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A NEW NATION1789-1800
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PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION Brought about a new Constitution
Moving forward: The task ahead of Washington and Congress was to build a government around the ideas of the Constitution
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KEY CONCERNS Establish federal laws, courts, & law
enforcement officers
Solve financial problems, establish a federal treasury, & a method for collecting taxes
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WASHINGTON George Washington was
elected the first U.S. President & served two terms
Was their a term limit established by the U.S. Constitution at this time?
John Adams became Vice President
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PRESIDENT Amendment 22 (1951)
established the two-term limit of a president
What U.S. President was elected to the most terms prior to this Amendment?
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
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INAUGURATION Inauguration ceremonies were held in NYC
on April 30th 1789
After this Presidential Inaugurations were held in March
Amendment 20 (1933), also known as the “Lame Duck” Amendment changed Presidential Inaugurations to January 20th
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QUESTIONS TO CONSIDERWhat is a Lame Duck?
Why may the framers of the Constitution have specified a
longer lame duck period?Hint: think technology and transportation
Transportation and Technology were less advanced causing information to travel slower
Political office holder reaching the end of their term either because of a lack of desire to run again, a loss in re-election, term limits, or the termination of their office. They often have less political power at this time.
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BUREAUCRACY• In 1789, Congress recognized a
need for a bureaucracy Congress create the
following Departments: The Department of State The Department of the
Treasury The Department of War The office of the Attorney
General
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SELECTING LEADERS Washington wanted men who were
“disposed to measure matters on a continental scale” rather than their home states to head the departments.
What does this quote mean?-Disposition-inclination or a tendency
-Washington wanted men who acted in interest of the country rather than their own individual state.
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THE CABINET Washington chose the following men to lead the
Departments: secretary of State-Thomas Jefferson secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton secretary of war –General Henry Knox attorney general –Edmund Randolph
These department heads became known as the cabinet
Cabinet- a group of advisers to the president
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PRESIDENTIAL CABINET(INCUMBENTS)
State Treasury Defense
Hillary Clinton
Timothy Geithner
Leon Panetta
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IMPORTANT MEASURES TAKEN BY CONGRESS
Other Cabinet Posts: Attorney General –
heads the Department of Justice today & the first was Edmund Randolph Eric
HolderEdmundRandolph
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FEDERAL JUDICIARY Congress passed the Judiciary
Act of 1789 13 district courts 3 courts of appeal 1 Supreme Court
Washington selected five associate judges and one chief justice
Appointed John Jay to Chief Justice
Stressed the power of Judicial Review (constitutionality of legislation)
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JUDICIAL STRUCTURE(1) Supreme Court (1)
(3) Courts of Appeal (12)
(13) District Courts (94)
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TODAY President appoints Supreme Court justices
if one retires or is removed from office However, the Senate must approve the
president’s choice
How many Supreme Court justices are their today?
http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx
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BILL OF RIGHTS James Madison- Pushed for the passage
of a Bill of Rights-Drafted the Bill of Rights
• Congress agreed on 12 amendments-States ratified ten of twelve
• One through eight protect individuals from certain government actions
• Nine and ten limit the powers of the federal government
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Which two rights are the only ones unique to the American Bill of Rights, and why do you think that is?
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1789 Problems solved:
Federal courts (the Supreme Court, 3 courts of appeal, 13 district courts)
Bill of Rights (ten amendments) Cabinet (to advise president)
Existing problems: Revenue -a source of income
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THE PRICE OF FREEDOM The American revolution cost the newly
independent U.S. government about 50million dollars $40 million to American citizens (Bonds)
Bonds-a piece of paper/document that promises to repay borrowed money by a certain time with interest
$11.7 million to France, Spain, and the Netherlands 21.5 million state debt the federal government
agreed to pay (gain trust) Note: There was an annual interest on these
debts
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TARIFF OF 1789 Hamilton suggested taxing imports to raise
money & protect American businesses from unfair foreign competition
Congress passed the Tariff of 1789 Required importers pay a rate/percentage of the
total value of goods brought into the United States Shippers paid tonnage –tax on amount their
ships carried • Levied an excise tax on distilled liquors, which led to the
Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania
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SOUTHERN RESPONSE Southern planters were angry because:
Tariff= raise prices of European and other goods that Southerners either wanted or needed
Tonnage tax= more expensive to ship their rice, tobacco, and other common cash crops
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FINANCES,1792
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HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN Pay off national debt ($50 million):
Incurred by the Revolutionary War & debts owed to private citizens
Pay off state debts ($24 million): Compromise between Hamilton
& Jefferson Nation’s capital was moved to
the banks of the Potomac River Washington, District of
Columbia
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HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN Create a National Bank Hamilton argued to congress
Manage debts Bank notes-paper money (National
currency) Promote trade Encourage investment Stimulate economic growth
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OPPOSITION Southerners opposed plan
Felt Northern merchants would own most of bank’s stock
James Madison argued congress could not create a national bank It was not among the
enumerated powers Powers specifically mentioned
in the Constitution
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THE NATIONAL BANK Hamilton argued that the elastic clause (AKA necessary and proper clause, art.1 sect.8 ) gave Congress this power
Washington knew his choice to veto or sign this bank bill set a precedent
Created implied powers
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THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES Group of people that share the same
ideology (platform) Two-party system-two main political parties
of today (Democrats and Republicans)Can we name some of today’s political
parties? Democratic, Republican, Boston Tea Party, Libertarian, Prohibition Party,
many others
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CHOOSING SIDES Washington’s first term in office Hamilton’s financial plan
Congress divided based on view of federal governments role
Nation’s first political parties Hamilton’s supporters-Federalists Madison and Jefferson –Democratic-
Republicans
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HAMILTON AND THE FEDERALISTS Favored strong national government
“democracy was dangerous to liberty” Distrust of “the people” Wanted government in hands of the elite (“rich,
well-born, and able”) Loose construction of Constitution
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FEDERALISTS (ECONOMICS) Manufacturing and trade = national wealth
and power Federalists supporters- often artisans,
merchants, manufacturers, and bankers Some urban workers and eastern farmers
(trade benefit)
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JEFFERSON AND THE REPUBLICANS Jefferson led the Democratic-
republicans Called Republicans (not the same as
today’s republican party) Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the
North Became party that protected right of states
vs. federal government
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REPUBLICANS (ECONOMICS)
Believed strength of U.S. was independent farmers Most people own land they would fight to keep preserve
republic (agrarianism-favored rural farming over urban industry)
Believed North’s industries= sharply divide rich and poor
And wealthy would corrupt government and threaten ordinary people’s liberties
Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the North
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A GEOGRAPHIC DIVIDE Rural South & West supported the
Republicans More Urban Northeast typically
supported the Federalists Conflict between France and Britain
would widen the divide
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DEVELOPING THE NATION’S FOREIGN POLICY
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FRENCH REVOLUTION – FRANCE OR GREAT BRITAIN?
