Post on 18-Dec-2014
description
LIGHTING DESIGN
Commercial & Residential
Design
Submitted By:
Yasmeen. S ,B-Sc I.D
Commercial Space Designer
• Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light. In practice, color
temperature is only meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond
somewhat closely to the radiation of some black body.
• The color temperature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from an ideal
black body is defined as its surface temperature in KELVINS.
• Color temperatures over 5,000K are called cool colors( bluish white),while lower
color temperatures(2,700-3,000K) are called warm colors (yellowish white through
red).
COLOR TEMPERATURE
OUTDOOR/INDOOR
COLOR TEMPERATURE
Color temperature:
-Defined as the tone of light or how the light looks in terms of
Whiteness
-Higher the color temperature =whiter/cooler the light source
-Unit measurement=Kelvin(K)
COLOR TEMPERATURE
OUTDOOR/INDOOR
The color rendering index (CRI),sometimes called color retention index
Is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the
Colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source.
Color rendering: effect of an illuminant on the color appearance of objects by
conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a
reference illuminant.
Finishes should be evaluated under the type of lamp(lamp and/or daylight0 which
will actually be used in the interiors.
COLOR rendition depends on lamp color spectrum, reflective property of surfaces
And context and condition in room.
Judgment of apparent surface color depends also on the experience and
expectations of an individual with normal color vision.
COLOR TEMPERATURE
OUTDOOR/INDOOR
Lumen ?
A measure of the total "amount" of visible light emitted by a source.
Candela ?
It is equivalent to the Illumination of one standard candle.
Foot Candela ?
The amount of Illumination on the surface from a light source of
one candela i.e. a foot away from surface.
Lux
One Lux is the amount of illumination created by a light source of
one candela i.e. one meter away from the surface.
One Foot Candela = One Lumen per Sq Foot
One Lux= One Lumen per Sq Foot
Activity Foot Candles Lux
Hallways 5-7 55-75
Entertaining 10-20 110-215
Dining 10-20 110-215
Easy Reading 20-50 215-540
Bathroom 20-50 215-540
Kitchen Basic
Lighting
20-50 215-540
Food Preparation 50-100 540-1075
Difficult Reading or
Writing
50-100 540-1075
General Workshop 50-100 540-1075
Fine or Detailed
Work
100-200 1075-2150
Today's World Prefer use CFL and LED’s
Why ?
Due to Energy Efficiency & Energy Costs
LED 329 KWh/yr
CFL 767 KWh/yr
Incandescent Light Bulb 3285 KWh/yr
Life Span
LED 50,000 hours
CFL 8,000 hours
Incandescent Light Bulb 1,200 hours
Environmental Impact
Carbon Dioxide Emissions(30 bulbs per year)
LED 451 pounds/year
CFL 1051 pounds/year
Incandescent Light Bulb 4500
pounds/year
Efficacy
The amount of light useable from an emanating fixture
Color Temperature
A method of describing the colour characteristics of light, usually
either warm (yellowish) or cool (bluish), and measuring it in degrees of
Kelvin (°K).
CRI(Color Retention Index)
When there is less CRI then the object on which it is
focused looks dull
When there is More CRI then the object on which it is
focused looks Bright
Light fixture is integral part of building electrical system , transforming energy
Into usable illumination.
Light fixture requires: electrical connection (power supply), lamp holder, lamp (design
to diffuse, reflect, focus light).
Form of lighting fixture, lighting source, light illumination: point sources, linear
sources, planar sources, volumetric sources.
LIGHTING FIXTURES
LIGHTING LUMINAIRE
An assembly used to house one or more light sources.
Also called lighting fixture.
