В какое время писал Д. Чосер? В какое время писал Д. Чосер? На каком диалекте писал Д. Чосер? На каком диалекте писал Д. Чосер? В чем заключается ценность В чем заключается ценность

Кентерберийских рассказов (с точки Кентерберийских рассказов (с точки зрения истории английского языка)? зрения истории английского языка)?

О чем это произведение?О чем это произведение?

Middle English Middle English VocabularyVocabulary

Internal means of enriching the Internal means of enriching the vocabularyvocabulary

SuffixationSuffixation - er (it was used to form nouns both - er (it was used to form nouns both

from originally OE words and from originally OE words and borrowed ones): leader, worker, borrowed ones): leader, worker, traveler, hunter, gardenertraveler, hunter, gardener

- ing: meeting, fighting- ing: meeting, fighting

- - man: craftsman, gentlemanman: craftsman, gentleman - y (from - iʒ): angry, happy, hearty- y (from - iʒ): angry, happy, hearty - ful, - less: doubtful, doubtless,- ful, - less: doubtful, doubtless, -en: happen, loosen, blacken-en: happen, loosen, blacken

PrefixesPrefixes Mis -, un -, be - : betray, belong, unbind, Mis -, un -, be - : betray, belong, unbind,

misunderstandmisunderstand New way of word-building: from New way of word-building: from

homonymous forms of nouns and verbs: homonymous forms of nouns and verbs: chance, call, smilechance, call, smile

Compounding: penknife, bonfire, Compounding: penknife, bonfire, breakfast, afternoon.breakfast, afternoon.

Scandinavian borrowingsScandinavian borrowings The consequences of various borrowing The consequences of various borrowing

were different:were different: 1 . A new word was added to the 1 . A new word was added to the

vocabulary (because there was no vocabulary (because there was no synonym in English): synonym in English): law, fellow (law, fellow (fē fē +laga+laga – – ‘‘имуществоимущество’ ’ ии ‘ ‘складыватьскладывать’) ’)

2. The English synonym was replaced by 2. The English synonym was replaced by the borrowing: the borrowing:

nimanniman - - takentaken clypian - callenclypian - callen ēāʒþēāʒþyrelyrel ( (‘‘глазглаз’ ‘’ ‘отверстиеотверстие’’) - ) - wundoʒe wundoʒe

««глазглаз ветраветра» vindauga » vindauga

3. Both the English and the corresponding 3. Both the English and the corresponding Scandinavian words are preserved but Scandinavian words are preserved but they become different in meaning:they become different in meaning:

heaven - skyheaven - sky starve - diestarve - die

4. Etymological doublets (words 4. Etymological doublets (words originating from the same source in originating from the same source in Common Germanic):Common Germanic):

shirt - skirtshirt - skirt shatter - scattershatter - scatter raise - rearraise - rear

5. Doublets that were the same in meaning 5. Doublets that were the same in meaning but slightly different phonetically:but slightly different phonetically:

give, getgive, get (from Sc. (from Sc. gefa, geta, gefa, geta, cf. OE - cf. OE - ƷƷiefan, iefan, ƷƷietanietan))

6. There may be a shift of meaning: 6. There may be a shift of meaning: dreamdream – in OE had the meaning of ‘joy, pleasure’, – in OE had the meaning of ‘joy, pleasure’, breadbread – ‘a piece’.– ‘a piece’.

French borrowingsFrench borrowings The words borrowed from French are The words borrowed from French are

found in many areas: found in many areas: Government and AdministrationGovernment and Administration: :

govern, government, administer, crown, govern, government, administer, crown, state, empire, royal, majesty, treaty, state, empire, royal, majesty, treaty, statute, parliament, tax, rebel, traitor, statute, parliament, tax, rebel, traitor, treason, exile, chancellor, treasurer, major, treason, exile, chancellor, treasurer, major, noble, peer, prince, princess, duke, squire, noble, peer, prince, princess, duke, squire, peasant, slave, servant, vassal.peasant, slave, servant, vassal.

LawLaw: : justice, equity, plaintiff, judge, justice, equity, plaintiff, judge, advocate, attorney, petition, inquest, advocate, attorney, petition, inquest, felon, evidence, sue, accuse arrest, felon, evidence, sue, accuse arrest, blame, libel, slander, felony, adultery, blame, libel, slander, felony, adultery, property, estate, heir, executor.property, estate, heir, executor.

MilitaryMilitary: : army, navy, peace, enemy, army, navy, peace, enemy, arms, battle, spy, combat, siege, arms, battle, spy, combat, siege, defence, ambush, soldier, guard, mail, defence, ambush, soldier, guard, mail, buckler, banner, lance, besiege, defend, buckler, banner, lance, besiege, defend, array.array.

Religion: Religion: theology, sermon, confession, theology, sermon, confession, clergy, clergy, cardinal, friar, crucifix, clergy, clergy, cardinal, friar, crucifix, miter, censer lectern, abbey, convent, miter, censer lectern, abbey, convent, creator, savior, virgin, faith, heresy, creator, savior, virgin, faith, heresy, schism, solemn, divine, devout, preach, schism, solemn, divine, devout, preach, pray, adore, confess.pray, adore, confess.