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REVOLUTION 1789, the French Revolution began
At first most Americans supported the cause
1793, more radical group seized power Took property from wealthy, executed
1000’s(including king and queen ) Federalist-horrified by chaos and violence Republicans-many still supported revolutionaries
because it seemed to be for freedom and liberty
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FRANCE VS. ENGLANDIn 1789, the French people revolted
against their King, England attacked France, and France asked for assistance from the United States.
What is Britain concerned about?At this time, Britain and France were both monarchs and the British Crown hoped to prevent any future rebellions within their own borders.
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OPPOSING AMERICAN VIEWS
North (Hamilton) favored England because both were industrial and had strong economic ties
South (Jefferson and Madison) favored France because both were agricultural, and also to repay the help they lent during the American Revolution (Yorktown)
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NEUTRALITYWashington issued the
Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793.
-Impartial to Britain and France
Why would someone (in this case Washington) choose to be neutral?
Both Britain and France traded with the United States (economic interests)
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JAY’S TREATY (BACKGROUND) Congress almost declared war because
of British aggression at sea and at home (“inciting Native Americans”)
Britain at war with France but knew U.S. relied on Britain for trade
In an effort to avoid war Washington sent John Jay to negotiate with Britain
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JAY’S TREATY (CONTINUED) Cons: Jay had to agree that Britain had the right to seize
American Ships bound for France Britain did not have to compensate U.S. Merchants whose
goods were seized Pros: Britain gave up forts in American territory Granted U.S. most-favored nation status
Meant American merchants could trade without being subjected to British discrimination
Note: Many Americans were angered by the conditions
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PINCKNEY’S TREATY Prior to Jay’s treaty Spain allied with
France Spain feared U.S. would join Britain in
order to obtain Spain’s North American territories (Florida)
1795 Spain signed Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty)
Americans happy-gained access to the Mississippi River
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WASHINGTON RETIRESWashington refused to serve a third term,
retired at Mount Vernon, and warned against foreign alliances & political parties in the future.
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“XYZ” AFFAIR 3 French agents representing
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand requested bribe($250,000) to initiate talks and a 12million dollar loan
Americans called for war Congress banned trade with
France Navy began capturing French
ships
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QUASI-WAR President John Adams
won first contested election(in U.S. Hist) against Thomas Jefferson
France began seizing American Ships
U.S. & France began Quasi-War (undeclared)
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-Napoleon seized power in France and quickly reached an agreement with Adams.
- Signed Convention of 1800
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ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS Purpose- Four laws passed by a Federalist
(dominated) Congress to reduce the power of the Democratic-Republicans
1-3 directed towards aliens- people who were not citizens living in the country
4th Sedition- illegal print anything “false, scandalous, or malicious” about the federal government Many immigrants were French and Irish (both anti-
British and voted for the Republicans)
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OBJECTIONS Democratic-Republicans responded with
the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions Both secretly written by Jefferson and
Madison Both said that since the states formed the
Constitution they had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional
Threatened secession if the Acts were not revoked
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KEY TERMS The Virginia Resolutions
interposition ; if the federal government did something unconstitutional the state could intervene for the people and stop the illegal action
The Kentucky Resolution nullification; if the federal government pass an
unconstitutional law the states could declare the law invalid
Neither resolution successful in 1800, however, states used both of these to “defend regional interests” in future
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ELECTION OF 1800 In 1800, Federalists controlled the army,
presidency, and the Congress Adams (Federalist)- Alien and Sedition Acts
angered too many Americans With a tie vote in the Electoral College, the
House of Representatives with help from Alexander Hamilton(Federalist), chose Jefferson over Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot
12th amendment-vote pres and vice pres same ballot , they must be from different states
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What made the election of 1800 so significant in American political history?
The first contested election in U.S. history went through a peaceful transition of power: the losing party accepted the choice of the people despite often strongly opposing ideologies (views) between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.
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WEBSITE http://www.glencoe.com/video_library/i
ndex_with_mods.php?PROGRAM=9780078745218&VIDEO=2839&CHAPTER=4
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FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES