Post on 19-Nov-2015
X86Session_01Introduction to Intel processors
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What is an Embedded SystemA combination of computer hardware and software with additional mechanical or other partsUsually designed to perform a specific functionFrequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger systems
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Examples of embedded systemsElectronic devices in the kitchen
E.g.: bread machines,food processors, microwave ovens Living Rooms
E.g.: televisions, stereos,remote controlsWork places
E.g.: fax, pagers,laser printers,cash registers,credit card readers
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Real-Time SystemsOne subclass of embedded systemsComputer system with timing constraintstwo types - Hard real time and soft real time
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Embedded System Design Requirements
criterionLowMediumHighProcessor
Memory
Development cost
Production cost
Number of units
Expected lifetime
Reliability4 or 8 bit
< 16KB
< $100,000
< $10
< 100
days-months
may fail16 bit
64 KB to 1MB
$100,000-$1,000,000$10 -$1000
100- 10,000
years
should be reliable32 or 64 bit
>1MB
> $1000,000
>$1000
>10000
decades
fail proof
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Why Use the x86 Family?Various memory models:16-bit for small embedded systems32-bit for embedded and desktop operating systemsCost is being driven down by competitionThe family originated from IntelBut it has been copied /enhanced by others too.(e.g. Cyrix, AMD)
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Microprocessor EvolutionINTEL 4004 in 1971 - 4bitsINTEL 8008 -8bits when combined with 20 or more additional devices.In 1974 INTEL came out with 8080 - two additional devices required to form a CPU.Motorola comes out with the MC6800Along with 8080 and 6800 ,there were MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 in the market.
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Microprocessor EvolutionThe then developments were in three major directions.
1. Dedicated or Embedded Controllers 2. Bit-Slice Processors 3. General purpose CPUs
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Microprocessor EvolutionDedicated or Embedded Controllers
Devices used to control smart machines, just to name a few: microwave ovens, clothes washers, sewing machines, auto ignition systems , metal lathes. E.g.: Intel 8051, Motorola MC6801, Intel 8096 -also known as microcontrollers.
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Bit Slice Processors
Used to build a custom CPU
E.g.: Advanced MicroDevices 2900 family has 4-bit ALUs, MUX, sequencers and other parts used to build a custom CPU These devices can be connected in parallel to work with 8-bit , 16-bit or 32 bit words
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General Purpose CPUsIntel produced 8085 - an upgrade of 8080Motorola came up with MC6809 - an
8-bit processorIn 1978 , Intel came out with 8086 which is a complete 16 bit processor -- This could now be taken as the First generation microprocessors
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GenerationsFirst Generation:80888086Second Generation:80286Third Generation:80386DX80386SX
Fourth Generation:80486DX80486SX80486DX280486DX4Fifth Generation:PentiumSixth Generation:Pentium ProPentium IIPentium III
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8086 family8086 is a 16 bit processor having a 16 -bit data busIt has a 20 - bit address bus capable of addressing 2^20 memory locationsIntel 8088 similar to 8086 in all aspects but has only an 8 - bit data bus
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8086 family8088 was actually used as the CPU in the original IBM Personal computer,the IBM PC/XT and several compatible personal computers
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80186/80188The Intel 80186 / 80188 are the improved versions of 8086 / 8088They have programmable peripheral devices integrated in the same package
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80186/80188They have a few additional instructionsThat is a program written for 8086 / 8088 is upward compatible to an 80186 or an 80188
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80286The Intel 80286 is a 16 - bit advanced version of the 8086 ,used as the CPU in IBM PC / AT,is specifically designed for use as the CPU in a multi-user or multitasking environment
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80286
It operates in two modes:
1. Real address mode --- it operates as a fast 80862. Virtual address mode --- used in the multi-user environment
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80386The Intel 80386 is a 32 - bit processor that can directly address up to 4 gigabytes of memoryIt has more sophisticated features than 80286 for use in multi-user and multitasking microcomputer systems
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80486The Intel 80486 ,similar to 80386 in most of the aspects , differ from 80386 in having a built-in 8KB code/data cache and a 32-bit floating point unit
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8086 familyThen came Pentium and Pentium ProThey have 32 bits registers ;but 64 bits data busPentium has a 32 bits address bus whereas Pro has a 36 bits address bus
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8086 familyPentium can address up to 4 GB & Pro has the address space as 64 GBThey have a clock frequency in the range 60 MHz - 200 MHz
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The PentiumThird among Intels 32 bit processors following i386 & i486CISC processor implementing ILP (Instruction Level parallelism) Two issue superscalar It has dual integer processors executing 2 instructions,not dependent on each other, simultaneouslyPentium pro has 256 bytes of level 2 cache along with 16 Kbytes of level1 cache
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