• “lysis” meaning “to break”• Glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid which will then enter the Krebs cycle

Page 30: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Cytoplasm

Page 31: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 32: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Krebs Cycle• Takes place in the matrix of the

mitochondria• Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is

broken down to produce high energy molecules (NADH and FADH2 - which go to the ETC)

• CO2 is given off as a byproduct

Page 33: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Mitochondria

Page 34: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Mitochondrion

Matrix

Page 35: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 36: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• Like the Krebs Cycle, ETC takes place in the mitochondria

• Specifically, the ETC occurs in the Inner Membrane and the Intermembrane Space of the mitochondria.

Page 37: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Mitochondrion

Inner Membrane

Page 38: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Mitochondrion

Outer Membrane

Page 39: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Mitochondrion

Intermembrane Space

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ETC cont.•Folds and projections called crista (cristae) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria increase the surface area available for the reactions.

Page 41: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Mitochondrion

Crista

Page 42: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

• Most of the ATP from Aerobic Respiration is generated by the Electron Transport Chain

• This series of reactions converts the high energy molecules from the Krebs Cycle into ATP for use in the cell

• Oxygen is required

ETC cont.

Page 43: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.
Page 44: Energy: All living things must obtain and use energy E Energy cannot be created nor destroyed Energy can be transformed.

Anaerobic Respiration

• Takes place when O2 is not present.

• Far less efficient than aerobic respiration–produces approx. 2 ATP per glucose molecule


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