LIGHTING LUMINAIRE
OUTDOOR/INDOOR
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINARIES
• Recessed
• Ceiling Mounted
• Track Mounted
• Wall Mounted
• Suspended
• Architectural
• Portable
• Pole Mounted
• Bollard
• Outdoor
• Wall washer
• Ceiling washer
• Floor washer
• Up-lighters
• Down-Lighters
• Spot-lights
Wash Lights
Wash lights are designed to provide
uniform lighting over extensive
surfaces mainly wall ceilings and
floors, therefore. They are
included in the group down lights
and louvered luminaries although
wash light do not have there
luminary forms
Wash Lights
Wash Lights
Wash Lights
Wash Lights
Wash Lights
Ceiling Wash Lights
Ceiling Wash Lights
Ceiling Wash Lights
FLOOR WASH LIGHTS
FLOOR WASH LIGHTS
Integral Luminaries
Integral Luminaries
Integral Luminaries
Spot Lights
Spot Lights
Wall washers
Wall washers
LIGHT STRUCTURE
Light
Omni
Light
Spot
Light
Ascent
Light
Omni Lighting
Spot Lighting
Ascent Lighting
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINARIES
Suspended
luminaire
Bollard
luminaire
Wall
mounted
Recessed
luminaire
Track mounted
luminaire
Floor
mounted
Decorative
luminaire
Portable
luminaire
Categories of luminaires
• Direct:90-100% downward
• Semi direct: 60-90% downward
• General diffuse:40-60% both downward and upward
• Direct-Indirect: Little light is emitted in the Horizontal plane
• Semi-Indirect: Providing 60-90% of its output upward
• Indirect: Providing 90-100% of its Luminous output upward.
POINT LIGHT SOURCE
Focus on object or area great Brightness contrast Highlight, Sparkle or Rhythm
LINEAR LIGHT SOURCE
Given direction, outline shapes Emphasize the Edges
PLANAR LIGHT SOURCE
Surface
Repeated Linear
Diffused Illumination
Of Area
VOLUMETRIC LIGHT
SOURCE
Light as volumetric illumination
Expanded through 3-dimensional
Forms of lamps
GENERAL LIGHTING
DECORATIVE LIGHTING
TASK LIGHTING
KINETIC LIGHTING
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
• Incandescent Lamps
• Fluorescent Lamps
• High-intensity Discharge Lamps
• Mercury Lamps
• Metal Halide Lamps
• High Pressure Sodium Lamps
• Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
• Electro-Luminescent lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes(LED0
• Carbon arc Lamps
• Gaslights
INCANDESCENT LAMP
What?
Hotwire-Filament sealed
In a Glass jar(Bulb)
How?
Electric Current pass through
The wire heats it to Incandescent,
And the wire emits Light. Use
Standard voltage Circuit.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
1.Glass bulb
2.Vacuum or Gas filled
3.Wire/ Filament
4,5.Lead-in wires
6.Support wires
7.Neck
8,11.Electric Fuse
9.Base
Advantages:
1.Less Expensive
2.Easier to dim with
Rheostats
3.Warmer color than
Fluorescent and tungsten
-Halogen lamps
4.Light output is Relatively
High
5.Excellent color rendering
6.Can be dimmed
Disadvantages:
1.Energy inefficient
2.Short lamp life time
3.Warm Source
INCANDESCENT LAMP
Shape of Lamps:
Around 100 combinations of Glass and Quartz
Bulb Shapes and sizes.
SYMBOLS:1ST Part=one or more Letters Indicates the Shape of the Bulb
2ND part= Number, indicates diameter of the Bulb in Eights of an Inch
Example:A19=Arbitrary Shaped,19/8 inch Diameter.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
Examples:
.General Lighting
Service
(GLS)
Parabolic Aluminum
Reflector
(PAR)
Metal Reflector
(MR)
INCANDESCENT LAMP
Base Identification:
1.Small Base : Bayonet, Biped , Candelabra,
Intermediate , Miniature , Mini-Candelabra,
Twist-and-lock ,Two-pin
2.Medium Base
3.Large Base: Mogul screw, Mogul Bipods
INCANDESCENT LAMP
INCANDESCENT LAMP
INCANDESCENT LAMP
LAMP LIFE TIME:
1.Standard - life lamp: High temperature for the filament to operates, emits more light,
Shorter life time-”burns out”
2.Long life lamp: given wattage produces less light, designed for longer life
LIGHT PRODUCED (LUMENS, lm)
LAMP EFFICIENCY= ______________________________
ELECTRICITY CONSUMED(WATTS W)
LIGHT OUTPUT: Insert gas ( argon, nitrogen, krypton) slows bulb blackening caused by
Condensation on the bulb wall.
INCANDESCENT LAMP
Bulbs are sold by WATTS-Measure of power consumed
Lumens tells how much Light lamp emits
Hours of Operations is produced life-time(750-1000h,upto 2500h for extended
Service lamps)
Energy Saving Lamps-Reduced wattage, reduced Light output
INCANDESCENT LAMP
Lamp Types:
1.NON DIRECTIONAL(emits light in all directions – A, C, G, P, PS, S and T Shapes,
requires additional external elements for brightness, glare and distribution control)
2.SEMI DIRECTIONAL(silver brown or white bowl lamps, coating on inner side of bulb
, reduce filament glare)
3.DIRECTIONAL(complete optical system: source, reflector, lens or filament shield,
R, AR, MR, PAR built-in beam control)
INCANDESCENT LAMP
INCANDESCENT LAMP
INCANDESCENT LAMP
INCANDESCENT LAMP
INCANDESCENT LAMP
What?
