© Electronics ECE 1312 Taaruf Nor Farahidah Za’bah Room number : E2-2-13.12 Phone number :...

© Electronics© Electronics ECE 1312ECE 1312

Taaruf• Nor Farahidah Za’bah• Room number : E2-2-13.12• Phone number : 03-6196 4562• Email address :

[email protected] [email protected]

• Website: http://staff.iium.edu.my/adah510


My rules

• Be punctual!• Silent your handphone while in class• Wear proper attire as to the University’s

dress code • Attendance is COMPULSORY


Course AssessmentMethod %Mid-term Test

25

Final Examination

50

Quizzes and Assignments

25


Weeks Topics Learning Hours

Task/Reading

1 Introduction to Electronics:Brief History, Signals, Frequency Spectrum of Signals, Analog and Digital Signals, Amplifiers

Chapter 1

2,3 Semiconductor Materials and Diodes:Semiconductor Materials and Properties, The PNJunction, Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models,Diode Circuits: AC Equivalent Circuit, Other DiodeTypes.

Chapter 2

4,5 Diode Circuits: Rectifier Circuits, Zener Diode Circuits, Clipper and Clamper Circuits, Multiple-Diode Circuits.

Chapter 3

MID TERM 18MID TERM 18thth OCTOBER 2014 OCTOBER 2014



Task/Reading

6,7 The Bipolar Junction Transistor: Transistor Structures, Current-Voltage Characteristics, Load Line and Modes of Operation, Voltage Transfer Characteristics, Basic Transistor Applications, Bipolar Transistor Biasing

Chapter 4

8,9 Basic BJT Amplifiers: Small-Signal Operation and Models, Single-Stage BJT Amplifiers: Common Emitter Amplifier, Common Collector Amplifier, Common-Base Amplifier

Chapter 5



Task/Reading

10,11 The Field Effect Transistor: Device Structure, Current-Voltage Characteristics, MOSFET Circuits at DC, DC Circuit Analyses of MOSFET, n-channel Enhancement for MOSFET as Load Device, Constant Current Biasing, Basic Applications of MOSFET.

Chapter 6

12Basic FET Amplifiers: Basics of FET Modeling, Common-Source Amplifier, Common Drain Amplifier, Common-Gate Amplifier

Chapter 7

13, 14

Ideal Operational Amplifier and Op-Amp Circuits:Ideal Op-Amp, Inverting Amplifier, Summing Amplifier, Non-inverting Amplifier, Op-Amp Applications

Chapter 8


Text Book

Motakabber, S. M. A, Ibrahimy, M. I., Nordin, Anis, (2012), Fundamentals of Microelectronic Circuits, Pearson.

Recommended references supporting the course

Neamen D.A., (2007), Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design, McGraw Hill. Sedra S.A., (2009), Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford


EVALUATION


Fill up the following blanks:

•The unit of EMF of a battery is---------------and 1 mV = -------------Volt

•The unit of power is----------------and the unit of energy is---------------

•The unit of capacitance is--------------------

Volt 0.001

Watt Joule

Farad


VA

VB

What is VA – VB ?

What about VB – VA ?

What is the value of VB if VA = 10 V ?

Node Voltages

4 V

- 4 V

6 V


= 4/2 = 2 A

Branch Current EquationA

B

I2 Branch Current Equation is

based on Ohm’s Law

(VA – VB) / 2 = I

C

D

2 I


Kirchhoff Current Law

Kirchhoff Voltage Law


What will be the polarity of the voltage across the resistor if the current direction is as follows:

I

+ -VR


104

• Which branch has the bigger current?

• If the voltage across the 10 is 5V, what is the voltage across the 4?

• What is the total resistance?

The 4 branch

5 V

2.86


Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to Introduction to

ElectronicsElectronics


PN Junction - Diode


Bipolar Junction Transistor: BJT

Emitter

Base

Collector


Field Effect Transistor: FET


Passive and Active Components

Passive Components:Do no require power supply for its operation or the device which electrical characteristics does not depend on the power supply Examples: Resistor, capacitor, inductor

Active components:Do require power supply for its operation or the device which electrical characteristics depend on the power supplyExamples: Transistors such as BJT and FET


Electronic Circuits• An electronic circuit generally contains both the passive and active components.

Therefore a dc power supply is essential for the operation of its active components. An electronic processing or amplifier devices also need different power source than its dc operating power source called input signal.

• This input signal characteristics and power can be modified by the electronic circuit with the presence of its dc operating power supply. The processed input signal which is obtained from the electronic circuit is called output signal.

