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基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 1123/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 1123/4/21 1123/4/21
Yongqin Liu, Yongqin Liu, Tandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin XuTandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin Xu
Bacterial Diversity in the Tibetan Plateau Glaciers and their Bacterial Diversity in the Tibetan Plateau Glaciers and their
Relationship with Environmental and Climate ChangeRelationship with Environmental and Climate Change
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 2223/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 2223/4/21
East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt. Everest
Guoqu Glacier, Mt.Geladaindong
Palong No. 4 GlacierZadang Glacier, Mt. Niqingtanggula
Bacteria VariabilitiesBacteria Variabilities in the Snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers in the Snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 3323/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 3323/4/21
Methods Sampling sitesMethods Sampling sites
Glaciers Altitude /m Mean temperature /°C
Highest /lowest temperature /°C
Mean precipitation /mm
Snow pit depth/m
Years of the sampled snow
Guoqu 6621 2.8 18.8/-28.5 314 0.86 From winter of 2004
to Nov.2005
Zadang 5799 1.6 19.2/-23.5 359 1.52 From winter of 2005
to May 2006
East Rongbuk
6520 3.4 23.8/-22.4 174 1.70 From winter of 2003
to Apr.2005
Palong No.4
5507 9.6 28.6/-11.5 648 2.30 From winter of 2005
to Jun.2006
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 4423/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 4423/4/21
1 Enumerating bacterial abundance
Methods Laboratory analyses Methods Laboratory analyses
EPICS ALTRA II flow cytometer
δ18O:MAT-253 mass spectrophotometer
Concentration of ions : Dionex Ion Chromatograph model 2010
DOC and TN : TOC-Vcph (Shimadzu Corp. )
2 Environment index
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 5523/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 5523/4/21
3 Bacterial community------16S rRNA gene clone library construction
Community DNA extraction
PCR amplification
Restriction digestion with the enzymes Hha I and Afa I
Phylogenetic analysisStatistical analyses
Blast
Primes Sequence
27f AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG
1392r ACG GGC GGT GTG TRC
Methods Laboratory analyses Methods Laboratory analyses
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 6623/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 6623/4/21
Bacterial abundance and relationship with environmentBacterial abundance and relationship with environment
0 400 800
C ell abundance
X 103 ce lls m L-1
250
200
150
100
50
0
De
pth
cm
0 400 800
D O C
ug L-1
80 160 240
TN
g L-1
0 8000 16000
C a2+
ug L-1
0 400 800
C ell abundance
X 103 ce lls m L-1
0 600 1200
D O C
ug L-1
0 200 400
TN
ug L-1
0 800 1600
C a2+
ug L-1
0 8 16 24
C ell abundance
X 103 ce lls m L-1
0 1000 2000
D O C
ug L-1
40 80 120
TN
ug L-1
0 100 200 300
C a2+
ug L-1
0 200 400
C ell abundance
X 103 ce lls m L-1
0 600 1200
D O C
ug L-1
0 100 200
TN
ug L-1
0 200 400
C a2+
ug L-1
13320
538804
12400
11485
Guoqu Zadang East Rongbuk Palong No.4
Cell abundance in the snow at the northern glaciers was higher than that at the southern ones.
Tibetan Plateau : 0.68 to 720×103 cells mL-1
Polor and other high mountain regions:200-105 cells mL-1
Among 88 snow samples , 63% similar with Antarctic , but lower than
Arctic and other glaciers; 30 % higher than Arctic and other glaciers
Average Ca2+ concentration 2723
Average cell abundance
658
64
69
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 7723/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 7723/4/21
others, 4%Bacteroidetes,
13%
Firmicutes, 6%
Actinobacteria,18%
γ-Proteobacteria,29%
β-Proteobacteria,12%
α--Proteobacteria,
18%
Bacterial diversity and relationship with environmentBacterial diversity and relationship with environment
The bacterial 16S rRNA genes sequences in snow over the Tibetan Plateau were dominant by γ-Proteobacteria,α-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.