Selected gas of the halogen
family.
How?
Halogen gas combines with
Tungsten molecules that
sputter of the filament
deposits Tungsten back on the
filament and emits constant
level of light.
TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN
A halogen bulb has a filament made of
Tungsten , which glows when electricity is
Applied, same as a regular incandescent
Bulb.
The halogen gas removes the carbon deposits
On the inside of the bulb , caused by the burning
of the tungsten filament, and redeposit it back
on
To the filament, resulting in a light bulb.
TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN
High operating temperature
500c,high color temperature
Quartz instead of glass
Equipped with outer bulb,
Glass cover , mesh screen.
TUNGSTEN –HALOGEN
Advantages:
1.High color temperature make them “WHITER” than Standard
incandescent lamps
2.Longer life time
3.Great efficiency
4.Compact in shape and size
They come in many shapes and sizes, some directional others not, some
quite
Small others the size of regular bulbs, some fit into normal sockets and
voltages to
work
TUNGSTEN –HALOGEN
There are many different types of (single ended) TH lamp, the most common ones
Are G9 capsule lamp,GU10 spot lamp and linear Halogen lamps which are all
Domestic mains voltage , and G4 capsule lamp,(integral reflector) MR16, MR11
Spot lamps which are low voltage lamps.
TUNGSTEN –HALOGEN
LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS
.Low voltage lamps-incandescent and tungsten-halogen lamps that operate
Between 6V and 75V.
.Standard building current of 115V-125V must be stepped down by the use of
Transformer.
.Low voltage luminaries with integrated transformers are
Large in size and bulkier.
.Practical system is line-voltage equipment.
LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS
COLORED LIGHT BULBS
COLORED FILETERS
GELATIN FILTERS(“GELS”)
Thin transparent colored plastic sheet in wide variety of colors ,as well as multicolored
And diffused sheets.
Short service life- color fades rapidly.
INCANDESCENT FILTERS
DISCHARGE LAMPS
What?
Gas, Phosphor, Cathode , discharge
How?
Light is produced by passage of an
Electric current through vapor or gas,
Rather than through a tungsten wire as in
INCANDESCENT LAMP
FLUORESCENT LAMP
FLUORESCENT LAMP
The classic fluorescent lamp design, which has fallen mostly by the wayside,
Used a special starter switch mechanism to light up the tube.
The conventional starter switch is a small discharge bulb, containing neon or
Some other gas. The bulb has two electrodes positioned right next to each other
When Electricity is initially passed through the bypass circuit, an electric arc jumps
Between these electrodes to make a connection .
This arc lights the bulb in the same
Way a larger arc lights a fluorescent bulb.
FLUORESCENT LAMP
FLUORESCENT LAMP
Advantages:
Heat is relatively low
Energy efficient
Range from low grade to high grade
Long lamp life
Usually cool source
Control gears
Disadvantages:
Color temperature
Require ballast : preheat, instant-start,
rapid-start
Requires controlling elements for glare
control
FLUORESCENT LAMP
SHAPE
BALLEST/DRIVER
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS(HID
LAMPS)
. Types of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an
Electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or
Transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
. This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts. The gas facilitates the arc’s initial
strike. Once the Arc is started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts forming a
plasma which greatly increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and
Reduces its power consumption. High intensity discharge lamps are a type of
Arc lamps.
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS(HID
LAMPS)
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS(HID LAMPS)
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS(HID
LAMPS)
LED LIGHT
LED LIGHT
BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
LED LIGHTING
LEDS are just tiny light bulbs
That fit easily into an electrical
Circuit. But unlike ordinary
incandescent bulbs, they don’t have
A filament that will burn out, and they
Don’t get easily hot. They are illuminated
Solely by the movement of electrons in
A semiconductor material, and they last
Just as long as a standard transistor. The
Lifespan of an LED surpasses the short life
Of an incandescent bulb by thousands
Of hours.
LED REFLECTORS
LAMPS
LAMPS
LEDS
LAMPS
Cold cathode
Thank You