Block diagram of an electronic circuit (Amplifier)


Analog and Digital Signals

An electrical signal is a time varying voltage or current which bears the information by altering the characteristics of the voltage or current. In an analog signal the characteristics of the voltage or current which represents the information can be any value.

Digital signal must have discrete value, it is said quantization. In a digital signal the characteristics of the voltage or current which represents the information has only two values and sometimes it is called binary signal.

Analog signal

Digital signal


Representation of Signal A sinusoidal voltage when it is superimposed on a DC voltage can be represented as

Sinusoidal voltage superimposed on dc voltage VBEQ


Amplifier Characteristics

Equivalent circuit of a voltage amplifier

An equivalent circuit of a voltage amplifier is shown in bellow. This amplifier is mainly used to amplify the voltage. The input parallel resistance of the amplifier is very large and the output series resistance is very low, these characteristics are essential for a voltage amplifier. The voltage gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage and input voltage, mathematically

The gain of a voltage amplifier is unit less.


Example 2: A load resistance of 475Ω is connected with the output of a voltage amplifier as shown in Fig. The output voltage across the load resistance is 10.5V when the amplifier input is 150mV. Determine the open circuit voltage gain of the amplifier. Assume that the output resistance of the amplifier is 25Ω.


1. Must calculate vi

2. Calculate the open circuit voltage, Av vi

3. Then use KVL to find out the voltage across RL

Answer: 1.6V


Ex. 1: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 7.5V when its input is connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 3.0V and its resistance is 1.5kΩ respectively. If the input resistance of the amplifier is 5kΩ, what would be the voltage gain of the amplifier.

RS = 1.5kΩ

vS = 3V vo = 7.5 VRi = 5kΩ

1. Must calculate vi

2. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 7.5 V3. Calculate AV

Answer: 3.25


Ex. 2: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 12.5V when its input is connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 2.5 V and its resistance is 2.0kΩ respectively. If the input and output resistance of the amplifier is 5kΩ and 50Ω respectively. The amplifier output is connected to drive a load resistance 500Ω, determine the output voltage across the load resistance.

RS = 2.0kΩ

vS = 2.5 VRi = 5kΩ

R0 = 50 Ω

RL = 500 Ω

Answer: 11.36 V

= 12.5 V

1. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 12.5 V2. Use KVL or voltage divider to calculate output across the load.


An equivalent circuit of a current amplifier is shown in bellow. This amplifier is mainly used to amplify the current. The input parallel resistance of the amplifier is very low and the output parallel resistance is very large, these characteristics are essential for a current amplifier. The current gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output current and input current, mathematically

The gain of a current amplifier is unit less.

Equivalent circuit of a current amplifier

Amplifier Characteristics Cont.


Example 1:


RL = 450 Ω RO = 2.5 k

The input current, ii is 0.5 mA

Answer: 5.72 V

Example 3:

1. Calculate the value of the short circuit current, Ai ii

2. Use current divider to calculate io

3. Use Ohm’s Law to find output voltage.


RO = 4.7 k

Answer: 170.74

Example 2:

1. io = vo / RO = vo / 4.72. ii = vi / Ri = vi / 53. So, current gain = io / ii = vo

4.7 vi

5

4. What is vo/vi ? That is the voltage gain, 160.5

5. Replace in step 3 to calculate current gain



An equivalent circuit of a transconductance amplifier is shown bellow. This amplifier input parallel resistance is very large and the output parallel resistance is also very large, these characteristics are essential for a transconductance amplifier. The gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output current and input voltage, mathematically.

The unit of the transconductance amplifier gain is A/V or Siemens.

Equivalent circuit of a transconductance amplifier



An equivalent circuit of a transresistance amplifier is shown in bellow. This amplifier input parallel resistance is very low and the output series resistance is also very low, these characteristics are essential for a transconductance amplifier. The gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage and input current, mathematically

The unit of the transresistance amplifier gain is V/A or Ohm.

Equivalent circuit of a transresistance amplifier


Signal Source or GeneratorA voltage source is modeled by a voltage generator with a series resistance called source resistance as shown in bellow. For an ideal voltage source the series resistance is 0. A voltage source can be replaced by an equivalent current source using Norton theorem.

Similarly, a current source is modeled by a current generator with a parallel resistance called source resistance as shown in bellow. For an ideal current source the parallel resistance is infinite. A current source can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source using Thevenin theorem.

Voltage source

Current source

© Electronics ECE 1312 Taaruf Nor Farahidah Za’bah Room number : E2-2-13.12 Phone number :...

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