Post on 10-Feb-2022
▪ High energy physics (HEP)
▪ PET scanning
▪ Scanning microarrays
▪ DNA sequencing
▪ Proteomics
▪ Confocal microscopy
▪ Nuclear Medicine
▪ Fluorescence l ifetime mea-surements
▪ Dynamic spectrometry
Applications
Features Yakima™ Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPMs)Thermoelectrically cooled SiPM in a TO-8 package
Model SQBF-EKAA Packaged SiPM
Voxtel Literature No. SQBF-EKAA, Version date: 06/2012 ©Voxtel makes no warranty or representation regarding its products’ specific application suitability and may make changes to the products described without notice.
SQBF SeriesYakima™ Preliminary Silicon Photomultiplier
Voxtel, Inc., 15985 NW Schendel Avenue, #200, Beaverton, OR 97006, www.voxtel- inc.com, T 971.223.5646, F 503.296.2862
▪ Weak l ight levels detection
▪ Very low dark current
▪ High speed (1ns rise time)
▪ 350-1100nm sensitivity
▪ Wide single-photon counting dynamic range (>30MHz)
▪ 3-Stage, thermoelectric-cooled, 6-pin TO-8 package
▪ TO-8 package with broad-band, double-sided, AR flat window, or a lensed cap to enhance coupling efficiency
▪ Small, compact and robust
▪ Temperature and voltage sta-bil ity
▪ High SNR when cooled to lower temperatures
The 1mm × 1mm SiPM provides high photon count ing rates and low dark count rates over the 350–1100nm spectral range. Perfor-mance is increased by reducing dark counts,using a 3-stage thermoelec-tr ic cooler (TEC) that provides a 110°C reduct ion from ambient tem-perature.
The SQBF-series SiPM is a photon-counting solid-state replacement for photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). SiPM devices are superior to PMTs in cost, size, mechanical durabil-ity, insensitivity to magnetic fields and low supply voltage require-ments. Low dark count rates with thermoelectric cooling, combined with extremely fast rise time and short recovery time, facilitate high performance operations of Voxtel’s SiPMs. In analog / linear mode, multi-photon detectors have an output signal that is proportional to the number of input photons, and in digital mode, have high-speed photon counters with a wide dy-namic range.
These properties make Voxtel's SiPM useful for detecting extremely weak light at the photon-counting level. SiPMs offer high performance for photon counting with the ad-vantages of high gain at low bias voltage, high photon detection ef-ficiency, highspeed response, wide dynamic range, superior time res-olution, wide spectral response range. Voxtel's SiPM is non-sen-sitive to magnetic fields, which makes it an excellent PMT replace-ment for a wide range of applica-tions in numerous fields.
A SiPM is an array of small area avalanche photodiodes (APDs) con-nected in parallel through a network of passive quenching resistors. Each pixel of the SiPM operates
independently in the Geiger mode, equivalent to passively quenched single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD), and is thereby capable of generating an easily detectable pulse even from a single photon. The parallel connection sums the current when multiple pixels fire. Connecting the SiPM to a linear am-plifier and a multi-channel analyzer permits measurement of the num-ber of photons in a multi-photon pulse.
Since a SiPM is an array of small-area pixels combined to make a large active area, it ia both a both a small-area SPAD and a large area SPAD — high-speed photon count-ing with a large-area device, but no complex active quenching circuit. The SiPM can be used as a low-cost alternative to large-area SPADs in certain applications, e.g. in laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) mea-surements.
The SQBF-EKAA is sold as a self-contained detector package. SiPM chips are integrated with a 3-stage TEC in a TO-8 package. The photo-sensitive area of the SiPM chip con-tains 1024 SPAD pixels, in a 32 × 32 array measuring 1mm by 1mm. Also available in the Yakima series are bare die, as well as uncooled SiPMs in TO-18 packages.
Voxtel Literature No. SQBF-EKAA, Version date: 06/2012 © Voxtel makes no warranty or representation regarding its products’ specific application suitability and may make changes to the products described without notice.
Voxtel, Inc., 15985 NW Schendel Avenue, #200, Beaverton, OR 97006, www.voxtel- inc.com, T 971.223.5646, F 503.296.2862
2
SQBF Series
M O D E L S Q B F - E K A AYa k i m a™ S e r i e s P h o t o m u l t i p l i e r S i P M s
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
00 500100 200 300 400
Pedestal
1 p.e.
Cou
nts
ADC Channel #
–20 30–10 01 02 0Temperature (˚C )
–35
–36
–37
–38
–39
–40Brea
kdow
n Vo
ltage
(V BR
)
107 mV/˚C~
T = –20 °C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 2 4 6 8 10
Overvoltage (V )
Dar
k C
ount
Rat
e (k
Hz
)
0
0.1 × 106
0.2 × 106
0.3 × 106
0.4 × 106
0.5 × 106
0.6 × 106
1 3 5 7 9
Overvoltage (V )
Gai
n
T = –20 °C
Gain v Overbias Breakdown Voltagev Temperature
Amplitude Distribution Dark Count v Overbias
Silicon Photomultiplier Preliminary Yakima™
Voxtel Literature No. SQBF-EKAA, Version date: 06/2012 © Voxtel makes no warranty or representation regarding its products’ specific application suitability and may make changes to the products described without notice.