All sequences in snow from the TP were near to the sequences in the GenBank database with identity values of 91-99%.
A majority of the sequences (81% of the total) were similar to sequences recovered from cold environments (glaciers, Antarctic soil , lake/sea ice in the Antarctic or Arctic, permafrost), soil and the aquatic environment.
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 8823/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 8823/4/21
0%10%
20%30%
40%50%60%70%80%
90%100%
Guoqu Zadang Palong No.4 East Rongbuk
α--Proteobacteria
β-Proteobacteria
γ-Proteobacteria
Actinobacteria
Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
others
Bacterial diversity and relationship with environmentBacterial diversity and relationship with environment
Bacterial genetic diversity in the snow varied at different glaciers
2.5 4.0 2.2 3.1Shannon H
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 9923/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 9923/4/21
Bacterial diversity and relationship with environmentBacterial diversity and relationship with environment
Classification of the environment of the nearest neighbor of snow bacteria
Environment of the nearest neighbor
Total G ZD RBL PL
Seq. Clones Seq. Clones Seq. Clones Seq. Clones Seq. Clones
Cold environment 33% 43% 41% 71% 37% 39% 36% 16% 28% 55%
Soil 30% 25% 41% 17% 29% 33% 16% 26% 29% 20%
Aquatic environment 18% 24% 14% 6% 17% 14% 44% 58% 19% 12%
Plant 5% 4% 3% 5% 14% 9%
Air 6% 2% 10% 6% 3% 1%
Others 7% 3% 8% 8% 4% 4% 7% 2%
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 101023/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 101023/4/21
East Rongbuk
Guoqu
Zadang
Palong No.4
Alpha Beta Gamm Actinobacteria Firmicutes CFB others
Among a total of 83 genera, 23 genera occurred in more than one library. Eight genera existed in three libraries: Bradyrhizobium and Ochrobactrum; Acidovorax, Curvibacter, and Ralstonia; Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Bacillus
Common genera widespread distribution in snow over the Tibetan Common genera widespread distribution in snow over the Tibetan Plateau Plateau
Sphingomonas Polaromonas Genera common to the four libraries
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 111123/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 111123/4/21
ConclusionConclusion
Abundant bacteria existed in snow at the world highest plateau, most of them were
similar to those in the Antarctica, and less than those in the Arctic and other high mountains.
The abundance of snow bacteria was higher at the northern glaciers than at the
southern ones. Cell abundance were related with the input dust concentration but did not
show obvious correlation with the nutrient condition.
Unexpected high diverse bacteria dwelled in snow over the plateau. Common genera
distributed widely in glaciers located at different regions of the plateau, implying that the
same selective mechanism occur at plateau.
Bacteria in different glaciers showed their own features and connected with their locations,
indicating the relationship between bacteria and environment.
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 121223/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 121223/4/21
Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 131323/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 131323/4/21
Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change
East Rongbuk ice core
Geladaindong ice core
Zuoqiupu ice coreNinjingangshan ice core
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 141423/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 141423/4/21
Length Sample Bacterial abundance AverageSpan of
years
Geladaindong 47 268 3.2×103-8.3×105 4.4×104 69 years1935-2004
Ninjingangshan 54.9 198 3.9×103-2.4×105 2.7×104 70 years1937-2007
East Rongbuk 22.5 173 0.5×103-1.1×106 2.0×104 41 years1963-2004
Zuoqiupu 96.8 384 1.8×104-6.5×104 1.6×104 52 years1955-2007
Bacterial abundance: cells mL-1
Bacterial abundance in ice cores Bacterial abundance in ice cores
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 151523/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 151523/4/21
Bacterial abundance and the Bacterial abundance and the δδ1818O along different ice coresO along different ice cores
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 161623/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 161623/4/21
Bacterial abundance and the visible dirty layers along Bacterial abundance and the visible dirty layers along
the Geladandongthe Geladandong ice coreice core
3.2×103 to 8.3×105 cells mL-1
with an average of 4.4×104 cells mL-1
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 171723/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 171723/4/21
Annual variations and 10 year average values of bacterial abundance,Annual variations and 10 year average values of bacterial abundance, Ca Ca2+2+ concentration, and δ concentration, and δ1818O value in Geladandong ice coreO value in Geladandong ice core
R2 = 0.2071n =65
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000
Bacterial concentration (cells mL-1)
Ca2+
co
ncen
trat
ion
R2 = 0.1194n =65
- 16
- 14
- 12
- 10
- 8
- 6
- 4
- 2
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000
Bacterial concentration (cells mL-1)
18O
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 181823/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 181823/4/21
East Rongbuk ice coreEast Rongbuk ice core
Bacterial abundance correlate positively with NH4+ (r=0.23,p<0.005,n=164)
Bacterial abundance correlate positively with 18O(r=0.16,p<0.05,n=164)
No obvious correlate with Ca2+
Along depth
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 191923/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 191923/4/21
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
01000020000300004000050000
0
1
2
3
4
120160200240280320
-20
-18
-16
-1430
40
50
60150200250300350400 C a 2+
N H 4+
D ingri tem perature
D ingri precip ita tion
C ell abundance
RBL Ice Core
y = 0.0003x + 41.74
R2 = 0.3746
0. 00
10. 00
20. 00
30. 00
40. 00
50. 00
60. 00
70. 00
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Cel l abundance (cel l s/ mL)
Conc
entr
atio
n of
NH4
+(u
g/mL
)
RBL Ice Core
y = 0.0011x + 211.81
R2 = 0.1615
0. 00
50. 00
100. 00
150. 00
200. 00
250. 00
300. 00
350. 00
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Cel l abundance
Ding
ri p
reci
pita
tion
RBL Ice Core
y = 3E-05x + 2.148
R2 = 0.3983
0. 00
0. 50
1. 00
1. 50
2. 00
2. 50
3. 00
3. 50
4. 00
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Cel l abundance (cel l s/ mL)
Ding
ri t
empe
ratu
reAnnual bacterial abundances correlate positively with
temperature, precipitation and NH4+ concentrations
East Rongbuk ice coreEast Rongbuk ice core
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 202023/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 202023/4/21
Zuoqiupu ice coreZuoqiupu ice core
0 20 40 60 80 100
-24
-20
-16
-12
-8
0
20
40
60
80
Ce
ll ab
unda
nce
X1
03
ce
lls m
L-1
0
10
20
30
40
EC
0
40
80
120
160
OC
0
50
200
Dus
t
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 212123/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 212123/4/21
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
-16
-14
O18
8
12
16
20
24
28
Cel
ls
4
6
8
10
12
14
EC
0
20
40
60
OC
8
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
Tem
pe
ratu
re
10
20
30
40
50
Du
st
400
600
800
1000
1200
Pre
cipi
tatio
n
Bacterial abundance and 1818O(r=0.24,p<0.05,n=44)
Annual variation
Bacterial abundance and precipitation (r=-0.36,p<0.01,n=44)
Bacterial abundance and teperature(r=0.70,p<0.005,n=44)
Bacterial abundance and EC/OC (r=0.23, p<0.05 ; r=0.35 ; p<0.01,n=44)
Zuoqiupu ice coreZuoqiupu ice core
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 222223/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 222223/4/21
ConclusionConclusion
Bacterial abundance shows different correlations with temperature and/or other
environmental factors in ice cores in different parts of the plateau;
Temperature outweighs other factors in determining the bacterial abundance in
different ice cores ;
Bacteria in ice cores are also subject to the influence of different air masses, th
us implying different environmental parameters. Bacterial abundance in Gelada
ndong is mainly influenced by dust from the continent, that in East Rongbuk is
indicative of biologic and anthropogenic activities, while that in Zuoqiupu, sou
theast Tibet, is suggestive of its relationship with masses from southeast Asia.
基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS 232323/4/21 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 232323/4/21
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