© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Forests.
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Transcript of © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Forests.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 7
Forests
Forests
• Complex association of ____________,
____________, and ____________
– Each one contributes to the life of the ____________
• Forests cover one-third of the United States
– A wide variety of ____________comes from trees
Forests
• Two major types of forests
– ____________: do not shed their leaves
• mostly ____________; produce lumber called softwood
– ____________: shed their needles or leaves every year
• produce lumber called hardwood
Forests of the United States
• Eight major forest regions in United States
• Depending on type of forest, forest
____________ differ from place to place
________________________ Forest
• Largest region in North America
– Most dominant type of tree is the ____________ or softwoods
– Some areas contain ____________ of softwoods and hardwoods
• Region characterized by swamps, marshes, rivers,
and lakes
• Climate is ____________
________________________ Forest
• Reaches from southeastern Canada through New
England to northern Appalachian Mountains
– Region extends westward beyond Great Lakes region
• Populated by several important ____________
species
– beech, ____________, hemlock, and ____________trees
Central ____________-____________ Forest
• Contains more ____________ and ____________of
____________than any other forest region
– Composed mostly of ____________ trees: oak, hickory, beech, maple,
poplar, gum, walnut, cherry, ash, cottonwood, and sycamore
– ____________ include Virginia pine, pitch pine, shortleaf pine, and red
cedar
____________ Forest• Located in ____________ part of the United States
– ____________ from Delaware to Florida
– ____________ to Texas and Oklahoma
• Region with most potential for meeting future U.S.
____________ and ____________ needs
• Most important trees are ____________
• Hardwoods include oak, poplar, maple, and walnut
____________ Hardwoods Forest
• Occur mostly along ____________ ____________
– Among most ____________ U.S. forests
– Productive because of area’s ____________ ____________
____________
• Contains mostly ____________ trees
– oak, gum, tupelo, and cypress
____________ ____________ Forest• Located in northern California, Oregon, and
Washington– Most ____________ of forest regions
– Provides more than _____ percent of ____________ U.S. ____________ ____________
• Composed mostly of ____________– redwoods, giant sequoias, Douglas fir, ponderosa pine,
hemlock, western red cedar, Sitka spruce, sugar pine, lodgepole pine, noble fir, and white fir
– Important hardwood species include oak, cottonwood, maple, and alder
____________ ____________-____________ Forest
• Located mostly east of ____________ River and
south of ____________ ____________ forest
• Production of ____________-____________ wood
– some used to ____________ high-quality ____________
– some used in ____________ and to make industrial ____________
____________ ____________ Forest
• ____________ into many small _________
• Extends from ____________ to ____________
• Composed primarily of ____________
– western white pine, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, spruce, fir,
larch, western red cedar, and hemlock
– ____________ only important ____________ hardwood
____________ Forest• Some located in southern ____________ and
southeastern ____________ – Major trees in region are mahogany, mangrove, and bay
– Although important ____________ , these species have ____________ ____________ value
• Some of U.S. tropical forests are in ____________ – Wet forest region produces a variety of trees used in the production
of ____________ and ____________
– The ____________ forest region of Hawaii produces many trees with ____________ ____________ ____________
Tree Types
• Trees may be described in terms of the
____________ they produce
• ____________ : needle-type ____________
– Douglas fir, balsam fir, hemlock, white pine, cedar,
southern pine, ponderosa pine, and Sitka spruce
Tree Types
• ____________ : ____________ trees
– birch, maple, poplar, sweetgum, oak, ash, beech, cherry,
hickory, sycamore, walnut, and willow
– deciduous trees lose their ____________ in fall or
winter
Douglas Fir
• Perhaps ____________ ____________ U.S. tree
– Makes up approximately _______ percent of timber harvested each
year
– Douglas fir forests produce 5 or 6 times more ____________ than
other species
• Popular as ____________ ____________ and for
manufacture of ____________
Cedars
• Eastern red, eastern white, and western red
• Cedars have ____________ ____________
– ____________ ____________
• makes them useful as ____________ ____________ ,
____________
– ____________ ____________ ____________
• used to line chests and closets
Maple• Maple lumber classified as both hard and soft
– Hard maple lumber is heavy, strong, and hard
• used for ____________ ____________ , ____________ tops, ____________ ,
____________ , and ____________
– Soft maple only approximately 60 percent as strong
• used for same applications
• Some species produce sweet ____________ that is made
into ____________ ____________
Oak• Two general types of oak in United States
– white oak
• hard, heavy, and strong
• pores plugged with membranes, making wood nearly ____________
• used for structural ____________ , ____________ , ____________ , ____________ , ____________
– red oak
• highly ____________ and ____________ especially ____________ to ____________
• must be treated with wood ____________ when used ____________
• used for ____________ , ____________ , and ____________
Cherry• Found from southern Canada through eastern United
States
• Cherry wood ____________ and ____________ after
____________
– desirable and popular in production of ____________ - ____________
____________
– ____________ and in ____________ ____________
Tree Growth and Physiology
• A tree begins life as a ____________
– Seed ____________ , ____________ grows up, and
____________ grow down and out
• Trees grow in ____________ and ____________
– Growth layer called the ____________
– Produces ____________ ____________
Tree Growth and Physiology
• Trees contain ____________ ____________
____________
– ____________ : carries ____________ and ____________ from
roots ____________ to rest of plant
– ____________ : carries ____________ made in ____________ to
rest of plant
Forest ____________
• Art and science of tree production is ____________
– Assumes that forest ____________ can be ____________ to be
____________ to ____________ of ____________
• ____________ is practiced with varied intensities
– ____________ forest lands are ____________ managed
– ____________ forests are managed with ____________
____________
Managing a ____________ of Trees
• A ____________ of trees is ____________ to ____________ the ____________ trees in the ____________ ____________ – It may be necessary to ____________ the environment to favor a
____________ ____________
• Management decisions are made to favor the ____________ of the ____________ ____________ – A variety of practices are used
• plantings, selective harvesting, clear-cutting, etc.
Regenerating a Stand• Two types of forest ____________ : natural and
artificial– ____________ regeneration
• Young trees begin to grow without being ____________ • ____________ area ____________ itself
– ____________ regeneration• ____________ or ____________ are planted at harvest site• Often called ____________ ____________ • Often results in ____________ ____________ of trees• Gives managers ____________ over species
Timber Management
• Forest management is an ____________ process
– ____________ trees need to be “____________ ”
– ____________ of ____________ need to be ____________
– Side ____________ need ____________
• When stand is ready, it is ____________
– A ____________ ____________ is always followed
• ____________ ____________ from stand
Types of Harvest
• Several timber-harvesting methods; each has ____________ and ____________
____________ - ____________ • ____________ method of harvest
– loss of ____________ ____________
– ____________
– ____________
– ____________ ____________ to ____________ ____________
• Produces ____________ - ____________ stands– Trees are all of the ____________ age
• Leave ____________ ____________ ____________ of trees near ____________ to protect ____________ ____________ and provide ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ Method• ____________ trees of desired species are ____________
from cutting in ____________ locations ____________ ____________ – Purpose of these trees is to provide ____________ for ____________ and
____________ ____________
• Site ____________ is necessary– ____________ and ____________ are ____________ to minimize
____________ with ____________
• ____________ method is similar– When seedlings are established, ____________ ____________ are also
____________
____________ Method• Silviculture system where trees are ____________ and forest
____________ from ____________ ____________
– Care must be taken to protect against ____________ ____________
• Tree species generated by coppice method are ____________ -
____________
– Oaks and aspens often managed this way
• Trees usually used for ____________ or pulpwood
• Method also has great promise in production of __________
____________ ____________
• Timber harvest method used to ____________ and
____________ trees near end of their ____________
____________
• Important to harvest these trees while still ____________
– Need to ____________ ____________ of the trees before they become
____________ of ____________ or ____________
____________ ____________ • Harvesting of ____________ trees or ____________ trees
– Often used after ____________ ____________
– Trees dying from ____________ ____________ and ____________ can still be used for
____________ ____________
• Examples of natural disasters include ____________ ____________
, high ____________ , ____________ ____________
– Once ____________ has occurred to trees, they need ____________ as soon as possible
– After two or three years, trees often produce ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ • ____________ requires filing of an ____________
____________ ____________ – Science-based study details the ____________ ____________ of
____________ ____________ on the ____________ – Must be completed ____________ timber harvests on ____________
____________
• Study ____________ ____________ of ____________ – ____________ building, ____________ ____________ ,
____________ on plants and animals, presence of ____________ or ____________ species
Forests as Valuable ____________
• ____________ value
• ____________ value
• ____________ value
• value from ____________
____________
• ____________ value
• value for ____________
• value for ____________
• value of ____________
____________ of Forests
• To ____________ this ____________ , forests
must be ____________ from several
____________
– ____________
– ____________
– ____________
– ____________ / ____________
____________ and ____________ • ____________ ____________ is number one source of
____________ ____________ in North America• Forest lands are ____________ to ____________ after
____________ and ____________ that ____________ ____________
• Soil ____________ efforts can ____________ ____________ – Place straw ____________ , ____________ sheeting, and other types of
____________ ____________ to ____________ ____________ ____________