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![Page 1: Culture is essential for our individual survival and communication with others We are not born with the information we need to survive Culture is.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649efe5503460f94c13a25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Culture is essential for our individual survival and communication with others
We are not born with the information we need to survive
Culture is essential for the survival of societies
It establishes our laws and rules for interaction
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Nature is our biological and genetic makeup Nurture is derived from our social
environment We are not born knowing kindness or hatred Humans do not have instincts but we do
have reflexes
An instinct is biologically determined behaviour
patterns common to all members of
a species
A reflex is biologically determined involuntary
response such as sneezing
Drives are biologically determined impulses
common to all members of a species that satisfy needs such as food, water, safety,
and shelter
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Our ‘tool kit’ is divided into two partsOur ‘tool kit’ is divided into two parts
Since humans Since humans cannot rely cannot rely on instincts on instincts for survival, for survival, culture is a culture is a ‘tool kit’ for ‘tool kit’ for
survivalsurvival
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Consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share
Items begin as raw materials and transformed into usable items through technology
We use these items first for survival such as shelter
Beyond survival, we make use and share objects that are interesting and important to us
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Consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people’s behaviour
LanguagLanguagee
BeliefsBeliefs
ValuesValues
Rules Rules of of
BehavioBehaviourur
Family Family PatterPatter
nsns
Political Political SystemsSystems
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Central component of nonmaterial culture is beliefs
Beliefs are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are real or true
May be based on faith, tradition, experience, scientific research, or a combination of these
We also have beliefs in our material culture
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All human beings face the same basic needs such as food, water, and shelter
Thus we engage in similar activities that contribute to our survival
Cultural universals are customs and practices that occur across societies
The universal categories created by anthropologist George Murdock are present in all cultures
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Appearance such as bodily
adornment and
hairstyles
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Activities Activities such as such as sports, sports, games, games,
dancing, and dancing, and jokesjokes
Q. Why are fish so
smart?
A. They always go
around in schools.
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Social Social institution institution
such as such as religion, religion, law, and law, and familyfamily
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Customary Customary practices practices such as such as cooking, cooking,
folklore, gift folklore, gift giving, and giving, and hospitalityhospitality
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These general customs and practices may be present in all cultures in one form or another
Specific forms may vary and could be misinterpreted between cultures such as telling a joke
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Considered useful because they ensure a smooth and continual operation of society
Society must satisfy its basic needs and degree of safety in order to survive
Children and other new members of society must be taught the ways of the group
Society must settle disputes between its members
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May not be the result of functional necessity for a society
The practices of one society may be imposed over members of another
A conquering nation may use its power to impose its behaviours and beliefs on those defeated
Assimilation and conformity of indigenous peoples by those who hold economic, political, and religious power
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Symbols Language Values Norms Folkways Mores Laws Beliefs
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Anything that meaningfully represents something else
Can function to produce loyalty and animosity; love or hate
Key is that there may be one symbol but it is interpreted differently by different cultures
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The Middle Finger
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Heartlove Peacedove Hate Nazi Swastika Siren an emergency Raised middle finger hostility Pink female Blue male
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A set of symbols that express ideas and enable people to think and communicate with one another
Kinds:◦ Verbal◦ Nonverbal such as written or in gestures
Unique to humans as a species
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Language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality
Some languages do not have gender: most Canadian Aboriginal languages, Cibano of the Philippines
Hopi: has no present, past or future tenses
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Exclusive language – English language ignores women with words like mankind and chairman
Often he or she denotes occupations – Doctors are usually referred to he and teachers as she
Often gendered language connotes positions of power
Predisposition to think of females in sexual terms – broad, fox, bitch, babe
Men have performance pressure and sexual prowess placed on them – stud, jock, hunk, dude
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Language may create and reinforce our perceptions
about race and ethnicity by transmitting preconceived ideas about the superiority of one category of people
over another
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Words that have more than one meaning (i.e. black as in blackhearted) which reinforce a negative image
Derogatory terms (especially those popularized in movies, music, or comedy routines)
Words are used to used to reinforce perceptions about a group i.e. savage, primitive
The voice of certain verbs, which minimizes a group’s achievements, i.e. given the right to vote versus, fought for the right.
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Canada is a linguistically diverse society consisting of Aboriginal languages, French and English, and many other languages
A major issue throughout Canadian history has been how to balance a cultural policy of multiculturalism against a language policy of bilingualism
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Language as a keystone to culture because it is the chief vehicle for understanding and experiencing one’s culture
Some key concepts◦Bilingualism◦Two solitudes
Aboriginal Languages: New attempts to revive them
Example: Ancient Hebrew was a dead language until it was re-created in recent history by Jewish peoples
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Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture
They provide the criteria for evaluating people, objects and events
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Criteria by which we evaluate others, objects, and events
Often in pairs of opposites: good/ bad; brave/cowardly; hardworking/lazy, light/darkness
Are very general in orientation
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Citizens Forum on Canada’s Future identified the following core Canadian values:
Equality and fairness Consultation and dialogue
Accommodation and tolerance Support for diversity
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Citizens Forum on Canada’s Future identified the following core Canadian values:
Compassion and generosity Canada’s natural beauty
Canada’s world image
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Values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive
For example, people believe that the poor should have adequate living, yet vote in governments which are not in accord with this value
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Ideal: values and standards of behaviour that people in a society profess to hold
Real: the values and standards of behaviour that people actually follow
Issue of Hypocrisy – Pretending to be something that we are not
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Established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct◦ Prescriptive: what behaviour is appropriate
(example: to pay taxes)◦ Proscriptive: what behaviour is not appropriate◦ Formal Formal: written down as laws◦ Sanctions: rewards for appropriate behaviour and
punishment for inappropriate behaviour
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Those informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture
Examples: brushing teeth, kinds of clothes, gestures, religious fasting, kinds of cars we buy, kinds of houses we live in
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Are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may or may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture
Examples: sexual morality Taboos: So strong that their violation is
considered to be extremely offensive Example: sexual bonding between close kin
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Formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions
Examples: in Canada, the taboo of incest is illegal
Types:◦ Civil: deals with disputes between people◦ Criminal: deals with public safety and well-being