1. A maladaptive pattern of substance use

leading to significant impairment or distress.

2. Presence of two or more of the following symptoms within a 12-month period.

Substance Use Disorder

Substance Use Disorder

Subst. is taken in larger amounts or longer pd. than intended.

Excessive time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from effects of the subst.

Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control subst. use.

Failure to fulfill major roles as a result of recurrent use.

Continued use despite social probs.

Cessation of important activities because of use.

Recurrent use is sits where use poses physical hazards.

Continued use despite awareness that it is causing physical or psychological probs.

Tolerance. Withdrawal. Cravings.

Depressants Stimulants Opiates Hallucinogens Other drugs of abuse

Inhalants Anabolic steroids Medications

Drug Classifications

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Use Tolerance Withdrawal

Delirium tremens Reduction in brain mass in the

temporal lobes Dementia Wernicke’s disease: confusion,

loss of coordination, unintelligible speech

Cirrhosis of liver:

The Depressants: Alcohol Use Disorders

Statistics on Use and Abuse

Lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse:

Binge drinking: >5 drinks in short period of time

About 20% of those with severe substance use spontaneously remit.

Nature of Stimulants

Most widely consumed drug (US) Increase alertness and energy Examples:

Amphetamines Cocaine Nicotine Caffeine

Stimulants: An Overview

Marijuana

Tolerance: Withdrawal and dependence: Effects:

LSD and Other Hallucinogens Tolerance: Withdrawal symptoms: Variable Reactions:

Hallucinogens: An Overview

biological influences

• genetic influence• pleasure centers (James Olds)

psychological dimensions• operant conditioning

• opponent process theory (Solomon, 1980) – increase in positive feelings will be followed by increase in negative feelings

Possible Causes of Substance Abuse

expectancies

cravings

social and cultural influences

Possible Causes of Substance Abuse

agonist substitution: provide a safe drug

with a similar chemical makeup - Methadone, nicotine gum

antagonist treatment: - block or counter the effects

- Naltrexone – opiate antagonist

aversive treatments- Antabuse

Treatment of Substance Abuse

Twelve-Step programs

- Alcoholics Anonymous

controlled drinking

contingency management: reward self for making changes

Treatment of Substance Abuse

Non-Substance-Related Disorders--Pathological

Gambling

Need to gamble greater amounts of $ to get same effect

Restless or irritability when trying to stop

Repeated, unsuccessful attempts to stop

Preoccupation w/ gambling

Frequent gambling when feeling distressed

Frequent return to try to recoup losses

Lying to conceal extent of gambling

Jeopardizing or loss of significant relationship, jog, or ed opportunity as a result of gambling

Reliance on others for $ to relieve financial problems related to gambling