Voxtel, Inc., 15985 NW Schendel Avenue, #200, Beaverton, OR 97006, www.voxtel- inc.com, T 971.223.5646, F 503.296.2862
3
SQBF Series
M O D E L S Q B F - E K A A Ya k i m a™ S e r i e s P h o t o m u l t i p l i e r S i P M s
M e c h a n i c a l In f o r m a t i o n
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
4005 00 6007 00 8009 00 1000
Wavelength [nm]
PDE
(%)
T = -20 ºC
Ø 0.600
0.225
0.113
0.075
0.375
Ø 0.018
0.031
0.031 14
12 11 10 9
1.000 ± 0.025
0.390
0.296± 0.014
0.217
0.044
SiPM Plane
0.120Thermistor
0.010
Cap assembly not shown
TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW BOTTOM VIEW
A
41
9 10 11 1291 01 11 2
Photon Detection Efficiency
Yakima™ Preliminary Silicon Photomultiplier
Voxtel Literature No. SQBF-EKAA, Version date: 06/2012 © Voxtel makes no warranty or representation regarding its products’ specific application suitability and may make changes to the products described without notice.
Voxtel, Inc., 15985 NW Schendel Avenue, #200, Beaverton, OR 97006, www.voxtel- inc.com, T 971.223.5646, F 503.296.2862
4
SpecificationsParameter Typical Units Conditions
Sensitive Area 1 mm2
Interconnect Elements 1024 pixels 32 x 32 square
Breakdown Voltage (VBR) 36 V At -20°C
Over-Voltage Range 1-10 V At -20°C
Temperature Dependence of VBR 107 mV/°C
Pixel Gain 105-106 Depending on Overvoltage
Pixel Capacitance 10 fF
Dark Current <0.5 nAAt Room Temperature,
Just Before Breakdown
Dark Count Rate 50 kHz At -20°C and VBR +5V
Spectral Response Range 350-1100 nm
Photon Detection Efficiencyi >25% at λ = 500nm
Operating Temperature +30 to -25 °C
Pulse Width 2.2-3.2 nsFWHM; Typical Max
Pulse Width 4-6ns
Rise Time 1 ns Leading Edge
Fall Time 1.5 ns Trailing Edge
Single-Photon Counting
Dynamic Range>40 MHz Comparator Threshhold <1p.e.
TEC Cooling Time 10-12 s
i P D E I n c l u d e s c r o s s t a l k a n d a f t e r p u l s i n g
SQBF Series
M O D E L S Q B F - E K A AYa k i m a™ S e r i e s P h o t o m u l t i p l i e r S i P M s
Silicon Photomultiplier Preliminary Yakima™
Voxtel Literature No. SQBF-EKAA, Version date: 06/2012 © Voxtel makes no warranty or representation regarding its products’ specific application suitability and may make changes to the products described without notice.
SQBF Series
Voxtel, Inc., 15985 NW Schendel Avenue, #200, Beaverton, OR 97006, www.voxtel- inc.com, T 971.223.5646, F 503.296.2862
5
O p e r a t i n g I n f o r m a t i o n
Figs. 1 and 2 show typical bias circuits and setups for high-speed single-photon counting and multi-photon counting (photon number resolving) applica-tions. To detect single photons, the noise-floor level of the measurement setup must be smaller than the output amplitude of pulses arising from single pho-tons (1 p.e. pulses).
Some of the commercially available low-noise, high-gain amplifiers are the EG&G Ortec VT120C and the Mini-Circuits ZFL-500LN and MAR-8ASM. An ex-ample of a commercially available low-noise charge-sensitive preamplifier is Amptek’s model A250.
Fig. 3 shows a typical output pulse obtained from the Fig. 2 setup. Typical rise/fall times are shown in Fig. 4. High-speed photon counting mode (Fig. 1) is suitable in applications with single photons, or where the probability of receiving two or more si-multaneous photons is negligible, such as the detec-tion of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) signals. With a maximum pulse width of 5ns, theoretically, the SiPM can count pulses up to a maximum frequency of 200MHz (photon-counting dynamic range). De-pending on the biasing components and processing electronics, these SiPMs attain a maximum non-sat-urated dynamic range of >40MHz. It should be
noted that the useful dynamic range achievable with the TE cooled SiPM (packaged in a TO-8), operated at low temperatures, is much higher than that of the un-cooled version (packaged in a TO-18). This is be-cause the TE cooled version can be operated at much higher over-voltages without significantly increasing the dark count rate. These SiPMs can replace large-area single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) where relatively high dark count rate is not the limiting factor, such as in DNA sequencing, where the back-ground count rate from the sequencing system is comparable to or higher than the SiPM’s dark count rate.
The main advantage of Voxtel’s SiPM over large-area SPAD is that it can achieve the same or better dynamic range with a large-area device without us-ing rather complex active quenching circuits. Maxi-mum count rates with passively quenched large-area SPADs are in the range of few hundred kHz.
To measure very slow optical signals over longer periods of time, a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) must be used.
M O D E L S Q B F - E K A A Ya k i m a™ S e r i e s P h o t o m u l t i p l i e r S i P M s
Oscilloscope
MCA
Pulse Shaper
SiPMC2hv
1
C1
(A)10K
R1
2
0.1u
R2
C2hv
C1R1
10K (A)
50 ohm
Oscilloscope
Pulse Counter
1
2
VTH < 1 p.e
V1
+
_SiPM
0.1u
1n-100n
Fig.1 Typical setup
for high-speed pho-
ton counting
Fig.2 Typical setup
for multi-channel
photon counting
Fig.3 Typical
output pulse
Fig.4 Typical
rise and fal l
t imes
Yakima™ Preliminary Silicon Photomultiplier