ClothingClothing: : habit, gown, robe, garment, habit, gown, robe, garment, attire, cape, coat, collar, petticoat, train, attire, cape, coat, collar, petticoat, train, lace, embroidery, pleat, buckle, button, lace, embroidery, pleat, buckle, button, tassel, plume, satin, taffeta, fur, sable, tassel, plume, satin, taffeta, fur, sable, blue, brown, vermilion, russet, tawny, blue, brown, vermilion, russet, tawny, jewel, ornament, broach, ivory, jewel, ornament, broach, ivory, turquoise, topaz, garnet, ruby, pearl, turquoise, topaz, garnet, ruby, pearl, diamond diamond

FoodFood: : feast, repast, collation, mess, feast, repast, collation, mess, appetite, tart, sole, perch, sturgeon, appetite, tart, sole, perch, sturgeon, sardine, venison, beef, veal, mutton, sardine, venison, beef, veal, mutton, port, bacon, toast, cream, sugar, salad, port, bacon, toast, cream, sugar, salad, raisin, jelly, spice, clove, thyme.raisin, jelly, spice, clove, thyme.

Art, Learning, MedicineArt, Learning, Medicine: : painting, painting, sculpture, music, beauty, color, image, sculpture, music, beauty, color, image, cathedral, palace, mansion, chamber, cathedral, palace, mansion, chamber, ceiling, porch, column, poet, prose, ceiling, porch, column, poet, prose, romance, paper, pen, volume, chapter, romance, paper, pen, volume, chapter, study, logic, geometry, grammar, noun, study, logic, geometry, grammar, noun, gender, physician, malady, pain, gout, gender, physician, malady, pain, gout, plague, pulse, remedy, poison.plague, pulse, remedy, poison.

Turns of phraseTurns of phrase: : by heart, on the point of, by heart, on the point of, without doubt, have mercy on, come to without doubt, have mercy on, come to a head, take pity on.a head, take pity on.

Productive affixes from French: Productive affixes from French: pre-, pre-, super-, inter-, sub-, dis-, -ance, -ence, -super-, inter-, sub-, dis-, -ance, -ence, -ant, -ment, -tion. ant, -ment, -tion.

Borrowings from French had Borrowings from French had several effects on English:several effects on English:

Native words were replacedNative words were replaced:: OE aeðele – F. noble;OE aeðele – F. noble; OE aeðeling – F. nobleman;OE aeðeling – F. nobleman; OE here – F. army;OE here – F. army; OE campa – F. warrior;OE campa – F. warrior; OE sibb – F. peace;OE sibb – F. peace; OE leod – F. people;OE leod – F. people; OE stow - Fr. place.OE stow - Fr. place.

English and French words were retained with English and French words were retained with a differentiation in meaninga differentiation in meaning::

hearty – cordial;hearty – cordial; ox – beef;ox – beef; sheep – mutton;sheep – mutton; swine – pork;swine – pork; calf – veal;calf – veal; house – mansion.house – mansion.

Latin BorrowingsLatin Borrowings In a sense the French words were Latin In a sense the French words were Latin

borrowings since French developed from borrowings since French developed from Vulgar Latin--as did all the Romance Vulgar Latin--as did all the Romance languages. languages.

The borrowings that came directly from The borrowings that came directly from Latin tended to be more learned in Latin tended to be more learned in character – e.g., allegory, index, magnify, character – e.g., allegory, index, magnify, mechanical, private, secular, zenith. mechanical, private, secular, zenith.

It has been pointed out that as a result of It has been pointed out that as a result of Middle English borrowing from French and Middle English borrowing from French and Latin, Modern English has synonyms on Latin, Modern English has synonyms on three levels: popular (English), literary three levels: popular (English), literary (French), and learned (Latin), as in (French), and learned (Latin), as in rise – rise – mount – ascend; ask – question – mount – ascend; ask – question – interrogate; fire – flame – conflagration; interrogate; fire – flame – conflagration; holy – sacred – consecrated.holy – sacred – consecrated.

Norman French vs. Parisian FrenchNorman French vs. Parisian French

Norman French (northern dialect of Norman French (northern dialect of French) dominated for 200 years (Norman French) dominated for 200 years (Norman loans into English)loans into English)

Paris becomes the center of France Paris becomes the center of France Parisian French became the prestigious Parisian French became the prestigious

dialect (Parisian loans)dialect (Parisian loans)

Norman French Parisian FrenchSound [w] No sound [w], it was

replaced by g(u)

WarrantWardenrewardwile

GuaranteeGuardianregardguile

William = Guillaumewar (werre) =guerre

Questions ME VerbQuestions ME Verb Variant 1Variant 11.1. How did the system of strong verbs change How did the system of strong verbs change

during ME?during ME?2.2. How did the infinitive forms develop?How did the infinitive forms develop? Variant 2Variant 21.1. What are the three sources that the appearance What are the three sources that the appearance

of the Gerund can be traced to?of the Gerund can be traced to?2.2. What was the marker of the third Pers. Sg. In What was the marker of the third Pers. Sg. In

ME? Which form was it later replaced by?ME? Which form was it later replaced by?